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Learning module biology form 4

This document provides a learning module on biology for Form 4 students. It includes information on cell structure and organization, movement of substances into and out of cells, and the basic chemical components of living things like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Diagrams and tables are included to illustrate topics like organelle functions, osmosis, and the structures of biological molecules. The module aims to explain key concepts in biology and provide students with definitions, examples, and practice questions to enhance their understanding.

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LEARNING MODULE BIOLOGY FORM 4 — 2008 EDITION Prepared by : NAME CLASS AL MUMIN HJ. AL KANTA SMK Agaseh, Lahad Datu, SABAH
DIRECTION & ORIENTATION 1 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Gastro (stomach) Gaster juice is secreted by stomach wall. Hem (blood) Type of blood pigment are haemoglobin & haemoeritrin. Hepato (liver) Hepatic portal vein carry digested food from small intestine to the liver. Cardio (heart) Cardiovascular disease—heart attack. Reni, reno (kidney) Adrenaline is the hormone produced to prepare body to counter emergency such as fear and anger. Cerebro (brain) Cerebrum is the structure that control conscious actions.. Thrombo (coagulate) Thromboplastin & trombin (enzyme for blood coagulation). Min2009 a, an, ar (without) e.g., anaerobic respiration. ad (above) e.g., Adrenal gland. aero (air) e.g., Aerobic respiration. anti (anti/fight) e.g., antibody & antitoxin. bi (two) e.g., bisep muscle & bicuspid valve. co (together) e.g., codominan gene. glyco (sugar) e.g., glycolysis & glycogen. homo (same) hydro (water) e.g., hydrolysis. hyper (high) e.g., hypertonic hypo (low) e.g., hypoglisemia (low concentration of glucose) macro (big/large) e.g., macronutrient. mono (one/single) e.g., monosaccharides (single sugar molecule) multi/poly (many) e.g., multicellular. peri (around) e.g., perisikel (plant tissue) pod (leg) e.g. pseudopodium. sub (below) e.g., submaksila gland. genesis/genetic (formation) e.g., oogenesis. lysis (break down) e.g., haemolysis (red blood cell burst) uria (urine) e.g., glycosuria. Anterior (front) Posterior (back) Longitudal section A B Total Surface Area per Volume (TSA/V) Material A is breaks down into B. The volume is still the same but differ in total surface area. TSA/V of B is higher than A. Therefore, the smaller the higher the value of TSA/V. Food is need to be break down into a small pieces to increase its TSA/V so that easy for enzyme to digest. Cross sectional Dorsal (top) Ventral (bottom) TERMS, AFFIXES & SUFFIXES
CELL—STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION Cell Structure & Function Label the diagram and complete the table below. Organelle Function Plasma membrane Regulate (control) the movement of substances into and out of cell. Cell wall (plant) Cytoplasm 2 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Nucleus Min2009 1. Controls all the activities inside the cell. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum • rough : • smooth : Ribosome Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole (plant) Chloroplast (plant)
Cell Comparison Compare the animal and plant cell based on aspects given below: i. cell shape ii. plasma membrane and cell wall iii. vacuole iv. organelle v. food storage Animal Cell Plant Cell The Density of Organelle • Some of the organelles presence in a large amount (high density) or abundance in cell. The density of organelles depends on cell / tissue functions. 3 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Complete the table below. Min2009 Cell’s shape is fixed and usually rectangular or hexagonal. Has a plasma membrane and no cell wall. Food is stored in form of glycogen. Food is stored in form of starch. Cell/Tissue High density organelle The importance Muscle cell Mitochondrion Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of muscle for movement. Liver cell Sperm Palisade cell Heart muscle cell Mitochondrion Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of muscle to pump blood to the entire body.
Unicellular Organisms 1. Label the diagram of Amoeba and Paramecium. 2. Explain how Paramecium and Amoeba regulates the excess amount of water moves into their body? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Compare Amoeba and Paramecium based on aspects given below: i. Habitat ii. Reproduction iii. Movement iv. Nutrition v. Number of nucleus Amoeba Paramecium Live in freshwater lakes and ponds. Live in freshwater lakes and ponds. 4. Explain why the cell structure of the unicellular organism is more complex compare to human cells (e.g. epithelial cell). ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 4 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009
Cell Specialisation & Organisation 1. Cell specialisation is ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Cell organisation is ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Cell Tissue Organ System 5 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Tissue Function Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Vascular tissue Meristematic tissue Nerve tissue Muscle tissue Adipose tissue Smooth muscle cell Epithelial cell Min2009 Circular muscle and longitudal muscle Endothelium Esophagus, stomach and intestine. Inner layer of intestine and enzyme gland Digestive system Epithelial cell Smooth muscle cell Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue (circular muscle and longitudal muscle ) Organ : Intestine Cell specialisation Cell organisation (animal—digestive system)
Cambium cell Epidermal cell Parenchyma cell Xylem & Phloem cell Meristematic tissue Epidermal tissue Cortex tissue Temperature Osmosis pressure Physical Factors 6 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Vascular tissue Stem—organ (cross sectional) Cell organisation (plant—stem) Regulating the Internal Environment Internal Environment of Cell Chemical Factors Respiration affect Enzyme affect pH Concentration of minerals affect Concentration of glucose • List down the tissues that can be found in hand. ......................................................................................................................................... • By giving the example, explain the formation of nerve system — name the cells, tissues and organs involved. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
1. Why the internal environment of cells need to be maintained (constant)? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Based on diagram, give the meaning of homeostasis ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 7 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 3. Explain the effect of factors given below. Factor Effect to the cell Temperature Concentration of mineral Min2009 Environment with higher concentration (hypertonic) will caused water to move out of the cell. Cell become dehydrated and finally die. Concentration of glucose pH The increase or decrease of pH will caused enzyme to denatured. Chemical reaction will stop and cell die. Discussion Predict the effect of factors given below to onion cell; i. temperature 0 oC ................................................................................... ii. salt solution 50% ................................................................................... iii. solution with no glucose / sugar ................................................................................... iv. hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2.0) ...................................................................................
Substances listed below are essential to living things. Explain the importance substances to the cell. Substances Function (the importance to the cell) Glucose Source of energy. Amino acid Minerals Water Oxygen 8 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES List out two substances that must be excreted or removed form the cell and their effect. Substances Effect if not excreted from the cell Structure of Plasma Membrane 1. Why substances need to move (in or out) the plasma membrane? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Explain the terms given below: i. polar .............................................................................................................. ii. non-polar .............................................................................................................. iii. hydrophobic .............................................................................................................. iv. hydrophilic .............................................................................................................. 3. State the characteristics of substances given below: i. glucose .............................................................................................................. ii. amino acid .............................................................................................................. iii. sodium ions .............................................................................................................. iv. water .............................................................................................................. v. lipid .............................................................................................................. 4. What is the meaning of selectively permeable? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
4. Draw a simple diagram (2D drawing) of plasma membrane in given space below (based on Fluid Mosaic Model). Label the carrier protein, pore protein and phospholipids bilayer. List out two substances which pass (move) through the structure given below: Structures Reasons — based on characteristic of Based on the structure of plasma membrane, why it selectively permeable? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. 9 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 substances and structure Phospholipids Carrier protein Pore protein Because its molecule is small enough to pass through pore and water soluble. Substances which pass through Movement of substances — types movement Type Type of movement — give two reasons Two examples Glucose and Amino acid
Effect of osmosis to the cell Explain the meaning of terms given below: i. hypertonic ........................................................................................................................ ii. hypotonic ........................................................................................................................ iii. isotonic ........................................................................................................................ 1. Compare the passive transport and active transport. 10 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Concentration of solution Type of solution Min2009 Hypertonic (high concentration) Isotonic (equal concentration) Hypotonic (low concentration) Cell shape (plant cell) Cell condition Normal Cell condition Normal Shape of Outer layer mustard stem (longitudal section) Inner layer Based on the table above, make a conclusion about osmosis? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Practice Passive Transport Active Transport
2. What is the effect of the excess use of fertilizer to the plant? Why? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 3. Why fermented fruits are not rotten (busuk) easily? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 4. Vegetables are wilt (layu) if not soaked in the water. Why? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 5. The diagram shows the changing of visking tube size after being soaked in solution Q for Solution P Solution R Solution Q 60 minutes (a) Explain why does the experiment shows the result as shown above — inferences. N ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... M ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (b) Arrange in sequence the concentration of solution used in the experiment. Begins with the highest. ....................................................................................................................................... 11 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 a 60 minutes. Min2009 Tube N Tube M Tube N Tube M
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN THE CELL What is: i. inorganic compound ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ii. organic compound ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... State one the role of substances and organic compounds given below. Substances The importance (state one only) Nitrogen Synthesis of protein, nucleic acid and organic compounds. Sodium Organic compound The importance to the cells Carbohydrates Lipid Protein Formation of plasma membrane and cell growth. 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 ......................................................................................................................................... Carbo means carbon (C), while hydrates is water (H2O). Based on that meaning, what are the elements that made up carbohydrates? .............................................................................................................................................. 12 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Sulphur Phosphorus Calsium Magnesium Nucleic acid Min2009 Role of Water Carbohydrates
13 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Glucose Min2009 Short notes (structure & function) Glucose ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... S F Starch ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... S F Glycogen ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... S F Cellulose ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... Glycogen Starch Cellulose S F Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Cellobiose Cellulose Glucose Starch / Glycogen Sucrose (sugarcane) - Lactose (milk sugar) - Monosaccharides : Glucose-Fructose-Galactose (MonoGFG) Disaccharides : Sucrose-Lactose-Maltose (DiSuLaM) Monomer condensation Polymer - H2O hydrolysis + H2O Formation of disaccharides & polysaccharides Hydrolysis—addition of water that cause molecule to break down Protein 1. Elements that made up protein are ............................................................................. 2. Essential amino acid is.................................................................................................. ....................................................................................................................................... 3. Non essential amino acid is........................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 4. Egg white changes its physical characteristic and colour when heated. Explain why? ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................
14 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Types protein based on function Level of protein structure & examples Min2009 Essential amino acids 1. Alanine 2. Aspartic acid 3. Glutamic acid 4. Aspargine 5. Gyicine 6. Glutamine 7. Proline 8. Serine 9. Sisteine 10. Tyrosine Non essential amino acids 1. Arginine 2. Phenilalanine 3. Histidine 4. Isolucine 5. Leucine 6. Lysine 7. Methionine 8. Threonine 9. Tryptophane 10. Valine DON’T MEMORISE THIS LIST Protein Polypeptide Dipeptide Amino acid Pepsin/tripsin Eripsin/Peptidase Eripsin/Peptidase hydrolysis (+ H2O) condensation (- H2O) Group The role inside body Antibody • Reacts to the antigen (foreign substance) which enter the body and acts as protector. Hormone • Stimulates reactions or process such as growth. Transport protein • Haemoglobin acts as carrier to transport respiratory gases. There are also carrier protein in plasma membrane. Contractile protein • Found in muscle and able to contract to produce movement. Catalyst protein • All types of enzyme which is trigger or initiate chemical reactions. Primary Secondary Tertiery Quartenery Polypeptide chain Fibrous protein Globular protein Haemoglobin
Lipids 1. Elements that made up lipid are ........................................................................................ 2. Fat or oil made up from ....................................... and ............................................... in the ratio of ..................... 3. In space given below, draw the “building block” of triglyceride (fat). Type Location and function Fat • As a energy storage (under skin), organ protector, energy storage and isolation of 4. Compare the saturated and the unsaturated fat based on (i) chemical structure, (ii) state of matter in room temperature, (iii) effect to the blood cholesterol level and (iv) sources. Differences of saturated fat and unsaturated fat 15 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 heat. Phospholipid • Found in plasma membrane—part of plasma membrane. Cholesterol • Basic molecule for making steroid e.g. sex hormone. Bile • Colesterol byproduct which emulsify fat and turn it into small droplets. Vitamine D • Synthesized on skin with the presence of ultraviolet rays and helps absorption of calcium ion for bone growth. Steroid • Oestrogen and progesterone involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy. • Adrenaline secreted by adrenal gland as a reaction to an emergency such as panic, fear and angry. Saturated fat Unsaturated fat
Enzyme Substrate Gland 16 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 reaction occur when enzyme collided/ make contact with substrate. Enzymes 1. Meaning of enzyme. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Function of enzyme. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Three examples of enzymes and its substrate: 4. Four characteristics of enzyme: a ...................................................................................................................................... b ...................................................................................................................................... c ...................................................................................................................................... d ...................................................................................................................................... 5. What is active site? ......................................................................................................................................... 6. Why does the denatured enzyme does not perform its function? Relate your answer with active site. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 7. Draw a schematic diagram to show the synthesis of protein (e.g. enzymes). 8. By giving appropriate example, describe how different organelles works together to enable cell to function in orderly manner. (e.g. protein / enzyme) ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (oC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 17 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Effect of substrate concentration Concentration of substrate The rate of reaction Concentration of enzyme The rate of reaction Effect of enzyme concentration The rate of reaction Effect of temperature Effect of pH pH The rate of reaction 9. Complete the graph below. 10. Explain why acid able to stop the enzyme reaction? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 11. State two examples of intracellular enzymes and its function. Enzyme Function 12. State two examples of extracellular enzymes and its function. Enzyme Function 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
Practice 1. Complete the diagram below to demonstrate the Lock and Key hypothesis. Enzyme & substrate Enzyme & substrate 3. State four enzymes and its uses in industries. 18 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 complex Enzyme & product substrate Enzyme (globular shape) 2. In the space given below, draw an enzyme (based on answer in 1) and its shape after being denatured. denatured (by temperature or pH) Enzyme Function
1. Give two reasons why cell is need to be divided (increase in number)? i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... 2. Label the stages of cell cycle diagram above. 3. State the function of stages below; ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... b. Why does the chromosomes need to be replicated? ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 5 Why does the chromosome number of an organisms are must to be in constant from a generation to the next generation? Explain. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Explain the difference of cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 19 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 i. Growth phase 1 (G1) ii. DNA Synthesis (S) iii. Growth phase 2 (G2) iv. Mitosis v. Cytokinesis 4 a. What is replication? Min2009 CELL DIVISION Cell Cycle
20 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Mitosis Interphase Explanations Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... 3 ................................................................... Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... 3 ................................................................... 4 ................................................................... Use Ward’s Finger Model
i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... iii. ................................................................................................................................... iv. ................................................................................................................................... Uncontrolled Mitosis—Cancer What is cancer? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Causes of cancer i. ......................................................................................................................................... ii. ......................................................................................................................................... iii. ......................................................................................................................................... Treatments—explain i. surgery .................................................................................................................. ii. chemotherapy .................................................................................................................. iii. radiotherapy .................................................................................................................. Application of Mitosis Cloning—tissue culture Purpose :................................................................................................................ Advantages i. ............................................................................................................ 21 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 The significance of mitosis Min2009 ii. ............................................................................................................ Disadvantages i. ............................................................................................................ ii. ............................................................................................................ Procedure ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................
