The document summarizes a 2004 thesis by Dr. M. Mukhtar Alam from the University of Delhi exploring cognitive representations related to the concept of world citizen. The thesis was conceived in the context of concerns over nuclear war and ecological disaster in the late 1980s. It examines philosophical antecedents of world citizenship from thinkers like Kant and Radhakrishnan. The methodology included discourse analysis and questionnaires. Key findings included a recommendation to establish a just world order based on monotheistic principles. The limitations included some subjective findings due to mixed methods.
The meeting between the Indian Home Minister and Muslim leaders from various religious and social organizations was called to discuss issues related to the security and economic well-being of Muslims in India. Key topics discussed included denouncing ISIS leader Abu Baqar al-Baghdadi, addressing the economic marginalization and lack of opportunities for Muslims, concerns over arbitrary arrests of young Muslims, and improving representation of Muslims in government and security forces. Muslim leaders unanimously rejected al-Baghdadi's claim of leadership and called for protecting the religious identity of universities like Aligarh Muslim University. They also asked the government to expedite justice, ensure minority rights, and implement policies promoting inclusive development for all Indians.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an 19th century Indian scholar and reformer who founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, which later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University. He started the Aligarh Movement to encourage modern education among Indian Muslims and improve relations between the British administration and Muslims after the 1857 rebellion. The movement established several schools and colleges, including the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877, and played a significant role in the intellectual and educational development of Indian Muslims.
Ideology of Pakistan - Quaid e Azam.pptxAreeshaTahir6
This document outlines the ideology of Pakistan according to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. It discusses several key aspects of Jinnah's views:
1. Jinnah was a strong proponent of the Two Nation Theory, believing that Hindus and Muslims constituted two distinct nations that could not coexist within one state.
2. Jinnah saw Islamic ideology and the teachings of the Quran as the founding principles and unifying force for Muslims in South Asia.
3. He expressed his view that Islam provided a complete social and political system for governing Muslim society.
4. Jinnah argued that partitioning British India along religious lines was necessary to protect the interests and distinct identities of Hindus and Muslims.
IS THESE MATERIAL ARE PUBLIC INFORMATION AND HAVE BEEN PREPARED SOLELY FOR EDUCATION PURPOSES TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE UNDERSTANDIG OF COMMUNAL ISSUE.
IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT WE CREATE A RESPECTFUL AND INQUIRING CLASSROOM CLIMATE,ONE WHERE MAY SAFELY DEBATE THE SENSITIVE ISSUE WITHOUT JUDGEMENT,AND WITH HONESTLY AND COMPASSION.
Adherents of Islam constitute the world's second largest religious group. According to a study in 2015, Islam has 1.8 billion adherents, making up about 24% of the world population. Most Muslims are either of two denominations : Sunni (80-90%, ) or Shia (10–20%, roughly).others such as ismailis 2%, Ahmediyas 2%, Barelvis 50%, Deobandis 20%, Ahle Hadith 4%, and other minorities 4%.
Muslim Ummah in Facing the Challenges of Globalization (Presented in Tehran)Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
This presentation on globalization among others discusses the nature and differences that exist between the modern and Muslim concepts of globalization. Since it is not possible for the Muslims to live in total isolation from the things that are happening in a globalized world, they can at least come up with a strategic plan in how to position themselves in dealing with the issues and problems related to globalization. Besides that, this presentation also highlights the ideal scenario that should be prevalent in the Muslim world that can be beneficial for the Muslims as well as for others who share the space with them in this world. In realizing how the internet and social media have been wrongfully used in a globalized world, the presenters suggest on how the Muslims can use them in a productive and ethical manner. The last thing that this presentation intends to highlight is the philosophy of co-existence which should be given due consideration by people of different civilizations that live on this planet. It is the conviction of the presenters that people of different civilizations can learn all that are positive from one another and can live in peace and harmony.
India is currently in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Theory. Stage 2 is characterized by a high birth rate that remains steady while the death rate is falling, leading to a steady rise in population. Some key indicators show India has a birth rate of 20.6 per 1000 people, death rate of 7.48 per 1000, natural population increase of 1.4% per year, and is experiencing declining birth and death rates. Overall, the document analyzes India's population trends according to the Demographic Transition Theory and determines India is in Stage 2 where birth rate is high but death rate is falling, causing steady population growth.
Muslim ummah and contemporary challenges (december 29,2011)IIDC
The document discusses the concept of Ummah in Islam and contemporary challenges facing the Muslim Ummah. It defines Ummah as the community of believers established through the supplications of Ibrahim and Ismail in the Quran. However, it questions whether this ideal Ummah of old still exists today given issues like marginalization of family values, globalization, unipolarism and media wars against Islam. It notes the need to understand the current perception of the Ummah, draw strength from its core teachings and define a role and strategy to strengthen the Ummah by following Allah and the Prophet's guidance.
1) The document discusses the finality of prophethood in Islam based on verses from the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.
2) It analyzes verse 40 from Surah Al-Ahzab which states that Muhammad is "the last in the line of Prophets" and refutes interpretations that this does not mean the absolute end of prophethood.
3) The meaning of the Arabic word "Khatam" is discussed, which linguistically means "the last" or "the end", providing evidence that Muhammad was the final prophet according to the Quranic text.
