The document provides guidance on describing organs and biological processes. It outlines key words and phrases for describing an organ's shape, location, structure, and functions. Examples are given for describing the shape of the eye, heart, liver and other organs. The document also gives direction on sequencing actions and expressing cause-and-effect for describing processes, with a sample description of the process of food moving from the mouth to excretion.

1. WRITING

2. DESCRIBING AN ORGAN

3. SHAPE
DESCRIBING AN ORGAN

4. WAYS OF EXPRESSING SHAPE:
• THE HEART IS SHAPED LIKE A CONE.
• THE HEART IS CONICAL IN SHAPE.
• THE HEART IS A CONE-SHAPED
ORGAN.

5. EXAMPLES:
• 1. THE EYE/SPHERE.
• - THE EYE IS SHAPED LIKE A SPHERE.
• - THE EYE IS A SPHERE-SHAPED ORGAN.
• - THE EYE IS SPHERICAL IN SHAPE.
• 2. THE DIAPHRAGM/DOME.
• - THE DIAPHRAGM IS SHAPED LIKE A DOME.
• - THE DIAPHRAGM IS A DOME-SHAPED
ORGAN.

6. EXAMPLES:
• 3. THE LIVER/TRIANGLE.
• - THE LIVER IS SHAPED LIKE A TRIANGLE.
• - THE LIVER IS TRIANGULAR IN SHAPE.
• 2. THE SIGMOID COLON/S.
• - THE SIGMOID COLON IS SHAPED LIKE AN S.
• - THE SIGMOID COLON IS AN S-SHAPED
ORGAN.

7. LOCATION
DESCRIBING AN ORGAN

8. WAYS OF EXPRESSING LOCATION:
• LIES
• IS
• IS SITUATED
• IS LOCATED

9. KEY EXPRESSIONS:
-above
-below
-between
-to the left of
-to the right of
-at the top
(end) of
-at the
bottom(end)
of
-on either
sides of
-behind
-just behind
-immediately
in front of
-in front of

10. EXAMPLES:
• 1. The stomach lies between the liver and the
spleen.
• The stomach is to the right of the spleen.
• The stomach is to the left of the liver
• 2. The sigmoid colon is situated below the
small intestine.
• 3. The small intestine is located between the
ascending colon and the descending colon.

11. STRUCTURE
DESCRIBING AN ORGAN

12. KEY EXPRESSIONS:
-consist(s) of
-compose(s)
-contain(s)
-divide(s)
-line(s)
-cover(s)
-is/are covered by
-is/are filled with
-is/are lined with
-is/are surrounded by
-is/are separated from
-is/are divided into
-is/are made up of
is/are composed of

13. EXAMPLES:
• 1. The body is covered with skin and hair.
• 2. The heart is surrounded by the lungs.
• 3. Arteries are filled with blood.
• 4. The stomach is lined with a mucous coat.
• 5. The thorax is separated from the abdomen
by the diaphragm.
• 6. The forebrain, the midbrain and the
hindbrain make up the brain.
• 7. The brain consists of/contains the
forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain.

14. FUNCTIONS
DESCRIBING AN ORGAN

15. WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUNCTIONS:
• -THE LIVER SYNTHESISES PROTEINS.
• - ONE FUNCTION OF THE LIVER IS TO
SYNTHESISE PROTEINS.
• - THE LIVER FUNCTIONS AS AN ORGAN OF
EXCRETION.
• - THE LIVER HELPS TO EXCRETE WASTE.
• -THE LIVER IS INVOLVED/ IS CONCERNED
IN/PLAYS A PART IN THE EXCRETION OF
WASTES/WASTE EXCRETION/EXCRETING
WASTES.

16. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS:
VERBS NOUNS VERBS NOUNS
CIRCULATE CIRCULATION DIGEST DIGESTION
REGULATE REGULATION FORM FORMATION
EXCRETE EXCRETION FILTER FILTRATION
SECRETE SECRETION REMOVE REMOVAL
PRODUCE PRODUCTION STORE STORAGE
DESTROY DESTRUCTION SYNTHESISE SYNTHESIS

17. FUNCTIONS OF SOME ORGANS
• HEART: blood circulation
• LIVER: - digestion, waste excretion, protein
synthesis, bile secretion, protein+glycogen
storage, blood glucose level regulation.
• SPLEEN: - blood filtration, antibody formation,
red cell removal and destruction.
• PANCREAS: - digestion, enzyme secretion,
hormone production
• KIDNEYS: - urea excretion, waste regulation,
hormone secretion

18. PRACTICE
DESCRIBING AN ORGAN

19. THE LIVER
• - large, brown, triangle
• - below diaphragm/ right of stomach
• - 2 lobes: right and left
• - cover/peritorium
• - excrete wastes, synthesise protein, secrete
bile (greenish liquid/break down fats), protect
body from bacteria, toxic and harmful
substances, store glycogen, iron, vitamins

20. THE LIVER (sample)
• -Introduction sentence / Topic sentence
• The liver is a large, brown, (triangular) organ. It is shaped
like a triangle.
• The liver is located below the diaphragm and to the right of
the stomach.
• It has 2 lobes: the right and the left lobes, in which the
right lobes is bigger than
• It is covered by peritorium.
• The liver has many important functions. First, the liver
helps to excrete wastes. It also synthesises protein.
Another functions of the liver is to secrete bile (greenish
liquid/break down fats), protect body from bacteria, toxic
and harmful substances, store glycogen, iron, vitamins.
• - concluding sentence

21. DESCRIBING A PROCESS

22. ACTIONS IN SEQUENCE
• - BEFORE
• - AFTER
• - AT THE SAME TIME AS/AS
• - DURING
• - WHILE
• - WHEN
• - UNTIL
• - BY (THE BEGINNING OF/THE END OF)

23. CAUSE-EFFECT
• A CAUSES / PRODUCES / RESULTS IN / LEADS
TO B.
• B IS CAUSED BY / IS PRODUCED BY / RESULTS
FROM / OCCURS AS RESULT OF / OCCURS
BECAUSE OF / IS DUE TO A..............

24. PRACTICE
DESCRIBING A PROCESS

25. DESCRIBE THE PROCESS
OF FOOD FROM MOUTH TO EXCRETION
• - MOUTH - SALIVA - TONGUE
• - PHARYNX
• - ESOPHAGUS - EPIGLOTTIS
GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
• - STOMACH - ENZYMES - PYLORIC SPHINCTER
• - SMALL INTESTINE - INTESTINAL CELLS -
CAPILLARIES - LARGER VESSELS - LIVER
• - LARGE INTESTINE - WATER, SODIUM,
POTASSIUM - FECES - RECTUM - ANUS

26. DESCRIBE THE PROCESS
OF FOOD FROM MOUTH TO EXCRETION (SAMPLE)
• - MOUTH - SALIVA LIQUEFIES AND DISSOLVES- TONGUE MIXES,
HELPS TO MOVE, PUSHES FOOD TO PHARYNX THEN TO ESOPHAGUS -
EPIGLOTTIS COVERS LARYNX TO PREVENT FOOD ENTERING
TRACHEA. ESOPHAGUS PUSHES FOOD DOWN STOMACH WITH
PERISTALIS. WHEN GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER RELAXES FOOD
IS PUSHED DOWN STOMACH. WITH THE HELP OF ENZYMES
,PROTEIN DIGESTION BEGINS.....- PYLORIC SPHINCTER
• - SMALL INTESTINE - FOOD MOLECULES PASS THROUGH INTESTINAL
CELLS TO ENTER- CAPILLARIES - TRANSPORT TO LARGER VESSELS -
LEAD TO LIVER.
• - LARGE INTESTINE - WATER, SODIUM, POTASSIUM ARE ABSORBED
AND SENT TO MANY ORGAN OF BODY- FECES, WHICH IS LEFT, IS
SQUEEZED DOWN TO - RECTUM - PUSHED OUT OF THE BODY
THROUGH ANUS