Graph shows the division of cell inside organism X. 1. How many chromosomes in parent cell and daughter cell? i. parent ............ ii. daughter ............ 2. What type of division involved? .................................................................... 3. Give your reason for answer in 1. .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... 4. What happen to the chromosomes during stage M1 and M2? i. M1 ….................................................... 22 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 ....................................................... ii. M2 ….................................................... ....................................................... 5. i. What is organism X? ............................................................... ii. Give your reason for answer in 5.i. .................................................................... .................................................................... 6. Mark on graph the stage of: i. Prophase ii. Metaphase iii. Anaphase iv. Telophase 1. What is cloning? ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. 2. Draw a schematic diagram to show the cloning of Dolly. 3. What is the role of ultraviolet rays in cloning process? ................................................................. ................................................................. 4. Advantages of cloning: i. ................................................................. ii. ................................................................. iii. ................................................................. 5. Disadvantages of cloning: i. ................................................................. ii. ................................................................. iii. ................................................................. Practice Cloning
Meiosis with Paper Cuttings 1. Make sure your group have 8 paper cuttings with 2 size and 2 colours. For example, large paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red and small paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red. 2. Analogy 1: each paper cutting represent a chromosome. 3. Analogy 2: paper cuttings with the same size are homologous or identical (same size and shape). 4. Analogy 3: do the replication by adding paper cuttings with same size and colour. 5. Analogy 4: do the crossing over by “cut and paste” the paper cuttings. 6. Draw a cell, nucleus membrane and spindle fiber on the table by using chalk. 7. Follow your teacher’s instruction and complete the worksheet for this activity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 23 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Meiosis Worksheet Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II 7 8
8 Telophase II Synapsis ..................................................................................................................... Chiasma ..................................................................................................................... Crossing over ..................................................................................................................... Variation ..................................................................................................................... Role of meiosis 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 24 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Meaning of terms Min2009 Practice 1. Based on the diagram you’ve drew (in page 19 and 23), state the differences of mitosis and meiosis based on: i. number of chromosome ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. genetic content ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 2. Draw the chromosome for stages below: Mitosis - Metaphase Meiosis - Metaphase I
3. Based on drawing in 2, explain the difference in term of chromosome position. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Parent Gametes Offspring 25 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 46 46 23 23 46 4. Which cell division produce variation? How? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Name the cell division, where the separation of homologous chromosome occurs? Name the stage. ........................................................................................................................................ 6. In human, the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes are 46. Based on diagram, explain how the number of chromosome is maintained (keep in constant) from a generation to the next generation. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 7. State the tissue where the process of mitosis and meiosis take place in animal and plant. Animal Plant Meiosis ....................................................... ....................................................... Mitosis ....................................................... ....................................................... 8. Draw the chromosome of daughter cells inside the diagram below. Metaphase I Daughter cell Meiosis Meiosis 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
9. Compare mitosis and meiosis based on; i. the difference in chromosome number in daughter and parent cell; ii. number of cell division; iii. number of daughter cell; iv. crossing over; and v. the difference in genetic content in daughter and parent cell. Mitosis Meiosis Number of chromosomes in parent’s and daughter’s cell are equal. NUTRITION Four process involved in nutrition are: i. ......................................................... ii. ......................................................... iii. ......................................................... iv. ......................................................... Types of Nutrition Autotroph organisms are ....................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. Heterototroph organisms are ................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................. Nutrition Meaning and two example of organisms Chemosyntesis Synthesis the organic compound (glucose) by oxidizing in organic 26 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 substances such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). Photosynthesis Holozoic Saprophytism Parasitsm Obtained food by living on or in the body of living organisms.
Meaning of balanced diet * ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ The necessity of balanced diet ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ 1. How to prove that food contain / produce energy? Explain. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. State the class of foods which does not contain/produce energy. Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 27 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Body size Gender Age Occupation Min2009 Balanced Diet Energy Value NOTE The role of water, carbohy-drates, proteins & lipids aren’t stated here because its already being stated in Chapter 4. Draw a pyramid of food 3. Explain how does the factors listed below affects the requirement of energy. 4. In a rest condition (such as sleep) we still need energy. Explain why? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Why does the Eskimo (live in Artic region) consume a lot of fatty food? i. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................
28 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Calculation of energy value Mineral Mineral Function Deficiency Calcium Bone and tooth formation, aids in blood clotting, needed in muscle and nerve coordination. Ricket (children), delayed blood clotting and osteoporosis. Magnesium Activates most types of enzymes (as a cofactor) Retarded function of muscle. Ferum / iron Component of haemoglobin needed for oxygen transport in the blood. Anemia. Sodium Maintain the osmotic pressure and important component in blood plasma. Muscle cramps. Potassium Maintenance of acid-base and water balance. Heart failure & muscular weakness. Iodine Component of the thyroxine hormone. Goiter (adult) & kretinisme (children) Phosphorus Needed for muscle growth, bone and tooth formation, nucleotide and ATP synthesis. Rickets & demineralization of bone (lost of calcium) Chlorine Maintenance of osmotic pressure. Muscle cramps. Vitamin Function Deficiency A Needed for formation of light pigment in retina Retinol and maintenance of epithelial tissue. Vision problem (night blindness) and scaling skin. B1 Thiamine Precursor of a coenzyme which functions in carbohydrate metabolism. Beriberi (muscle weakness, nerve disorder, heart disorder, swollen feet and loss of skin sensitivity. B2 Riboflavin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. Sore eyes and swollen tongues and skin lesions at the corner of mouth, nose and ears. B3 Niacin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. Pellagra (skin and gastrointestinal lesions, nervous, mental disorders and loss of appetite). B5 Pantothenic acid Component of coenzyme A, with a role in energy metabolism. Muscle cramps, fatigue, impaired motor coordination. B6 Pyridoxine Coenzymes in amino acid metabolism. Irritability, muscular twitching, convulsions, dermatitis, retarded growth, kidney stones and pernicious anemia. Vitamin
Vitamin Function Deficiency B12 Cobalamin Group Work Explain the necessity of diet on a person below: 1. Expectant mother. 2. Sumo wrestler. 3. Long distance runner. 4. Everest climber. 5. Old man. 6. Children. 29 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Group Discussion Scrap Book Min2009 • A coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism. • Synthesis of red blood cells. Pernicious anemia, neurological disorders and weight loss. C Ascorbic acid • Required in the synthesis of collagen. • Maintenance of cartilage, bone and dentin. • A strong antioxidant. 1. Poor collagen formation. 2. Scaly skin. 3. Scurvy: symptoms include swollen, bleeding gums and tooth loss. 4. Degeneration of blood vessels, muscles and cartilage. D Calcipherol Aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus ions for bones and teeth growth. ♦ Ricet (demineralization of bone) ♦ Tooth decay. E Tocopherol Produce red blood cells. Acts an antioxidant. ♦ Anemia. K Phylloquinone Important in blood clotting. Defective blood clotting which leads to excessive bleeding. • Make a scrap book or booklet about the effect of vitamin and minerals deficiency and malnutrition in human. Information mainly based on pictures and simple explanation about the picture. • Use internet search engine such as google.com, click on image and key in the key word of image you want. • Make sure the pictures that you want to download not less than 40 kb (file size). • The procedure of finding the information using internet will be provided. Malnutrition • Meaning ........................................................................................................................ • Causes ........................................................................................................................ • Effect ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................
30 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Foods test—experiment Reducing sugar test Starch and Fat Test Min2009 Material ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... Result ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... Benedict solution Water Glucose solution Non reducing sugar test Sodium bicarbonate Solution sucrose + HCL Water Benedict solution Material :....................................................................................................................... Result :....................................................................................................................... Millon test (protein) Material ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... Result ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... Millon solution Egg white Water Starch :....................................................................................................................... Fat :.......................................................................................................................
Food Digestion-Human 1. Name two organic polymer (large molecule) found in food and its source. i ................................................................................................................................... ii ................................................................................................................................... 2. Can organic polymer absorbed into blood stream / cells? Why? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 3. Why does the organic polymer need to be hydrolysed (break down) into its monomer? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 4. Why does the food need to be break down into a small pieces? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 5. Complete the short notes below by stating the adaptation (characteristic + role) of an organ to perform its function. Fill in only the main idea and use a simple and short sentences. Liver ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. 31 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Mouth • Produce saliva to lubricate and digest starch. • Chewing breaks down food into small pieces to increase total surface area. Min2009 Oesofagus • Consist of circular and longitudal muscle. Foods are moved by peristalsis action. Stomach i. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ Small Intestine i. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ iii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ iv. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ Large Intestine ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. .............................................................................................
Digestive enzymes Gland Enzyme Substrate End product Salivary Amilase Starch Stomach Rennin (gastric juice) Pepsin Pancreas Amilase Starch (pancreatic juice) Trypsin 32 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Experiment — digestion of starch Test tube Distilled water Yeast suspension Visking tube Yeast suspension Inference A (reason) Inference B (reason) Min2009 Fatty acid + Glyserol Intestinal Asid amino Maltose Lactose Sucrase Purpose To investigate the digestion of starch. Procedure 1. Apparatus as shown is prepared. 2. Iodine and Benedict test is done to the sample of water every 30 minutes. 3. Observation are recorded. Note : Iodine test —> starch —> Dark blue A B : Benedict test —> Glucose —> Copper Observation A No change in color for Iodine and Benedict test Observation B No change in color for Iodine test but the colour of water turn into copper when tested with Benedict solution. Discussion Conclusion + saliva
1. Label the digestive system above. 2. State two the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain the role of bile in digestion process. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... iii. ................................................................................................................................... 4. Explain two adaptations of small intestine to increase the absorption of digested food. i. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 33 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Ruminant 1. Label parts of ruminant’s and rodent’s stomach. 2. Draw an arrow to show the flow of food inside ruminant’s stomach. Rodent Practice Digestion in Ruminant & Rodent mouth anus
3. Animals unable to produce cellulase to digest cellulose (component of plant cell wall) into glucose. Explain how the ruminants digest the cellulose? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 4. Compare the digestive system of ruminant and rodent based on: Absorption & Assimilation of Digested Food 34 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 i. stomach structure Min2009 ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. Digestion of cellulose ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 5. Why ruminant need more than one stomach? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 1. Draw the structure of one villi inside the given space. 2. Three adaptations (characteristic + role) of villi to increase the rate of food absorption are; i. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ii. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... iii. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 3. State the digested food absorbed by the structure below: i. Blood capillary .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. ii. Lacteal .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Creative essay If you’re the starch or protein (choose one), describe your experience in human digestive system start from mouth until you’re inside the liver. *
The Role of Liver Small intestine Glucose Amino acid Glycogen Other Functions • Break down old red blood cell and haemoglobin. • Storage of blood (300 cm3 – 1500 cm3). • Synthesis of plasma protein such as albumin and • Storage of vitamine A, D and B12. • Storage of minerals, Fe and Cu. • Detoxification of drugs, alcohol and poisons. 35 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 globulin. Min2009 Liver Glucose Amino acid Protein Blood Glucose Amino acid Plasma protein Cell / Tissue Energy production Protein synthesis 1. State two functions of large intestine. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... 2. State the role of rectum. ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Why does the undigested food must be expelled (eliminated) out of the body? ......................................................................................................................................... 4. Explain the cause of constipation. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Problem Causes Symptom & Effect Gastric Anoreksia nervosa Urea Defaecation Problems Related to Nutrition What is? • Glycogen ........................................... • Urea ........................................... • Plasma protein ...........................................
Problem Causes Symptom & Effect Obesity Belumia Nutrient Requirement in Plant 1 Does the plant able to live only by using product of photosynthesis (starch)? Explain. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 2 What is nutrients / minerals? ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Complete the table below. Macronutrient Micronutrient Meaning Minerals The Role of Macronutrient Minerals Function Effect of deficiencies 36 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Nitrogen (N) Min2009 • Synthesis of protein, chlorophyll & nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) • Growth of leaf & stem ♦ Yellowish & stunted leaves (chlorosis) Phosphorus (P) • Synthesis of protein & nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) • Enhanced cell division ♦ Stunted growth ♦ Poor root growth ♦ Formation of dull, dark green leaves Potassium (K) • Synthesis of protein & starch ♦ Stunted growth ♦ Premature death of plants Calcium (Ca) • Growth of shoot & root ♦ Stunted growth ♦ Leaves become distort & cupped Sulphur (S) • Synthesis of protein ♦ General yellowing of leaves or entire plant Magnesium (Mg) • Synthesis of chlorophyll (constituent) ♦ General yellowing of leaves
Lack (deficiencies) of mineral will cause several symptoms. Based on minerals and symptoms given below, explain why the symptom occur? 1. Nitrogen—stunted growth ........................................................................................................................................ 2. Phosphorus—stunted growth ........................................................................................................................................ 3. Magnesium—yellowish leaves ........................................................................................................................................ Preparation of Culture Solution 37 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Knop Solution (complete solution) Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) 0.8 g Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 0.2 g Potassium dehidrogen fosfat (KH2PO4) 0.2 g Magnesium sulfat (MgSO4) 0.2 g Ferum (III) fosfat (FePO4) trace Distilled water 1000 cm3 1. Objective :....................................................................................................................... 2. Variables i. manipulated :...................................................................................... ii. response :...................................................................................... iii. constant :...................................................................................... 3. Hypothesis :....................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 4. What the purpose of covering jar with black paper? ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Why does the root need to be aerated (provided with air)? ........................................................................................................................................ 6. Name one mineral which provides elements listed below; i) sulphur ........................................ ii) phosphorus ................................................ iii) nitrogen ........................................ iv) calcium ................................................ 7. Based on Knop solution above, how do you prepare solution with lack of (without): i. Nitrogen ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ii. Phosphorus ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. iii. Calcium ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. iv. All minerals ............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................
Photosynthesis 1. Label the cross sectional of leaf above. Label must include palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermal cell, cuticle, vascular bundle (xylem and phloem) and stoma. i. Palisade mesophyll ................................................................................................... ii. Spongy mesophyll ................................................................................................... iii. Vascular bundle ........................................................................................................ iv. Stoma ........................................................................................................ 38 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 2. State the function of structures below: Min2009 Purpose ............................................................................................... Result and Discussion ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... Conclusion ............................................................................................... Purpose ............................................................................................... Result and Discussion ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... Conclusion ............................................................................................... Cross sectional of leaf
3. State three structural adaptations (characteristic + role) of leaf to increase the rate of photosynthesis. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... iii. ................................................................................................................................... 4. State the adaptations to carry out photosynthesis for plants given below: 6 O2 12 H2O 39 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Mechanism of photosynthesis 24 H+ 24 e- 24 H 6 CO2 Min2009 * i. Seaweed (rumpair) ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. Cactus ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 24 H2O Photolysis Chlorophyll Absorb energy from sunlight 6 H2O 24 OH- 24 e- C6H12O6 1. Based on flow chart, explain what happen during: Structure of chloroplast Light reaction Dark reaction REMINDER Do not memorized the number of molecules, ions and electron. i. light reaction .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. ii. dark reaction .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. 2. What is the role of sunlight in photolysis (light reaction)? ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Does the dark reaction occurs at night? Why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
40 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 + 4. Label the flow chart above to shows the summary of photosynthesis. 5. Based on flow chart in page 39, summarized the chemical equation of photosynthesis. ......................................................................................................................................... 6. (a) What is the end product of photosynthesis that useful to the plant? ................................................................................................................................... (b) State the two roles of substance stated in 5 (a). i. .............................................................................................................................. ii. .............................................................................................................................. 7. Compare the light reaction and dark reaction based on: i. Substrate (substance used in reaction) ii. Site of reaction iii. End product iv. Time of reaction • Note : use complete sentences. Light reaction Dark reaction Occurred in grana. Light intensity Rate of photosynthesis Rate of photosynthesis Factor affecting photosynthesis 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (oC)
i) light intensity and rate of photosynthesis. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ii) temperature and rate of photosynthesis ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain how the concentration of carbon dioxide become a limiting factor to the rate of photosynthesis. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... • Explain how methods listed below increase the quality and quantity of food production. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 41 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 1. Plot the graph in page 40. 2. Explain the relation of; i. Hydrophonics ii. Aerophonics. iii. Breeding. iv. Tissue culture. v. Genetic engineering. Min2009 Technology in Food Production Group discussion
Technology of Food Processing 42 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Purpose 1 ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... 2 ............................................................... ............................................................... 3 ............................................................... ............................................................... 4 ............................................................... ............................................................... Min2009 Canning Purpose To kill microorganisms and its spore (survive up to 120 oC). Method (temperature) Packed in cans and steamed with high temperature and high pressure. Advantages Keep food sterile (free from microorganisms) for a long period. Sample of food Sardines and pineapple Pasteuraization Purpose To destroy bacteria and keeping the flavour and nutrient Method (temperature) 63 oC in 30 minutes or 72 oC in 15 seconds Advantages Bacteria are destroyed but the nutrient (eg. protein) undamaged. Sample of food Milk and fruits juice. Drying (dehydrat ion) Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food ................................................................. Refrigeration Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food ................................................................. Vaccum packaging Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food .................................................................
RESPIRATION 1. What is the substance act as source of energy in living things? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. How to get energy from substance in 1 so that it can be use by living things? ......................................................................................................................................... 4. State three the role of energy to living things. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... iii. ................................................................................................................................... 5. State two cells/tissues in human body which used a lot of energy. Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration 43 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 2. Why substance in 1 contain energy? Min2009 Glycolysis Break down of glucose Creb Cycle The process which produce a lot of energy. Note : do not memorized both terms. 1. If you’re not breathing for a certain period of time, you will be weak, then unconscious and finally die. Based on biology fact, explain why does it happen? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Sprinter athlete (such as 100m) hold their breathe while running. Can energy be produce in that condition (without air/oxygen)? Explain how? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. After reaching finishing line, the athlete will be puffing (breathing in a fast rate) and exhausted. After a while, he/she will be recovered and back into normal condition. Explain these phenomena based on biology fact. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
Chemical Equation of Respiration Questions 1 a. Why does the glucose solution need to be boiled? ................................................................ ................................................................ b. Which apparatus acts as control? Explain the purpose of using control. ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ c. What the purpose of using paraffin oil? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ d. What gas being produced? Give your reason. ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ 44 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 e. Name the other substance being produce. ................................................................ ................................................................ f. If paraffin layer is removed, what will you expect? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ g. How to increase the gas production? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ h. If yeast is replaced with bacteria, what is the expected result? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration In Animal & Yeast Apparatus A Practice Apparatus B
2. Why does the unicellular organism such as yeast and bacteria are able to survive only by performing anaerobic respiration? [only produce small amount of energy] ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 3. During flood, most of plant will die. Explain why? [based on respiration] ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 4. Compare between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration based on: i) Substrate used ii) Product of reaction iii) The amount ATP produced iv) Site of reaction. Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Substrate used is glucose Substrate used is glucose Respiratory Structure—Human 45 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 • Role of cartilage rings? ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ • Function of epiglottis? ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ • Function of diaphragm? ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ Min2009 epiglottis larynx lung
Explain the adaptations of alveolus to increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange. i. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ii. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ iii. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ Respiratory Structure—Animals Draw the cross sectional of alveolus Explain the adaptations of respiration structure (way to increase the TSA/V) to facilitate the gaseous exchange. Explain how the gaseous exchange. 46 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Unicellular organism—Amoeba ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. Earth worm ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. spiracle trachea Insect-Cockroaches .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 gill arch Practice 47 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 gill arch operculum 1 2 Min2009 Frog ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... Fish gill Gill raker draw gill filament ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 1. Why does the unicellular organism do not require a respiratory structure? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Crocodile is able to chase its prey for a limited distance/time only, continue chasing will cause death. Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Whale use lungs for breathing. What happens if whale using gill for breathing? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
Gaseous Exchange in Human Alveolus • Oxygen transported in form of .................................................... while carbon dioxide transported in form of .................................................., .................................................., and .................................................. • Haemoglobin is a ................................... which contain ............................... • The gaseous exchange between respiratory structure and blood involving ......................... • Diffusion occurred due to the ............................................................................................. • For example in alveolus, the partial pressure of oxygen is .............. then the blood inside the blood capillary. As a result, oxygen ............................. into the blood and combine with hemoglobin to form ........................................... • In tissue, partial pressure oxygen is ................... compare to blood inside blood capillary. As a result, ........................................... releases its oxygen. Oxygen then ....................... into the tissue. • Same condition is occur to the carbon dioxide. 48 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 ........................................ Min2009 Partial pressure O2 CO2 Partial pressure O2 CO2 Tissue O2 O2 CO2 CO2 1. Label the diagram above.
2. Explain the condition of structures below during inhalation. i. diaphragm ........................................................................................................... ii. intercostals muscle ........................................................................................................... iii. ribs ........................................................................................................... iv. lung ........................................................................................................... Regulatory Mechanism 1. What happen to the breathing and heart beat rate after doing vigorous activity? ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Does the breathing and heart beat rate changed after reaction in 1? What happen? ......................................................................................................................................... Regulation of carbon dioxide • Carbon dioxide in the blood is in form of carbonic acid. • The increase of carbonic acid will increase the acidity of blood (drop of pH) and this changes is detected by (or stimulate the) chemoreceptor of respiratory centre in medulla oblongata. • Respiratory centre send impulses to intercostals muscle and diaphragm muscle to increase the relaxation and contraction of muscles. Hence, the rate of breathing is increased. • As a result, more carbon dioxide expelled out of the body and partial pressure of carbon • The reduction of partial pressure will reduce the acidity (or carbonic acid) and pH value of Regulation of oxygen • Partial pressure of oxygen inside the blood is detected by carotid body and aortic bodies. • Low partial pressure of oxygen stimulate the chemoreceptor of carotid body and aortic • Carotid body and aortic bodies send impulses to the respiratory centre and the • The increase of breathing rate will increase the partial pressure of oxygen. • The increase of the partial pressure of oxygen, will cause the chemoreceptor not stimulated and the breathing rate return into normal. 49 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 dioxide in blood is decreased. blood is return into normal. bodies. breathing rate is increased. Min2009 Respiratory centre Medulla oblongata Intercostals muscle Diaphragm Respiratory centre Chemoreceptor of medulla oblongata Chemoreceptor of carotid body Chemoreceptor of aortic bodies
Respiration in Plant 1. State how the structures below gets its oxygen. i) leaf ....................................................................................................................... ii) stem ....................................................................................................................... iii) root ....................................................................................................................... 2. Write down the chemical equation of anaerobic respiration in plant. ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain how submerged plant gets its oxygen. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Compare based on: i. substrate ii. end product of reaction iii. condition for reaction iv. site of reaction / organelle involved v. occur in... Respiration Photosyntesis Use glucose and oxygen. Use carbon dioxide and water. 50 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Cross sectional of leaf Cross sectional of lenticels Comparison—Respiration Photosynthesis
Respiration Photosynthesis Photosynthesis produce glucose and oxygen that required by respiration, and respiration produce carbon dioxide that required by photosynthesis. In darkness • Photosynthesis stop and plant carry out respiration—use glucose oxygen photosynthesis respiration carbon dioxide The increase of light intensity • The rate of photosynthesis increase due to the increase of light intensity. • Production of oxygen will increase. • Respiration still occur—oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released. • Carbon dioxide from respiration is used in photosynthesis and oxygen produced by photosynthesis Compensation point (photosynthesis = respiration) • All carbon dioxide produced by respiration is used in photosynthesis, while all oxygen pro-duced by photosynthesis is used in respiration. • At compensation point, no excess amount of oxygen because the rate of oxygen production (by photosynthesis) is equal to the rate of oxygen usage (by respiration). • Same condition occurs to carbon dioxide, the rate of carbon dioxide production (by respiration) is equal to the rate of carbon dioxide usage (by photosynthesis). So, no excess amount of carbon dioxide. • At this point, all glucose produced by photosynthesis is used in respiration. As a result, no excess amount of glucose for storage (starch production). • So, the rate of photosynthesis must be higher then the rate of respiration to make sure there are excess amount of glucose for storage in form of starch. • Hence, the light intensity must be higher then compensation point, so that the rate of photosyn-thesis is higher then the rate of respiration. 51 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 oxygen and release carbon dioxide. is used in respiration. Min2009 Intake of CO2 increase Release of CO2 increase light intensity light intensity volume of O2 Graph 1 Graph 2 1. Plot the graph above and mark the compensation point. 2. Based on graph, how do you determine the compensation point? 3. At low light intensity, certain plant become retarded or gradually die. Explain why? (based on compensation point)
Decomposer Producer Consumer Biotic Component Abiotic Component Pyramid of Number Forth trophic level (tertiary consumer) Third trophic level (secondary consumer) • Draw a food web based on pyramid of number above. death excursion defecation death excursion defecation death excursion Commensalism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Mutualism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... 52 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Ecosystem pH Temperature Light intensity Humidity Topography Microclimate First trophic level (producer) Second trophic level (primary consumer) Number of organism is decrease DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM Energy Flow in Food Webs energy lost in respiration producer 10% herbivores 10% carnivores 10% top carnivores decomposer—fungi, bacteria, worm scavenger defecation death energy lost in energy lost in respiration energy lost in respiration energy lost in respiration energy input (sunlight) 90% 90% 90% 90% Interaction Between Biotic Component
Saprophytism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Prey-Predator .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Parasitism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Paramecium caudatum Colonisation Succession 53 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Investigate the effect of competition Experiment Discussion (why the curve is like that?) Min2009 ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... Conclusion ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... Result (plot the graph) Separated population Days Population Mixed population Days Population Paramecium aurelia Paramecium aurelia + P. caudatum Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Explain the terms below: i) habitat ...................................................................................................................... ii) species ...................................................................................................................... iii) niche ......................................................................................................................
iv) population ...................................................................................................................... v) community ...................................................................................................................... vi) ecosystem ...................................................................................................................... vii) colonisation ...................................................................................................................... viii) succession ...................................................................................................................... Colonisation Succession in Pond 54 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Deposition of dead/decayed organic material in basement cause pond getting shallow/reduce the depth—initiate the succession process • Explain the adaptation of; i) pioneer species (algae and submerged plant) Pioneer species algae and submerged plant die and submerge First successor species die and submerge Second successor species die and submerge Third successor species Climax community ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ii) primary successor species ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... iii) secondary successor species ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... • What are the changes that cause the succession in pond? ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
Map below shows the effect of succession in mangrove after 20 years. Complete the diagram below by using appropriate symbol. • What are the changes after 20 years? 55 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 A S R B Min2009 The bank getting higher because of the deposition dead organic matter mud. B • Avicennia sp. (pokok api-api putih) and Sonneratia sp. (pokok perepat) are the pioneer species in the muddy and sandy bank. This species are able to stands a high salinity, wave and wind. • The extensive root system traps and collects the sediment, including organic matter from decaying plant parts. The soil become more compact and firm (kukuh). • This condition favours the Rhizophora sp. Consequently, the Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia sp. are replace by Rhizophora. • The prop roots (akar jangkang) of the Rhizophora sp. traps silt (selut) and mud and creating firmer soil. • The ground (or bank) getting higher and less submerged by sea water. • The soil getting firm and hard and this condition favours the Brugueira sp. • Consequently, the Rhizophora sp. is replaced by Brugueira sp. • The root of Brugueira sp. traps silt and mud and further modified the soil structure. • Over the time, plants like nipah and Pandanus begin to replace the Brugueira sp. • The gradual transition and succession from a mangrove to a terrestrial forest and eventually to a tropical forest—a climax community. B B B B B B B B B B B B B Year 2000 Year 2020 B B Colonisation Succession in Mangrove Avicennia sp. Sonneratia sp. Rhizophora sp. Brugueira sp. Muddy and sand bank F Forest high tide low tide Year 2020 Year 2000
56 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Population Ecology Quadrate sampling technique Quadrate frame - metal / wood Quadrate frame—rope and stick Examples of Quadrate Example of coverage Min2009 Capture, Mark, Release and Recapture Technique Quadrate for small organism (eg. fungus) Percentage coverage Total coverage of all quadrate X 100% Number of quadrate x quadrate area Density Frequency This technique is used to estimate the population of animal such as ant, birds and mammals by using ink/ ring/tag. Some precaution and assumption to be considered; • The mark not harmed to the animal or predator. • Animal captured randomly. • Let the animal free to mixed with original population. • Assumption — no migration and mortality due to disease. • Capture a large samples of animal. • The experiment is repeated to increase the validity (kesahan) of data. No. of org. in first sample x No. of org. in second sample No. of marked org. recaptured • The principle of both instruments; .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. • The difference; .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. Sampling of soil organisms Tullgren Funnel Bearmann Funnel
The Effect of Abiotic Factors on Population .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 57 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Factors Effect pH temperature humidity light intensity Definition The importance Min2009 Kingdoms Protista Paramecium Amoeba Euglena ...................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... Yeast Mold Mushroom ...................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... .......................... .......................... .......................... Biodiversity
Classification of Organisms 58 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Kingdom Phyllum Class Order Family Genus Species Min2009 1. Why does an organisms must be classified? .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. 2. Why does the Latin language is used for naming the species? .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. K P C O F G S Category Housefly Human Corn / Maize Rat Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Animalia Phyllum Arthropoda Chordata Trachaeophyta Chordata Class Insecta Mamalia Angiospermae Mamalia Order Diptera Primate Glumnifloflorae Rodentia Family Muscidae Homonidae Maydeae Muroidae Genus Musca Homo Zea Rattus Species domestica sapiens mays rattus Law of scientific names — Linnaeus Binomial System • Species has two names - genus + species. • Genus begins with capital letter and species all small letter. • Written in italics (usually in printing) or underline (usually in hand writing). Local name Printing Hand writing Toad (katak puru) Bufo melanogaster Bufo melanogaster Cockroach (lipas rumah) Periplaneta americana Periplaneta americana Durian Durio zibethinus Durio zibethinus
59 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 1. Label the bacteria structures. Label — capsule, cell wall, flagella, cytoplasm and genetic material-DNA/RNA. Min2009 2. Label the virus structures. Label — capsid dan nucleic acid (genetic material-DNA/RNA) 1 – binary fission-bacteria, 2 – Streptococcus, 3 – flagella-bacteria, 4 – bakteriofaj, 5 – budding-yis, 6 – tobacco mosaic virus, 7 – bacteria spore. 1 2 3 6 4 5 7 The Impact of Microorganisms Fungi ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... Algae ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... Fungi Algae Bacteria Virus
Bacteria Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) Capsid (protein) + Capsule (spore)-protection No specified organelle Nutrition - auxotroph, parasite saprophyte Reproduction – binary fission Nucleus-DNA-no membrane Living – reproduce in host cell only. reminder .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. 60 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Amoeba Moves and captures its prey by using pseudopodium (false leg) also known as phagocytosis. Antibiotic effect A substances produces by microorganism to stunned/ stop/kill other microbe. Based on picture-the effect are vary. DNA – attack animals RNA – attack plants Cell wall – protein + polysaccharide (peptidoglycan) Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Coccus diplococcus, streptococcus, staphilococcus Bacillus Vibrio Spirillum nutrition – no living Non-respiration Outer host cell—become crystallize All parasite The smallest Don’t use short form in answering the examination and test. Protozoa shapes * Flagella –movement
Experiment—handling microbe Precaution—experiment involving microbe In experiment involving microorganisms, apparatus must be free from microbe (sterile) to prevent contamination and the validity of an experiment. Several precautions and steps have to be taken during experiment; 1. Wash your hand using antiseptic before and after the experiment. 2. Table is cleaned by using antiseptic before and after the experiment. 3. Food not allowed in the lab. 4. Clean with antiseptic if the microbe culture is spilled. 5. After the experiment, wash all apparatus with antiseptic. 6. Don’t throw agar medium into the bin or sink. Discard by using antiseptic or burning. The formation of colony (spot) Term/scale used to describe the growth of microorganisms Cloudy — clear, light heavy Numbers of colony — 2, 3, 4, .... Size of colony — measure the diameter 61 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 1. Agars is used in experiment involving microbes which contain agar and nutrient. What is the initial colour of agars? What happens after the microbe colonize (growing) in the agar? ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 2. The agars need to be sterile (free from microbe) before the experiment. Why? ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................
Experiment— growing microbe 1. Wash your thumb. 2. Press (gently) the agar using your thumb. 3. Mark your thumb and group members on Petri dish. 4. Overturned the Petri dish and store in dark place. 5. Live for 3 days and record the result—numbers, size and colour of the colony. Practice Experiment was carried out by growing the bacteria Bacillus subtilis (round and white colony) inside Petri dish which contain nutrient agar under different condition. Numbered of colony are measured after 24 hours. 62 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Temperature factor Min2009 Petri dish A Petri dish B Petri dish C Condition 5 oC (refrigerator) 37 oC (oven) 60 oC (oven) Result Observation (state) 1. State the inference for the observation in: i. Petri dish A ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ii. Petri dish B ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... 2. State the variables: i. manipulated ................................................................................................... ii. responding ................................................................................................... iii. constant ................................................................................................... 3. State two hypothesis for this experiment. i. ................................................................................................................................. ii. ................................................................................................................................. 4. What the meaning of growth based on this experiment (defining operationally). ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................
1. What are the role of bacteria and protozoa in the alimentary canal of ruminant? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. “Microorganisms helps the human digestion system”. Explain this statement. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Sate the role of Trichonympha in the alimentary canal of termite. ......................................................................................................................................... Organism Q i. Bacretia X .............................................................. ii. Bacteria Y .............................................................. iii. Bacteria Z .............................................................. c. Give two example of organism Q and their role. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... d. What are the importance of nitrogen cycle to the human being? ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 63 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 4. a. Complete the diagram above. b. Name the: Min2009 Useful Microorganisms Denitrifying bacteria death waste Organism P Bacteria X Bacteria Y Bacteria Z Animals SOIL absorb by...
64 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Harmful Microorganisms Pathogens Disease Method of transmission Signs and symptoms Protozoa (Plasmodium sp.) Malaria Vector. Anopheles sp. mosquito High fever, violent shiv-ering profuse sweating. Virus Dengue fever Vector: Aedes sp. mosquito Fever with severe body pain and rashes over parts of the body. Bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) Cholera 1. by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. 2. faeces of an infected person. 3. inadequate sewage treat-ment and improper treat-ment of drinking water. Profuse and watery di-arrhea, vomiting and leg cramps. Rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Fungi Ringworm (Tinea corporis) Contagious and is spread through infected pets or through direct contact with infected individuals. Rashes on the body which look like red circular lesions with a scaly bor-der. These infected areas may be itchy. Bacteria related food poisoning is the most common for example, Salmonella sp. Food poisoning Contamination of cooked food and inappropriate handling and preparation of food. Diarrhea, nausea, chills, vomiting and fever within 12 to 24 hours. Human Immunodefi-ciency Virus (HIV) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syn-drome (AIDS) 1. Unprotected sex with an in-fected partner. 2. Blood transfusion from an infected person. 3. Transmission from a preg-nant mother to an unborn child. 4. Contaminated syringes, nee-dles or other piercing instru-ments. People with AIDS often suffer diseases of the lungs, brain, eyes and other vital organs along with debilitating weight loss and diarrhea. Coronavirus Severe acute respi-ratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness Through the respiration droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. High fever (body tem-perature of more than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F). After two to seven days, SARS patients may de-velop a dry cough. Most patients develop pneumo-nia. Viruses Hepatitis A Hepatitis B by contaminated food or water and personal contact. contaminated blood or needles, as well as sexually Jaundice, inflammation of the liver, fever, fatigue, diminished appetite, nau-sea and abdominal pains. Severe - lead to liver cancer, liver failure, and eventually death.
Controlling Pathogen—Sterilization Meaning ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Disinfectants Autoclave Heated over 120 oC to kill microbe and bacteria spore. Microorganism in Biotechnology 65 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Method Explanation Antibiotics Antiseptics Min2009 In medical use-sterilized the instruments. Production of Vaccine Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Production of Antibiotic Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Cleaning Oil Spills Mikroorganism ............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Waste Treatment Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Food Processing Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Bioplastic (biodegradable) Industry Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Production of Energy from Biomass-biogas biofuel Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM Group Project—Presentation 66 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 The effect of unplanned management Soil erosion Flash flood Landslides Global warming Climate change Thinning ozone layer Extinction of species Deforestation air Water Pollution noise Thermal Topic (one topic for each group) 1. Soil erosion landslides. 2. Flash flood. 3. Air pollution. 4. Water pollution eutrophication. 5. Thermal pollution radioactive pollution. 6. Global warming climate change. 7. Thinning of ozone layer. 8. Deforestation and extinction of species. Format of presentation — computer booklet 1. Introduction (meaning) 2. Example (local / global) 3. Source 4. Effect 5. Steps taken to overcome the problem. 6. Closing (conclusion) NOTE : use picture in presentation booklet. Search Engine www.yahoo.com www.altavista.com www.google.com Useful key word for internet searching soil erosion, flood, eutrofication, water pollution, air pollution, thermal pollution, global warming, green house effect, climate, world’s climate, el nino, la nina, deforestation, endangered species. Using search engine (Google Ms Internet Explorer) Searching for text / document. • Key in key word, pres Enter. • Click on link you want or Right click, Open in New Window. • Save file— File, Save as... • Press Back Button to go to previous page. Searching for picture. • Click on Images. • Key in key word, pres Enter. • Click on picture you want or Right click, Open in New Window. • Right click on picture you want, Save Picture As... • Saving / downloading. • Press Back Button to go to previous page.
67 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Notes— based on presentation Type of hu- Causes (sources) Effect Ways to prevent man activities Soil erosion landslide Flash flood Thermal pollution Deforestation Extinction of species
The effect of polluted substances Pollutants Source Effect to the living things Global Warming—Green House Effect 68 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Heavy metal Smoke haze (jerebu) Carbon monoxide Fossil fuel burning Oxides of sulphur Fossil fuel burning Oxides of nitrogen Radioative Nuclear power Min2009 plant Water borne mikro-organism Chemical fertilizer Agriculture Pesticides (racun Agriculture perosak) Causes / source .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. How it happen? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Effect 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 .........................................................................................................................................
Nitrogen dioxide + water — Nitric acid Nitrogen monoxide + water — Nitrous acid + water — Nitric acid Sulphur dioxide + water — Sulphuric acid Thinning The Ozone Layer Note : high intensity of ultra violet light will damage DNA/nucleus/cells. 69 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 infrared red (heat) reflected to space CO2 absorbed the reflected ray (heat) EARTH Atmosphere Acid Rain oxygen molecule + oxygen atom — Ozone Min2009 Ways to prevent 1 .................................................................. .................................................................. 2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 .................................................................. .................................................................. NO2 gas NO gas SO2 gas Formation of acid rain—chemical equation Causes / source of acid rain gaseous ....................................................................... ....................................................................... Effects 1 .................................................................. .................................................................. 2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 .................................................................. .................................................................. Source of CFC ....................................................................... ....................................................................... Effects 1 .................................................................. .................................................................. 2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 .................................................................. .................................................................. Formation of ozone Destruction—by CFC CFC (strike by UV ray)—- chlorine atom Ozone + chlorine atom (CFC) — oxygen molecule + chlorine monoxide Chlorine monoxide + oxygen atom — oxygen molecule + chlorine atom
Ways to prevent thinning of ozone layer 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 ......................................................................................................................................... Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Definition .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Relationship with dissolved oxygen level .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Eksperiment-measuring BOD value • Blue methylene will decolorises in a sort time due to low level of dissolved oxygen where the oxygen usage by microbe is high. • This means the BOD value is high. • The increase usage of oxygen will reduce the oxygen level and increase the BOD value. [O2 È — BOD Ç] The effect of high BOD value to aquatic organism. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. 70 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Eutrophication occur due to the sudden increase of algae population and increased the BOD value (low level of dissolved oxygen). Explain that phenomena. [algae is producing oxygen trough photosynthesis] .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Why the presence of organic waste or fertilizer will increase the BOD value? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................
Steps for Maintaining Stable Environment Why environment need to be maintained in stable condition? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Implementation of lows Concept of 4 R Recycle-Reuse-Reduce-Renew • Converted into organic fertilizer (baja kompos). • Breakdown by mikroorganism for production of methane. • Used in palm oil plant to generate electricity. • Complete the combustion of fuel by converting/changing carbon monoxide and other hidrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water. • Filters the acid rain gaseous such as nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide and sulfur • To detect the source and level of pollution. 71 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 1. Palm oil waste 2. Exhaust filter 3. Funnel filter (penapis cerobong) dioxide. 4. Fuel • Using unleaded petrol. • Using natural gas and biofuel. 5. Recycle • Metal, paper and glass. 6. Modern equipments Min2009 Education The use of technology Preservation and conservation of the environment Land-Water- Forest-Mangrove Biological control The use of renewable energy Steps Technology-Prevention of Pollution The efficient use energy

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Learning module biology form 4

  • 1.
    LEARNING MODULE BIOLOGY FORM 4 — 2008 EDITION Prepared by : NAME CLASS AL MUMIN HJ. AL KANTA SMK Agaseh, Lahad Datu, SABAH
  • 2.
    DIRECTION & ORIENTATION 1 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Gastro (stomach) Gaster juice is secreted by stomach wall. Hem (blood) Type of blood pigment are haemoglobin & haemoeritrin. Hepato (liver) Hepatic portal vein carry digested food from small intestine to the liver. Cardio (heart) Cardiovascular disease—heart attack. Reni, reno (kidney) Adrenaline is the hormone produced to prepare body to counter emergency such as fear and anger. Cerebro (brain) Cerebrum is the structure that control conscious actions.. Thrombo (coagulate) Thromboplastin & trombin (enzyme for blood coagulation). Min2009 a, an, ar (without) e.g., anaerobic respiration. ad (above) e.g., Adrenal gland. aero (air) e.g., Aerobic respiration. anti (anti/fight) e.g., antibody & antitoxin. bi (two) e.g., bisep muscle & bicuspid valve. co (together) e.g., codominan gene. glyco (sugar) e.g., glycolysis & glycogen. homo (same) hydro (water) e.g., hydrolysis. hyper (high) e.g., hypertonic hypo (low) e.g., hypoglisemia (low concentration of glucose) macro (big/large) e.g., macronutrient. mono (one/single) e.g., monosaccharides (single sugar molecule) multi/poly (many) e.g., multicellular. peri (around) e.g., perisikel (plant tissue) pod (leg) e.g. pseudopodium. sub (below) e.g., submaksila gland. genesis/genetic (formation) e.g., oogenesis. lysis (break down) e.g., haemolysis (red blood cell burst) uria (urine) e.g., glycosuria. Anterior (front) Posterior (back) Longitudal section A B Total Surface Area per Volume (TSA/V) Material A is breaks down into B. The volume is still the same but differ in total surface area. TSA/V of B is higher than A. Therefore, the smaller the higher the value of TSA/V. Food is need to be break down into a small pieces to increase its TSA/V so that easy for enzyme to digest. Cross sectional Dorsal (top) Ventral (bottom) TERMS, AFFIXES & SUFFIXES
  • 3.
    CELL—STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION Cell Structure & Function Label the diagram and complete the table below. Organelle Function Plasma membrane Regulate (control) the movement of substances into and out of cell. Cell wall (plant) Cytoplasm 2 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Nucleus Min2009 1. Controls all the activities inside the cell. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum • rough : • smooth : Ribosome Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole (plant) Chloroplast (plant)
  • 4.
    Cell Comparison Comparethe animal and plant cell based on aspects given below: i. cell shape ii. plasma membrane and cell wall iii. vacuole iv. organelle v. food storage Animal Cell Plant Cell The Density of Organelle • Some of the organelles presence in a large amount (high density) or abundance in cell. The density of organelles depends on cell / tissue functions. 3 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Complete the table below. Min2009 Cell’s shape is fixed and usually rectangular or hexagonal. Has a plasma membrane and no cell wall. Food is stored in form of glycogen. Food is stored in form of starch. Cell/Tissue High density organelle The importance Muscle cell Mitochondrion Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of muscle for movement. Liver cell Sperm Palisade cell Heart muscle cell Mitochondrion Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of muscle to pump blood to the entire body.
  • 5.
    Unicellular Organisms 1.Label the diagram of Amoeba and Paramecium. 2. Explain how Paramecium and Amoeba regulates the excess amount of water moves into their body? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Compare Amoeba and Paramecium based on aspects given below: i. Habitat ii. Reproduction iii. Movement iv. Nutrition v. Number of nucleus Amoeba Paramecium Live in freshwater lakes and ponds. Live in freshwater lakes and ponds. 4. Explain why the cell structure of the unicellular organism is more complex compare to human cells (e.g. epithelial cell). ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 4 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009
  • 6.
    Cell Specialisation &Organisation 1. Cell specialisation is ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Cell organisation is ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Cell Tissue Organ System 5 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Tissue Function Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Vascular tissue Meristematic tissue Nerve tissue Muscle tissue Adipose tissue Smooth muscle cell Epithelial cell Min2009 Circular muscle and longitudal muscle Endothelium Esophagus, stomach and intestine. Inner layer of intestine and enzyme gland Digestive system Epithelial cell Smooth muscle cell Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue (circular muscle and longitudal muscle ) Organ : Intestine Cell specialisation Cell organisation (animal—digestive system)
  • 7.
    Cambium cell Epidermalcell Parenchyma cell Xylem & Phloem cell Meristematic tissue Epidermal tissue Cortex tissue Temperature Osmosis pressure Physical Factors 6 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Vascular tissue Stem—organ (cross sectional) Cell organisation (plant—stem) Regulating the Internal Environment Internal Environment of Cell Chemical Factors Respiration affect Enzyme affect pH Concentration of minerals affect Concentration of glucose • List down the tissues that can be found in hand. ......................................................................................................................................... • By giving the example, explain the formation of nerve system — name the cells, tissues and organs involved. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
  • 8.
    1. Why theinternal environment of cells need to be maintained (constant)? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Based on diagram, give the meaning of homeostasis ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 7 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 3. Explain the effect of factors given below. Factor Effect to the cell Temperature Concentration of mineral Min2009 Environment with higher concentration (hypertonic) will caused water to move out of the cell. Cell become dehydrated and finally die. Concentration of glucose pH The increase or decrease of pH will caused enzyme to denatured. Chemical reaction will stop and cell die. Discussion Predict the effect of factors given below to onion cell; i. temperature 0 oC ................................................................................... ii. salt solution 50% ................................................................................... iii. solution with no glucose / sugar ................................................................................... iv. hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2.0) ...................................................................................
  • 9.
    Substances listed beloware essential to living things. Explain the importance substances to the cell. Substances Function (the importance to the cell) Glucose Source of energy. Amino acid Minerals Water Oxygen 8 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES List out two substances that must be excreted or removed form the cell and their effect. Substances Effect if not excreted from the cell Structure of Plasma Membrane 1. Why substances need to move (in or out) the plasma membrane? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Explain the terms given below: i. polar .............................................................................................................. ii. non-polar .............................................................................................................. iii. hydrophobic .............................................................................................................. iv. hydrophilic .............................................................................................................. 3. State the characteristics of substances given below: i. glucose .............................................................................................................. ii. amino acid .............................................................................................................. iii. sodium ions .............................................................................................................. iv. water .............................................................................................................. v. lipid .............................................................................................................. 4. What is the meaning of selectively permeable? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
  • 10.
    4. Draw asimple diagram (2D drawing) of plasma membrane in given space below (based on Fluid Mosaic Model). Label the carrier protein, pore protein and phospholipids bilayer. List out two substances which pass (move) through the structure given below: Structures Reasons — based on characteristic of Based on the structure of plasma membrane, why it selectively permeable? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. 9 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 substances and structure Phospholipids Carrier protein Pore protein Because its molecule is small enough to pass through pore and water soluble. Substances which pass through Movement of substances — types movement Type Type of movement — give two reasons Two examples Glucose and Amino acid
  • 11.
    Effect of osmosisto the cell Explain the meaning of terms given below: i. hypertonic ........................................................................................................................ ii. hypotonic ........................................................................................................................ iii. isotonic ........................................................................................................................ 1. Compare the passive transport and active transport. 10 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Concentration of solution Type of solution Min2009 Hypertonic (high concentration) Isotonic (equal concentration) Hypotonic (low concentration) Cell shape (plant cell) Cell condition Normal Cell condition Normal Shape of Outer layer mustard stem (longitudal section) Inner layer Based on the table above, make a conclusion about osmosis? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Practice Passive Transport Active Transport
  • 12.
    2. What isthe effect of the excess use of fertilizer to the plant? Why? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 3. Why fermented fruits are not rotten (busuk) easily? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 4. Vegetables are wilt (layu) if not soaked in the water. Why? ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 5. The diagram shows the changing of visking tube size after being soaked in solution Q for Solution P Solution R Solution Q 60 minutes (a) Explain why does the experiment shows the result as shown above — inferences. N ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... M ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... (b) Arrange in sequence the concentration of solution used in the experiment. Begins with the highest. ....................................................................................................................................... 11 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 a 60 minutes. Min2009 Tube N Tube M Tube N Tube M
  • 13.
    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION INTHE CELL What is: i. inorganic compound ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ii. organic compound ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... State one the role of substances and organic compounds given below. Substances The importance (state one only) Nitrogen Synthesis of protein, nucleic acid and organic compounds. Sodium Organic compound The importance to the cells Carbohydrates Lipid Protein Formation of plasma membrane and cell growth. 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 ......................................................................................................................................... Carbo means carbon (C), while hydrates is water (H2O). Based on that meaning, what are the elements that made up carbohydrates? .............................................................................................................................................. 12 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Sulphur Phosphorus Calsium Magnesium Nucleic acid Min2009 Role of Water Carbohydrates
  • 14.
    13 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Glucose Min2009 Short notes (structure & function) Glucose ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... S F Starch ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... S F Glycogen ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... S F Cellulose ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... Glycogen Starch Cellulose S F Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Cellobiose Cellulose Glucose Starch / Glycogen Sucrose (sugarcane) - Lactose (milk sugar) - Monosaccharides : Glucose-Fructose-Galactose (MonoGFG) Disaccharides : Sucrose-Lactose-Maltose (DiSuLaM) Monomer condensation Polymer - H2O hydrolysis + H2O Formation of disaccharides & polysaccharides Hydrolysis—addition of water that cause molecule to break down Protein 1. Elements that made up protein are ............................................................................. 2. Essential amino acid is.................................................................................................. ....................................................................................................................................... 3. Non essential amino acid is........................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 4. Egg white changes its physical characteristic and colour when heated. Explain why? ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................
  • 15.
    14 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Types protein based on function Level of protein structure & examples Min2009 Essential amino acids 1. Alanine 2. Aspartic acid 3. Glutamic acid 4. Aspargine 5. Gyicine 6. Glutamine 7. Proline 8. Serine 9. Sisteine 10. Tyrosine Non essential amino acids 1. Arginine 2. Phenilalanine 3. Histidine 4. Isolucine 5. Leucine 6. Lysine 7. Methionine 8. Threonine 9. Tryptophane 10. Valine DON’T MEMORISE THIS LIST Protein Polypeptide Dipeptide Amino acid Pepsin/tripsin Eripsin/Peptidase Eripsin/Peptidase hydrolysis (+ H2O) condensation (- H2O) Group The role inside body Antibody • Reacts to the antigen (foreign substance) which enter the body and acts as protector. Hormone • Stimulates reactions or process such as growth. Transport protein • Haemoglobin acts as carrier to transport respiratory gases. There are also carrier protein in plasma membrane. Contractile protein • Found in muscle and able to contract to produce movement. Catalyst protein • All types of enzyme which is trigger or initiate chemical reactions. Primary Secondary Tertiery Quartenery Polypeptide chain Fibrous protein Globular protein Haemoglobin
  • 16.
    Lipids 1. Elementsthat made up lipid are ........................................................................................ 2. Fat or oil made up from ....................................... and ............................................... in the ratio of ..................... 3. In space given below, draw the “building block” of triglyceride (fat). Type Location and function Fat • As a energy storage (under skin), organ protector, energy storage and isolation of 4. Compare the saturated and the unsaturated fat based on (i) chemical structure, (ii) state of matter in room temperature, (iii) effect to the blood cholesterol level and (iv) sources. Differences of saturated fat and unsaturated fat 15 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 heat. Phospholipid • Found in plasma membrane—part of plasma membrane. Cholesterol • Basic molecule for making steroid e.g. sex hormone. Bile • Colesterol byproduct which emulsify fat and turn it into small droplets. Vitamine D • Synthesized on skin with the presence of ultraviolet rays and helps absorption of calcium ion for bone growth. Steroid • Oestrogen and progesterone involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy. • Adrenaline secreted by adrenal gland as a reaction to an emergency such as panic, fear and angry. Saturated fat Unsaturated fat
  • 17.
    Enzyme Substrate Gland 16 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 reaction occur when enzyme collided/ make contact with substrate. Enzymes 1. Meaning of enzyme. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Function of enzyme. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Three examples of enzymes and its substrate: 4. Four characteristics of enzyme: a ...................................................................................................................................... b ...................................................................................................................................... c ...................................................................................................................................... d ...................................................................................................................................... 5. What is active site? ......................................................................................................................................... 6. Why does the denatured enzyme does not perform its function? Relate your answer with active site. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 7. Draw a schematic diagram to show the synthesis of protein (e.g. enzymes). 8. By giving appropriate example, describe how different organelles works together to enable cell to function in orderly manner. (e.g. protein / enzyme) ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
  • 18.
    10 20 3040 50 60 70 80 (oC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 17 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Effect of substrate concentration Concentration of substrate The rate of reaction Concentration of enzyme The rate of reaction Effect of enzyme concentration The rate of reaction Effect of temperature Effect of pH pH The rate of reaction 9. Complete the graph below. 10. Explain why acid able to stop the enzyme reaction? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 11. State two examples of intracellular enzymes and its function. Enzyme Function 12. State two examples of extracellular enzymes and its function. Enzyme Function 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
  • 19.
    Practice 1. Completethe diagram below to demonstrate the Lock and Key hypothesis. Enzyme & substrate Enzyme & substrate 3. State four enzymes and its uses in industries. 18 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 complex Enzyme & product substrate Enzyme (globular shape) 2. In the space given below, draw an enzyme (based on answer in 1) and its shape after being denatured. denatured (by temperature or pH) Enzyme Function
  • 20.
    1. Give tworeasons why cell is need to be divided (increase in number)? i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... 2. Label the stages of cell cycle diagram above. 3. State the function of stages below; ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... b. Why does the chromosomes need to be replicated? ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 5 Why does the chromosome number of an organisms are must to be in constant from a generation to the next generation? Explain. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Explain the difference of cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 19 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 i. Growth phase 1 (G1) ii. DNA Synthesis (S) iii. Growth phase 2 (G2) iv. Mitosis v. Cytokinesis 4 a. What is replication? Min2009 CELL DIVISION Cell Cycle
  • 21.
    20 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Mitosis Interphase Explanations Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... 3 ................................................................... Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... Number of chromosome ..... 1 ................................................................... 2 ................................................................... 3 ................................................................... 4 ................................................................... Use Ward’s Finger Model
  • 22.
    i. ................................................................................................................................... ii.................................................................................................................................... iii. ................................................................................................................................... iv. ................................................................................................................................... Uncontrolled Mitosis—Cancer What is cancer? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Causes of cancer i. ......................................................................................................................................... ii. ......................................................................................................................................... iii. ......................................................................................................................................... Treatments—explain i. surgery .................................................................................................................. ii. chemotherapy .................................................................................................................. iii. radiotherapy .................................................................................................................. Application of Mitosis Cloning—tissue culture Purpose :................................................................................................................ Advantages i. ............................................................................................................ 21 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 The significance of mitosis Min2009 ii. ............................................................................................................ Disadvantages i. ............................................................................................................ ii. ............................................................................................................ Procedure ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................
  • 23.
    Graph shows thedivision of cell inside organism X. 1. How many chromosomes in parent cell and daughter cell? i. parent ............ ii. daughter ............ 2. What type of division involved? .................................................................... 3. Give your reason for answer in 1. .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... 4. What happen to the chromosomes during stage M1 and M2? i. M1 ….................................................... 22 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 ....................................................... ii. M2 ….................................................... ....................................................... 5. i. What is organism X? ............................................................... ii. Give your reason for answer in 5.i. .................................................................... .................................................................... 6. Mark on graph the stage of: i. Prophase ii. Metaphase iii. Anaphase iv. Telophase 1. What is cloning? ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. 2. Draw a schematic diagram to show the cloning of Dolly. 3. What is the role of ultraviolet rays in cloning process? ................................................................. ................................................................. 4. Advantages of cloning: i. ................................................................. ii. ................................................................. iii. ................................................................. 5. Disadvantages of cloning: i. ................................................................. ii. ................................................................. iii. ................................................................. Practice Cloning
  • 24.
    Meiosis with PaperCuttings 1. Make sure your group have 8 paper cuttings with 2 size and 2 colours. For example, large paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red and small paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red. 2. Analogy 1: each paper cutting represent a chromosome. 3. Analogy 2: paper cuttings with the same size are homologous or identical (same size and shape). 4. Analogy 3: do the replication by adding paper cuttings with same size and colour. 5. Analogy 4: do the crossing over by “cut and paste” the paper cuttings. 6. Draw a cell, nucleus membrane and spindle fiber on the table by using chalk. 7. Follow your teacher’s instruction and complete the worksheet for this activity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 23 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Meiosis Worksheet Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II 7 8
  • 25.
    8 Telophase II Synapsis ..................................................................................................................... Chiasma ..................................................................................................................... Crossing over ..................................................................................................................... Variation ..................................................................................................................... Role of meiosis 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 24 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Meaning of terms Min2009 Practice 1. Based on the diagram you’ve drew (in page 19 and 23), state the differences of mitosis and meiosis based on: i. number of chromosome ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. genetic content ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 2. Draw the chromosome for stages below: Mitosis - Metaphase Meiosis - Metaphase I
  • 26.
    3. Based ondrawing in 2, explain the difference in term of chromosome position. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Parent Gametes Offspring 25 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 46 46 23 23 46 4. Which cell division produce variation? How? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Name the cell division, where the separation of homologous chromosome occurs? Name the stage. ........................................................................................................................................ 6. In human, the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes are 46. Based on diagram, explain how the number of chromosome is maintained (keep in constant) from a generation to the next generation. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 7. State the tissue where the process of mitosis and meiosis take place in animal and plant. Animal Plant Meiosis ....................................................... ....................................................... Mitosis ....................................................... ....................................................... 8. Draw the chromosome of daughter cells inside the diagram below. Metaphase I Daughter cell Meiosis Meiosis 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
  • 27.
    9. Compare mitosisand meiosis based on; i. the difference in chromosome number in daughter and parent cell; ii. number of cell division; iii. number of daughter cell; iv. crossing over; and v. the difference in genetic content in daughter and parent cell. Mitosis Meiosis Number of chromosomes in parent’s and daughter’s cell are equal. NUTRITION Four process involved in nutrition are: i. ......................................................... ii. ......................................................... iii. ......................................................... iv. ......................................................... Types of Nutrition Autotroph organisms are ....................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. Heterototroph organisms are ................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................. Nutrition Meaning and two example of organisms Chemosyntesis Synthesis the organic compound (glucose) by oxidizing in organic 26 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 substances such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). Photosynthesis Holozoic Saprophytism Parasitsm Obtained food by living on or in the body of living organisms.
  • 28.
    Meaning of balanceddiet * ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ The necessity of balanced diet ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ ............................................................................................ 1. How to prove that food contain / produce energy? Explain. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. State the class of foods which does not contain/produce energy. Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 27 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Body size Gender Age Occupation Min2009 Balanced Diet Energy Value NOTE The role of water, carbohy-drates, proteins & lipids aren’t stated here because its already being stated in Chapter 4. Draw a pyramid of food 3. Explain how does the factors listed below affects the requirement of energy. 4. In a rest condition (such as sleep) we still need energy. Explain why? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Why does the Eskimo (live in Artic region) consume a lot of fatty food? i. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................
  • 29.
    28 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Calculation of energy value Mineral Mineral Function Deficiency Calcium Bone and tooth formation, aids in blood clotting, needed in muscle and nerve coordination. Ricket (children), delayed blood clotting and osteoporosis. Magnesium Activates most types of enzymes (as a cofactor) Retarded function of muscle. Ferum / iron Component of haemoglobin needed for oxygen transport in the blood. Anemia. Sodium Maintain the osmotic pressure and important component in blood plasma. Muscle cramps. Potassium Maintenance of acid-base and water balance. Heart failure & muscular weakness. Iodine Component of the thyroxine hormone. Goiter (adult) & kretinisme (children) Phosphorus Needed for muscle growth, bone and tooth formation, nucleotide and ATP synthesis. Rickets & demineralization of bone (lost of calcium) Chlorine Maintenance of osmotic pressure. Muscle cramps. Vitamin Function Deficiency A Needed for formation of light pigment in retina Retinol and maintenance of epithelial tissue. Vision problem (night blindness) and scaling skin. B1 Thiamine Precursor of a coenzyme which functions in carbohydrate metabolism. Beriberi (muscle weakness, nerve disorder, heart disorder, swollen feet and loss of skin sensitivity. B2 Riboflavin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. Sore eyes and swollen tongues and skin lesions at the corner of mouth, nose and ears. B3 Niacin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. Pellagra (skin and gastrointestinal lesions, nervous, mental disorders and loss of appetite). B5 Pantothenic acid Component of coenzyme A, with a role in energy metabolism. Muscle cramps, fatigue, impaired motor coordination. B6 Pyridoxine Coenzymes in amino acid metabolism. Irritability, muscular twitching, convulsions, dermatitis, retarded growth, kidney stones and pernicious anemia. Vitamin
  • 30.
    Vitamin Function Deficiency B12 Cobalamin Group Work Explain the necessity of diet on a person below: 1. Expectant mother. 2. Sumo wrestler. 3. Long distance runner. 4. Everest climber. 5. Old man. 6. Children. 29 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Group Discussion Scrap Book Min2009 • A coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism. • Synthesis of red blood cells. Pernicious anemia, neurological disorders and weight loss. C Ascorbic acid • Required in the synthesis of collagen. • Maintenance of cartilage, bone and dentin. • A strong antioxidant. 1. Poor collagen formation. 2. Scaly skin. 3. Scurvy: symptoms include swollen, bleeding gums and tooth loss. 4. Degeneration of blood vessels, muscles and cartilage. D Calcipherol Aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus ions for bones and teeth growth. ♦ Ricet (demineralization of bone) ♦ Tooth decay. E Tocopherol Produce red blood cells. Acts an antioxidant. ♦ Anemia. K Phylloquinone Important in blood clotting. Defective blood clotting which leads to excessive bleeding. • Make a scrap book or booklet about the effect of vitamin and minerals deficiency and malnutrition in human. Information mainly based on pictures and simple explanation about the picture. • Use internet search engine such as google.com, click on image and key in the key word of image you want. • Make sure the pictures that you want to download not less than 40 kb (file size). • The procedure of finding the information using internet will be provided. Malnutrition • Meaning ........................................................................................................................ • Causes ........................................................................................................................ • Effect ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................
  • 31.
    30 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Foods test—experiment Reducing sugar test Starch and Fat Test Min2009 Material ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... Result ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... Benedict solution Water Glucose solution Non reducing sugar test Sodium bicarbonate Solution sucrose + HCL Water Benedict solution Material :....................................................................................................................... Result :....................................................................................................................... Millon test (protein) Material ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... Result ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... Millon solution Egg white Water Starch :....................................................................................................................... Fat :.......................................................................................................................
  • 32.
    Food Digestion-Human 1.Name two organic polymer (large molecule) found in food and its source. i ................................................................................................................................... ii ................................................................................................................................... 2. Can organic polymer absorbed into blood stream / cells? Why? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 3. Why does the organic polymer need to be hydrolysed (break down) into its monomer? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 4. Why does the food need to be break down into a small pieces? ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 5. Complete the short notes below by stating the adaptation (characteristic + role) of an organ to perform its function. Fill in only the main idea and use a simple and short sentences. Liver ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. 31 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Mouth • Produce saliva to lubricate and digest starch. • Chewing breaks down food into small pieces to increase total surface area. Min2009 Oesofagus • Consist of circular and longitudal muscle. Foods are moved by peristalsis action. Stomach i. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ Small Intestine i. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ iii. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ iv. ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ Large Intestine ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. .............................................................................................
  • 33.
    Digestive enzymes GlandEnzyme Substrate End product Salivary Amilase Starch Stomach Rennin (gastric juice) Pepsin Pancreas Amilase Starch (pancreatic juice) Trypsin 32 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Experiment — digestion of starch Test tube Distilled water Yeast suspension Visking tube Yeast suspension Inference A (reason) Inference B (reason) Min2009 Fatty acid + Glyserol Intestinal Asid amino Maltose Lactose Sucrase Purpose To investigate the digestion of starch. Procedure 1. Apparatus as shown is prepared. 2. Iodine and Benedict test is done to the sample of water every 30 minutes. 3. Observation are recorded. Note : Iodine test —> starch —> Dark blue A B : Benedict test —> Glucose —> Copper Observation A No change in color for Iodine and Benedict test Observation B No change in color for Iodine test but the colour of water turn into copper when tested with Benedict solution. Discussion Conclusion + saliva
  • 34.
    1. Label thedigestive system above. 2. State two the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain the role of bile in digestion process. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... iii. ................................................................................................................................... 4. Explain two adaptations of small intestine to increase the absorption of digested food. i. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 33 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Ruminant 1. Label parts of ruminant’s and rodent’s stomach. 2. Draw an arrow to show the flow of food inside ruminant’s stomach. Rodent Practice Digestion in Ruminant & Rodent mouth anus
  • 35.
    3. Animals unableto produce cellulase to digest cellulose (component of plant cell wall) into glucose. Explain how the ruminants digest the cellulose? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 4. Compare the digestive system of ruminant and rodent based on: Absorption & Assimilation of Digested Food 34 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 i. stomach structure Min2009 ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. Digestion of cellulose ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 5. Why ruminant need more than one stomach? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 1. Draw the structure of one villi inside the given space. 2. Three adaptations (characteristic + role) of villi to increase the rate of food absorption are; i. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ii. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... iii. ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 3. State the digested food absorbed by the structure below: i. Blood capillary .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. ii. Lacteal .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Creative essay If you’re the starch or protein (choose one), describe your experience in human digestive system start from mouth until you’re inside the liver. *
  • 36.
    The Role ofLiver Small intestine Glucose Amino acid Glycogen Other Functions • Break down old red blood cell and haemoglobin. • Storage of blood (300 cm3 – 1500 cm3). • Synthesis of plasma protein such as albumin and • Storage of vitamine A, D and B12. • Storage of minerals, Fe and Cu. • Detoxification of drugs, alcohol and poisons. 35 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 globulin. Min2009 Liver Glucose Amino acid Protein Blood Glucose Amino acid Plasma protein Cell / Tissue Energy production Protein synthesis 1. State two functions of large intestine. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... 2. State the role of rectum. ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Why does the undigested food must be expelled (eliminated) out of the body? ......................................................................................................................................... 4. Explain the cause of constipation. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Problem Causes Symptom & Effect Gastric Anoreksia nervosa Urea Defaecation Problems Related to Nutrition What is? • Glycogen ........................................... • Urea ........................................... • Plasma protein ...........................................
  • 37.
    Problem Causes Symptom& Effect Obesity Belumia Nutrient Requirement in Plant 1 Does the plant able to live only by using product of photosynthesis (starch)? Explain. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 2 What is nutrients / minerals? ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Complete the table below. Macronutrient Micronutrient Meaning Minerals The Role of Macronutrient Minerals Function Effect of deficiencies 36 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Nitrogen (N) Min2009 • Synthesis of protein, chlorophyll & nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) • Growth of leaf & stem ♦ Yellowish & stunted leaves (chlorosis) Phosphorus (P) • Synthesis of protein & nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) • Enhanced cell division ♦ Stunted growth ♦ Poor root growth ♦ Formation of dull, dark green leaves Potassium (K) • Synthesis of protein & starch ♦ Stunted growth ♦ Premature death of plants Calcium (Ca) • Growth of shoot & root ♦ Stunted growth ♦ Leaves become distort & cupped Sulphur (S) • Synthesis of protein ♦ General yellowing of leaves or entire plant Magnesium (Mg) • Synthesis of chlorophyll (constituent) ♦ General yellowing of leaves
  • 38.
    Lack (deficiencies) ofmineral will cause several symptoms. Based on minerals and symptoms given below, explain why the symptom occur? 1. Nitrogen—stunted growth ........................................................................................................................................ 2. Phosphorus—stunted growth ........................................................................................................................................ 3. Magnesium—yellowish leaves ........................................................................................................................................ Preparation of Culture Solution 37 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Knop Solution (complete solution) Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) 0.8 g Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 0.2 g Potassium dehidrogen fosfat (KH2PO4) 0.2 g Magnesium sulfat (MgSO4) 0.2 g Ferum (III) fosfat (FePO4) trace Distilled water 1000 cm3 1. Objective :....................................................................................................................... 2. Variables i. manipulated :...................................................................................... ii. response :...................................................................................... iii. constant :...................................................................................... 3. Hypothesis :....................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 4. What the purpose of covering jar with black paper? ........................................................................................................................................ 5. Why does the root need to be aerated (provided with air)? ........................................................................................................................................ 6. Name one mineral which provides elements listed below; i) sulphur ........................................ ii) phosphorus ................................................ iii) nitrogen ........................................ iv) calcium ................................................ 7. Based on Knop solution above, how do you prepare solution with lack of (without): i. Nitrogen ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ii. Phosphorus ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. iii. Calcium ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. iv. All minerals ............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................
  • 39.
    Photosynthesis 1. Labelthe cross sectional of leaf above. Label must include palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermal cell, cuticle, vascular bundle (xylem and phloem) and stoma. i. Palisade mesophyll ................................................................................................... ii. Spongy mesophyll ................................................................................................... iii. Vascular bundle ........................................................................................................ iv. Stoma ........................................................................................................ 38 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 2. State the function of structures below: Min2009 Purpose ............................................................................................... Result and Discussion ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... Conclusion ............................................................................................... Purpose ............................................................................................... Result and Discussion ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... Conclusion ............................................................................................... Cross sectional of leaf
  • 40.
    3. State threestructural adaptations (characteristic + role) of leaf to increase the rate of photosynthesis. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... iii. ................................................................................................................................... 4. State the adaptations to carry out photosynthesis for plants given below: 6 O2 12 H2O 39 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Mechanism of photosynthesis 24 H+ 24 e- 24 H 6 CO2 Min2009 * i. Seaweed (rumpair) ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ii. Cactus ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 24 H2O Photolysis Chlorophyll Absorb energy from sunlight 6 H2O 24 OH- 24 e- C6H12O6 1. Based on flow chart, explain what happen during: Structure of chloroplast Light reaction Dark reaction REMINDER Do not memorized the number of molecules, ions and electron. i. light reaction .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. ii. dark reaction .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. 2. What is the role of sunlight in photolysis (light reaction)? ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Does the dark reaction occurs at night? Why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
  • 41.
    40 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 + 4. Label the flow chart above to shows the summary of photosynthesis. 5. Based on flow chart in page 39, summarized the chemical equation of photosynthesis. ......................................................................................................................................... 6. (a) What is the end product of photosynthesis that useful to the plant? ................................................................................................................................... (b) State the two roles of substance stated in 5 (a). i. .............................................................................................................................. ii. .............................................................................................................................. 7. Compare the light reaction and dark reaction based on: i. Substrate (substance used in reaction) ii. Site of reaction iii. End product iv. Time of reaction • Note : use complete sentences. Light reaction Dark reaction Occurred in grana. Light intensity Rate of photosynthesis Rate of photosynthesis Factor affecting photosynthesis 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (oC)
  • 42.
    i) light intensityand rate of photosynthesis. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ii) temperature and rate of photosynthesis ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain how the concentration of carbon dioxide become a limiting factor to the rate of photosynthesis. .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... • Explain how methods listed below increase the quality and quantity of food production. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 41 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 1. Plot the graph in page 40. 2. Explain the relation of; i. Hydrophonics ii. Aerophonics. iii. Breeding. iv. Tissue culture. v. Genetic engineering. Min2009 Technology in Food Production Group discussion
  • 43.
    Technology of FoodProcessing 42 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Purpose 1 ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... 2 ............................................................... ............................................................... 3 ............................................................... ............................................................... 4 ............................................................... ............................................................... Min2009 Canning Purpose To kill microorganisms and its spore (survive up to 120 oC). Method (temperature) Packed in cans and steamed with high temperature and high pressure. Advantages Keep food sterile (free from microorganisms) for a long period. Sample of food Sardines and pineapple Pasteuraization Purpose To destroy bacteria and keeping the flavour and nutrient Method (temperature) 63 oC in 30 minutes or 72 oC in 15 seconds Advantages Bacteria are destroyed but the nutrient (eg. protein) undamaged. Sample of food Milk and fruits juice. Drying (dehydrat ion) Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food ................................................................. Refrigeration Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food ................................................................. Vaccum packaging Purpose ................................................................. ................................................................. Method ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. Advantages ................................................................. ................................................................. Sample of food .................................................................
  • 44.
    RESPIRATION 1. Whatis the substance act as source of energy in living things? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. How to get energy from substance in 1 so that it can be use by living things? ......................................................................................................................................... 4. State three the role of energy to living things. i. ................................................................................................................................... ii. ................................................................................................................................... iii. ................................................................................................................................... 5. State two cells/tissues in human body which used a lot of energy. Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration 43 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 2. Why substance in 1 contain energy? Min2009 Glycolysis Break down of glucose Creb Cycle The process which produce a lot of energy. Note : do not memorized both terms. 1. If you’re not breathing for a certain period of time, you will be weak, then unconscious and finally die. Based on biology fact, explain why does it happen? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Sprinter athlete (such as 100m) hold their breathe while running. Can energy be produce in that condition (without air/oxygen)? Explain how? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. After reaching finishing line, the athlete will be puffing (breathing in a fast rate) and exhausted. After a while, he/she will be recovered and back into normal condition. Explain these phenomena based on biology fact. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
  • 45.
    Chemical Equation ofRespiration Questions 1 a. Why does the glucose solution need to be boiled? ................................................................ ................................................................ b. Which apparatus acts as control? Explain the purpose of using control. ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ c. What the purpose of using paraffin oil? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ d. What gas being produced? Give your reason. ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ 44 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 e. Name the other substance being produce. ................................................................ ................................................................ f. If paraffin layer is removed, what will you expect? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ g. How to increase the gas production? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ h. If yeast is replaced with bacteria, what is the expected result? ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration In Animal & Yeast Apparatus A Practice Apparatus B
  • 46.
    2. Why doesthe unicellular organism such as yeast and bacteria are able to survive only by performing anaerobic respiration? [only produce small amount of energy] ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 3. During flood, most of plant will die. Explain why? [based on respiration] ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 4. Compare between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration based on: i) Substrate used ii) Product of reaction iii) The amount ATP produced iv) Site of reaction. Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Substrate used is glucose Substrate used is glucose Respiratory Structure—Human 45 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 • Role of cartilage rings? ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ • Function of epiglottis? ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ • Function of diaphragm? ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ Min2009 epiglottis larynx lung
  • 47.
    Explain the adaptationsof alveolus to increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange. i. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ii. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ iii. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ Respiratory Structure—Animals Draw the cross sectional of alveolus Explain the adaptations of respiration structure (way to increase the TSA/V) to facilitate the gaseous exchange. Explain how the gaseous exchange. 46 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Unicellular organism—Amoeba ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. Earth worm ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................. spiracle trachea Insect-Cockroaches .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
  • 48.
    1 2 gillarch Practice 47 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 gill arch operculum 1 2 Min2009 Frog ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... Fish gill Gill raker draw gill filament ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 1. Why does the unicellular organism do not require a respiratory structure? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Crocodile is able to chase its prey for a limited distance/time only, continue chasing will cause death. Explain why? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Whale use lungs for breathing. What happens if whale using gill for breathing? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
  • 49.
    Gaseous Exchange inHuman Alveolus • Oxygen transported in form of .................................................... while carbon dioxide transported in form of .................................................., .................................................., and .................................................. • Haemoglobin is a ................................... which contain ............................... • The gaseous exchange between respiratory structure and blood involving ......................... • Diffusion occurred due to the ............................................................................................. • For example in alveolus, the partial pressure of oxygen is .............. then the blood inside the blood capillary. As a result, oxygen ............................. into the blood and combine with hemoglobin to form ........................................... • In tissue, partial pressure oxygen is ................... compare to blood inside blood capillary. As a result, ........................................... releases its oxygen. Oxygen then ....................... into the tissue. • Same condition is occur to the carbon dioxide. 48 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 ........................................ Min2009 Partial pressure O2 CO2 Partial pressure O2 CO2 Tissue O2 O2 CO2 CO2 1. Label the diagram above.
  • 50.
    2. Explain thecondition of structures below during inhalation. i. diaphragm ........................................................................................................... ii. intercostals muscle ........................................................................................................... iii. ribs ........................................................................................................... iv. lung ........................................................................................................... Regulatory Mechanism 1. What happen to the breathing and heart beat rate after doing vigorous activity? ......................................................................................................................................... 2. Does the breathing and heart beat rate changed after reaction in 1? What happen? ......................................................................................................................................... Regulation of carbon dioxide • Carbon dioxide in the blood is in form of carbonic acid. • The increase of carbonic acid will increase the acidity of blood (drop of pH) and this changes is detected by (or stimulate the) chemoreceptor of respiratory centre in medulla oblongata. • Respiratory centre send impulses to intercostals muscle and diaphragm muscle to increase the relaxation and contraction of muscles. Hence, the rate of breathing is increased. • As a result, more carbon dioxide expelled out of the body and partial pressure of carbon • The reduction of partial pressure will reduce the acidity (or carbonic acid) and pH value of Regulation of oxygen • Partial pressure of oxygen inside the blood is detected by carotid body and aortic bodies. • Low partial pressure of oxygen stimulate the chemoreceptor of carotid body and aortic • Carotid body and aortic bodies send impulses to the respiratory centre and the • The increase of breathing rate will increase the partial pressure of oxygen. • The increase of the partial pressure of oxygen, will cause the chemoreceptor not stimulated and the breathing rate return into normal. 49 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 dioxide in blood is decreased. blood is return into normal. bodies. breathing rate is increased. Min2009 Respiratory centre Medulla oblongata Intercostals muscle Diaphragm Respiratory centre Chemoreceptor of medulla oblongata Chemoreceptor of carotid body Chemoreceptor of aortic bodies
  • 51.
    Respiration in Plant 1. State how the structures below gets its oxygen. i) leaf ....................................................................................................................... ii) stem ....................................................................................................................... iii) root ....................................................................................................................... 2. Write down the chemical equation of anaerobic respiration in plant. ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain how submerged plant gets its oxygen. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... Compare based on: i. substrate ii. end product of reaction iii. condition for reaction iv. site of reaction / organelle involved v. occur in... Respiration Photosyntesis Use glucose and oxygen. Use carbon dioxide and water. 50 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Cross sectional of leaf Cross sectional of lenticels Comparison—Respiration Photosynthesis
  • 52.
    Respiration Photosynthesis Photosynthesis produce glucose and oxygen that required by respiration, and respiration produce carbon dioxide that required by photosynthesis. In darkness • Photosynthesis stop and plant carry out respiration—use glucose oxygen photosynthesis respiration carbon dioxide The increase of light intensity • The rate of photosynthesis increase due to the increase of light intensity. • Production of oxygen will increase. • Respiration still occur—oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released. • Carbon dioxide from respiration is used in photosynthesis and oxygen produced by photosynthesis Compensation point (photosynthesis = respiration) • All carbon dioxide produced by respiration is used in photosynthesis, while all oxygen pro-duced by photosynthesis is used in respiration. • At compensation point, no excess amount of oxygen because the rate of oxygen production (by photosynthesis) is equal to the rate of oxygen usage (by respiration). • Same condition occurs to carbon dioxide, the rate of carbon dioxide production (by respiration) is equal to the rate of carbon dioxide usage (by photosynthesis). So, no excess amount of carbon dioxide. • At this point, all glucose produced by photosynthesis is used in respiration. As a result, no excess amount of glucose for storage (starch production). • So, the rate of photosynthesis must be higher then the rate of respiration to make sure there are excess amount of glucose for storage in form of starch. • Hence, the light intensity must be higher then compensation point, so that the rate of photosyn-thesis is higher then the rate of respiration. 51 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 oxygen and release carbon dioxide. is used in respiration. Min2009 Intake of CO2 increase Release of CO2 increase light intensity light intensity volume of O2 Graph 1 Graph 2 1. Plot the graph above and mark the compensation point. 2. Based on graph, how do you determine the compensation point? 3. At low light intensity, certain plant become retarded or gradually die. Explain why? (based on compensation point)
  • 53.
    Decomposer Producer Consumer Biotic Component Abiotic Component Pyramid of Number Forth trophic level (tertiary consumer) Third trophic level (secondary consumer) • Draw a food web based on pyramid of number above. death excursion defecation death excursion defecation death excursion Commensalism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Mutualism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... 52 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Ecosystem pH Temperature Light intensity Humidity Topography Microclimate First trophic level (producer) Second trophic level (primary consumer) Number of organism is decrease DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM Energy Flow in Food Webs energy lost in respiration producer 10% herbivores 10% carnivores 10% top carnivores decomposer—fungi, bacteria, worm scavenger defecation death energy lost in energy lost in respiration energy lost in respiration energy lost in respiration energy input (sunlight) 90% 90% 90% 90% Interaction Between Biotic Component
  • 54.
    Saprophytism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Prey-Predator .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Parasitism .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... Paramecium caudatum Colonisation Succession 53 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Investigate the effect of competition Experiment Discussion (why the curve is like that?) Min2009 ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... Conclusion ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... Result (plot the graph) Separated population Days Population Mixed population Days Population Paramecium aurelia Paramecium aurelia + P. caudatum Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Explain the terms below: i) habitat ...................................................................................................................... ii) species ...................................................................................................................... iii) niche ......................................................................................................................
  • 55.
    iv) population ...................................................................................................................... v) community ...................................................................................................................... vi) ecosystem ...................................................................................................................... vii) colonisation ...................................................................................................................... viii) succession ...................................................................................................................... Colonisation Succession in Pond 54 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Deposition of dead/decayed organic material in basement cause pond getting shallow/reduce the depth—initiate the succession process • Explain the adaptation of; i) pioneer species (algae and submerged plant) Pioneer species algae and submerged plant die and submerge First successor species die and submerge Second successor species die and submerge Third successor species Climax community ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ii) primary successor species ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... iii) secondary successor species ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... • What are the changes that cause the succession in pond? ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................
  • 56.
    Map below showsthe effect of succession in mangrove after 20 years. Complete the diagram below by using appropriate symbol. • What are the changes after 20 years? 55 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 A S R B Min2009 The bank getting higher because of the deposition dead organic matter mud. B • Avicennia sp. (pokok api-api putih) and Sonneratia sp. (pokok perepat) are the pioneer species in the muddy and sandy bank. This species are able to stands a high salinity, wave and wind. • The extensive root system traps and collects the sediment, including organic matter from decaying plant parts. The soil become more compact and firm (kukuh). • This condition favours the Rhizophora sp. Consequently, the Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia sp. are replace by Rhizophora. • The prop roots (akar jangkang) of the Rhizophora sp. traps silt (selut) and mud and creating firmer soil. • The ground (or bank) getting higher and less submerged by sea water. • The soil getting firm and hard and this condition favours the Brugueira sp. • Consequently, the Rhizophora sp. is replaced by Brugueira sp. • The root of Brugueira sp. traps silt and mud and further modified the soil structure. • Over the time, plants like nipah and Pandanus begin to replace the Brugueira sp. • The gradual transition and succession from a mangrove to a terrestrial forest and eventually to a tropical forest—a climax community. B B B B B B B B B B B B B Year 2000 Year 2020 B B Colonisation Succession in Mangrove Avicennia sp. Sonneratia sp. Rhizophora sp. Brugueira sp. Muddy and sand bank F Forest high tide low tide Year 2020 Year 2000
  • 57.
    56 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Population Ecology Quadrate sampling technique Quadrate frame - metal / wood Quadrate frame—rope and stick Examples of Quadrate Example of coverage Min2009 Capture, Mark, Release and Recapture Technique Quadrate for small organism (eg. fungus) Percentage coverage Total coverage of all quadrate X 100% Number of quadrate x quadrate area Density Frequency This technique is used to estimate the population of animal such as ant, birds and mammals by using ink/ ring/tag. Some precaution and assumption to be considered; • The mark not harmed to the animal or predator. • Animal captured randomly. • Let the animal free to mixed with original population. • Assumption — no migration and mortality due to disease. • Capture a large samples of animal. • The experiment is repeated to increase the validity (kesahan) of data. No. of org. in first sample x No. of org. in second sample No. of marked org. recaptured • The principle of both instruments; .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. • The difference; .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. Sampling of soil organisms Tullgren Funnel Bearmann Funnel
  • 58.
    The Effect ofAbiotic Factors on Population .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 57 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Factors Effect pH temperature humidity light intensity Definition The importance Min2009 Kingdoms Protista Paramecium Amoeba Euglena ...................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... Yeast Mold Mushroom ...................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... .......................... .......................... .......................... Biodiversity
  • 59.
    Classification of Organisms 58 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Kingdom Phyllum Class Order Family Genus Species Min2009 1. Why does an organisms must be classified? .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. 2. Why does the Latin language is used for naming the species? .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. K P C O F G S Category Housefly Human Corn / Maize Rat Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Animalia Phyllum Arthropoda Chordata Trachaeophyta Chordata Class Insecta Mamalia Angiospermae Mamalia Order Diptera Primate Glumnifloflorae Rodentia Family Muscidae Homonidae Maydeae Muroidae Genus Musca Homo Zea Rattus Species domestica sapiens mays rattus Law of scientific names — Linnaeus Binomial System • Species has two names - genus + species. • Genus begins with capital letter and species all small letter. • Written in italics (usually in printing) or underline (usually in hand writing). Local name Printing Hand writing Toad (katak puru) Bufo melanogaster Bufo melanogaster Cockroach (lipas rumah) Periplaneta americana Periplaneta americana Durian Durio zibethinus Durio zibethinus
  • 60.
    59 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 1. Label the bacteria structures. Label — capsule, cell wall, flagella, cytoplasm and genetic material-DNA/RNA. Min2009 2. Label the virus structures. Label — capsid dan nucleic acid (genetic material-DNA/RNA) 1 – binary fission-bacteria, 2 – Streptococcus, 3 – flagella-bacteria, 4 – bakteriofaj, 5 – budding-yis, 6 – tobacco mosaic virus, 7 – bacteria spore. 1 2 3 6 4 5 7 The Impact of Microorganisms Fungi ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... Algae ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... Fungi Algae Bacteria Virus
  • 61.
    Bacteria Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) Capsid (protein) + Capsule (spore)-protection No specified organelle Nutrition - auxotroph, parasite saprophyte Reproduction – binary fission Nucleus-DNA-no membrane Living – reproduce in host cell only. reminder .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. 60 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Amoeba Moves and captures its prey by using pseudopodium (false leg) also known as phagocytosis. Antibiotic effect A substances produces by microorganism to stunned/ stop/kill other microbe. Based on picture-the effect are vary. DNA – attack animals RNA – attack plants Cell wall – protein + polysaccharide (peptidoglycan) Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Coccus diplococcus, streptococcus, staphilococcus Bacillus Vibrio Spirillum nutrition – no living Non-respiration Outer host cell—become crystallize All parasite The smallest Don’t use short form in answering the examination and test. Protozoa shapes * Flagella –movement
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    Experiment—handling microbe Precaution—experimentinvolving microbe In experiment involving microorganisms, apparatus must be free from microbe (sterile) to prevent contamination and the validity of an experiment. Several precautions and steps have to be taken during experiment; 1. Wash your hand using antiseptic before and after the experiment. 2. Table is cleaned by using antiseptic before and after the experiment. 3. Food not allowed in the lab. 4. Clean with antiseptic if the microbe culture is spilled. 5. After the experiment, wash all apparatus with antiseptic. 6. Don’t throw agar medium into the bin or sink. Discard by using antiseptic or burning. The formation of colony (spot) Term/scale used to describe the growth of microorganisms Cloudy — clear, light heavy Numbers of colony — 2, 3, 4, .... Size of colony — measure the diameter 61 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 1. Agars is used in experiment involving microbes which contain agar and nutrient. What is the initial colour of agars? What happens after the microbe colonize (growing) in the agar? ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 2. The agars need to be sterile (free from microbe) before the experiment. Why? ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................
  • 63.
    Experiment— growing microbe 1. Wash your thumb. 2. Press (gently) the agar using your thumb. 3. Mark your thumb and group members on Petri dish. 4. Overturned the Petri dish and store in dark place. 5. Live for 3 days and record the result—numbers, size and colour of the colony. Practice Experiment was carried out by growing the bacteria Bacillus subtilis (round and white colony) inside Petri dish which contain nutrient agar under different condition. Numbered of colony are measured after 24 hours. 62 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Temperature factor Min2009 Petri dish A Petri dish B Petri dish C Condition 5 oC (refrigerator) 37 oC (oven) 60 oC (oven) Result Observation (state) 1. State the inference for the observation in: i. Petri dish A ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ii. Petri dish B ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... 2. State the variables: i. manipulated ................................................................................................... ii. responding ................................................................................................... iii. constant ................................................................................................... 3. State two hypothesis for this experiment. i. ................................................................................................................................. ii. ................................................................................................................................. 4. What the meaning of growth based on this experiment (defining operationally). ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................
  • 64.
    1. What arethe role of bacteria and protozoa in the alimentary canal of ruminant? ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2. “Microorganisms helps the human digestion system”. Explain this statement. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 3. Sate the role of Trichonympha in the alimentary canal of termite. ......................................................................................................................................... Organism Q i. Bacretia X .............................................................. ii. Bacteria Y .............................................................. iii. Bacteria Z .............................................................. c. Give two example of organism Q and their role. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... d. What are the importance of nitrogen cycle to the human being? ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 63 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 4. a. Complete the diagram above. b. Name the: Min2009 Useful Microorganisms Denitrifying bacteria death waste Organism P Bacteria X Bacteria Y Bacteria Z Animals SOIL absorb by...
  • 65.
    64 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Harmful Microorganisms Pathogens Disease Method of transmission Signs and symptoms Protozoa (Plasmodium sp.) Malaria Vector. Anopheles sp. mosquito High fever, violent shiv-ering profuse sweating. Virus Dengue fever Vector: Aedes sp. mosquito Fever with severe body pain and rashes over parts of the body. Bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) Cholera 1. by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. 2. faeces of an infected person. 3. inadequate sewage treat-ment and improper treat-ment of drinking water. Profuse and watery di-arrhea, vomiting and leg cramps. Rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Fungi Ringworm (Tinea corporis) Contagious and is spread through infected pets or through direct contact with infected individuals. Rashes on the body which look like red circular lesions with a scaly bor-der. These infected areas may be itchy. Bacteria related food poisoning is the most common for example, Salmonella sp. Food poisoning Contamination of cooked food and inappropriate handling and preparation of food. Diarrhea, nausea, chills, vomiting and fever within 12 to 24 hours. Human Immunodefi-ciency Virus (HIV) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syn-drome (AIDS) 1. Unprotected sex with an in-fected partner. 2. Blood transfusion from an infected person. 3. Transmission from a preg-nant mother to an unborn child. 4. Contaminated syringes, nee-dles or other piercing instru-ments. People with AIDS often suffer diseases of the lungs, brain, eyes and other vital organs along with debilitating weight loss and diarrhea. Coronavirus Severe acute respi-ratory Syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness Through the respiration droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. High fever (body tem-perature of more than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F). After two to seven days, SARS patients may de-velop a dry cough. Most patients develop pneumo-nia. Viruses Hepatitis A Hepatitis B by contaminated food or water and personal contact. contaminated blood or needles, as well as sexually Jaundice, inflammation of the liver, fever, fatigue, diminished appetite, nau-sea and abdominal pains. Severe - lead to liver cancer, liver failure, and eventually death.
  • 66.
    Controlling Pathogen—Sterilization Meaning........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Disinfectants Autoclave Heated over 120 oC to kill microbe and bacteria spore. Microorganism in Biotechnology 65 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Method Explanation Antibiotics Antiseptics Min2009 In medical use-sterilized the instruments. Production of Vaccine Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Production of Antibiotic Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Cleaning Oil Spills Mikroorganism ............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Waste Treatment Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Food Processing Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Bioplastic (biodegradable) Industry Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. Production of Energy from Biomass-biogas biofuel Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................. Role .............................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................
  • 67.
    ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM GroupProject—Presentation 66 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 The effect of unplanned management Soil erosion Flash flood Landslides Global warming Climate change Thinning ozone layer Extinction of species Deforestation air Water Pollution noise Thermal Topic (one topic for each group) 1. Soil erosion landslides. 2. Flash flood. 3. Air pollution. 4. Water pollution eutrophication. 5. Thermal pollution radioactive pollution. 6. Global warming climate change. 7. Thinning of ozone layer. 8. Deforestation and extinction of species. Format of presentation — computer booklet 1. Introduction (meaning) 2. Example (local / global) 3. Source 4. Effect 5. Steps taken to overcome the problem. 6. Closing (conclusion) NOTE : use picture in presentation booklet. Search Engine www.yahoo.com www.altavista.com www.google.com Useful key word for internet searching soil erosion, flood, eutrofication, water pollution, air pollution, thermal pollution, global warming, green house effect, climate, world’s climate, el nino, la nina, deforestation, endangered species. Using search engine (Google Ms Internet Explorer) Searching for text / document. • Key in key word, pres Enter. • Click on link you want or Right click, Open in New Window. • Save file— File, Save as... • Press Back Button to go to previous page. Searching for picture. • Click on Images. • Key in key word, pres Enter. • Click on picture you want or Right click, Open in New Window. • Right click on picture you want, Save Picture As... • Saving / downloading. • Press Back Button to go to previous page.
  • 68.
    67 LEARNING MODULE- BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Notes— based on presentation Type of hu- Causes (sources) Effect Ways to prevent man activities Soil erosion landslide Flash flood Thermal pollution Deforestation Extinction of species
  • 69.
    The effect ofpolluted substances Pollutants Source Effect to the living things Global Warming—Green House Effect 68 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Heavy metal Smoke haze (jerebu) Carbon monoxide Fossil fuel burning Oxides of sulphur Fossil fuel burning Oxides of nitrogen Radioative Nuclear power Min2009 plant Water borne mikro-organism Chemical fertilizer Agriculture Pesticides (racun Agriculture perosak) Causes / source .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. How it happen? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Effect 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 .........................................................................................................................................
  • 70.
    Nitrogen dioxide +water — Nitric acid Nitrogen monoxide + water — Nitrous acid + water — Nitric acid Sulphur dioxide + water — Sulphuric acid Thinning The Ozone Layer Note : high intensity of ultra violet light will damage DNA/nucleus/cells. 69 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 infrared red (heat) reflected to space CO2 absorbed the reflected ray (heat) EARTH Atmosphere Acid Rain oxygen molecule + oxygen atom — Ozone Min2009 Ways to prevent 1 .................................................................. .................................................................. 2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 .................................................................. .................................................................. NO2 gas NO gas SO2 gas Formation of acid rain—chemical equation Causes / source of acid rain gaseous ....................................................................... ....................................................................... Effects 1 .................................................................. .................................................................. 2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 .................................................................. .................................................................. Source of CFC ....................................................................... ....................................................................... Effects 1 .................................................................. .................................................................. 2 .................................................................. .................................................................. 3 .................................................................. .................................................................. 4 .................................................................. .................................................................. Formation of ozone Destruction—by CFC CFC (strike by UV ray)—- chlorine atom Ozone + chlorine atom (CFC) — oxygen molecule + chlorine monoxide Chlorine monoxide + oxygen atom — oxygen molecule + chlorine atom
  • 71.
    Ways to preventthinning of ozone layer 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 ......................................................................................................................................... Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Definition .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Relationship with dissolved oxygen level .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Eksperiment-measuring BOD value • Blue methylene will decolorises in a sort time due to low level of dissolved oxygen where the oxygen usage by microbe is high. • This means the BOD value is high. • The increase usage of oxygen will reduce the oxygen level and increase the BOD value. [O2 È — BOD Ç] The effect of high BOD value to aquatic organism. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. 70 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 Min2009 Eutrophication occur due to the sudden increase of algae population and increased the BOD value (low level of dissolved oxygen). Explain that phenomena. [algae is producing oxygen trough photosynthesis] .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Why the presence of organic waste or fertilizer will increase the BOD value? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................
  • 72.
    Steps for MaintainingStable Environment Why environment need to be maintained in stable condition? .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Implementation of lows Concept of 4 R Recycle-Reuse-Reduce-Renew • Converted into organic fertilizer (baja kompos). • Breakdown by mikroorganism for production of methane. • Used in palm oil plant to generate electricity. • Complete the combustion of fuel by converting/changing carbon monoxide and other hidrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water. • Filters the acid rain gaseous such as nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide and sulfur • To detect the source and level of pollution. 71 LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4 1. Palm oil waste 2. Exhaust filter 3. Funnel filter (penapis cerobong) dioxide. 4. Fuel • Using unleaded petrol. • Using natural gas and biofuel. 5. Recycle • Metal, paper and glass. 6. Modern equipments Min2009 Education The use of technology Preservation and conservation of the environment Land-Water- Forest-Mangrove Biological control The use of renewable energy Steps Technology-Prevention of Pollution The efficient use energy