4) Hadiths are cited where the Prophet Muhammad directly states that no prophet will
The meeting between the Indian Home Minister and Muslim leaders from various religious and social organizations was called to discuss issues related to the security and economic well-being of Muslims in India. Key topics discussed included denouncing ISIS leader Abu Baqar al-Baghdadi, addressing the economic marginalization and lack of opportunities for Muslims, concerns over arbitrary arrests of young Muslims, and improving representation of Muslims in government and security forces. Muslim leaders unanimously rejected al-Baghdadi's claim of leadership and called for protecting the religious identity of universities like Aligarh Muslim University. They also asked the government to expedite justice, ensure minority rights, and implement policies promoting inclusive development for all Indians.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an 19th century Indian scholar and reformer who founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, which later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University. He started the Aligarh Movement to encourage modern education among Indian Muslims and improve relations between the British administration and Muslims after the 1857 rebellion. The movement established several schools and colleges, including the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877, and played a significant role in the intellectual and educational development of Indian Muslims.
Ideology of Pakistan - Quaid e Azam.pptxAreeshaTahir6
This document outlines the ideology of Pakistan according to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. It discusses several key aspects of Jinnah's views:
1. Jinnah was a strong proponent of the Two Nation Theory, believing that Hindus and Muslims constituted two distinct nations that could not coexist within one state.
2. Jinnah saw Islamic ideology and the teachings of the Quran as the founding principles and unifying force for Muslims in South Asia.
3. He expressed his view that Islam provided a complete social and political system for governing Muslim society.
4. Jinnah argued that partitioning British India along religious lines was necessary to protect the interests and distinct identities of Hindus and Muslims.
IS THESE MATERIAL ARE PUBLIC INFORMATION AND HAVE BEEN PREPARED SOLELY FOR EDUCATION PURPOSES TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE UNDERSTANDIG OF COMMUNAL ISSUE.
IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT WE CREATE A RESPECTFUL AND INQUIRING CLASSROOM CLIMATE,ONE WHERE MAY SAFELY DEBATE THE SENSITIVE ISSUE WITHOUT JUDGEMENT,AND WITH HONESTLY AND COMPASSION.
Adherents of Islam constitute the world's second largest religious group. According to a study in 2015, Islam has 1.8 billion adherents, making up about 24% of the world population. Most Muslims are either of two denominations : Sunni (80-90%, ) or Shia (10–20%, roughly).others such as ismailis 2%, Ahmediyas 2%, Barelvis 50%, Deobandis 20%, Ahle Hadith 4%, and other minorities 4%.
Muslim Ummah in Facing the Challenges of Globalization (Presented in Tehran)Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
This presentation on globalization among others discusses the nature and differences that exist between the modern and Muslim concepts of globalization. Since it is not possible for the Muslims to live in total isolation from the things that are happening in a globalized world, they can at least come up with a strategic plan in how to position themselves in dealing with the issues and problems related to globalization. Besides that, this presentation also highlights the ideal scenario that should be prevalent in the Muslim world that can be beneficial for the Muslims as well as for others who share the space with them in this world. In realizing how the internet and social media have been wrongfully used in a globalized world, the presenters suggest on how the Muslims can use them in a productive and ethical manner. The last thing that this presentation intends to highlight is the philosophy of co-existence which should be given due consideration by people of different civilizations that live on this planet. It is the conviction of the presenters that people of different civilizations can learn all that are positive from one another and can live in peace and harmony.
India is currently in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Theory. Stage 2 is characterized by a high birth rate that remains steady while the death rate is falling, leading to a steady rise in population. Some key indicators show India has a birth rate of 20.6 per 1000 people, death rate of 7.48 per 1000, natural population increase of 1.4% per year, and is experiencing declining birth and death rates. Overall, the document analyzes India's population trends according to the Demographic Transition Theory and determines India is in Stage 2 where birth rate is high but death rate is falling, causing steady population growth.
Muslim ummah and contemporary challenges (december 29,2011)IIDC
The document discusses the concept of Ummah in Islam and contemporary challenges facing the Muslim Ummah. It defines Ummah as the community of believers established through the supplications of Ibrahim and Ismail in the Quran. However, it questions whether this ideal Ummah of old still exists today given issues like marginalization of family values, globalization, unipolarism and media wars against Islam. It notes the need to understand the current perception of the Ummah, draw strength from its core teachings and define a role and strategy to strengthen the Ummah by following Allah and the Prophet's guidance.
1) The document discusses the finality of prophethood in Islam based on verses from the Quran and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.
2) It analyzes verse 40 from Surah Al-Ahzab which states that Muhammad is "the last in the line of Prophets" and refutes interpretations that this does not mean the absolute end of prophethood.
3) The meaning of the Arabic word "Khatam" is discussed, which linguistically means "the last" or "the end", providing evidence that Muhammad was the final prophet according to the Quranic text.
4) Hadiths are cited where the Prophet Muhammad directly states that no prophet will
Initial difficulties after establishment of pakistan FURQAN M LODHIkalyami
The document summarizes several problems faced by Pakistan after its establishment in 1947, including the choice of Karachi as the capital, unfair boundary demarcation that awarded Muslim-majority areas to India, the massacre of Muslim refugees migrating to Pakistan, disputes over the division of military and financial assets, canal water disputes, the Kashmir dispute, constitutional issues in the early years, and disputes over the princely states of Junagadh and Hyderabad. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah urged the new nation to face these challenges with determination and build the country quickly despite unfavorable circumstances.
This PPT is all about building peace in South Asia. It includes the different initiatives that have been taken for peace in South Asia. Role of states for building peace. Role nuclear power in South Asia like Pakistan and India to maintain peace. Role of SAARC in South Asia about Peace.
This document discusses migration and population growth in Pakistan. It defines types of migration as in-migration, out-migration, and internal migration. It identifies factors pushing people from rural to urban areas, such as overpopulation and unemployment, and pulling them to cities, like better jobs and services. Rapid urbanization is straining infrastructure and increasing problems like pollution, crime, and unsustainable population growth that can harm Pakistan's economy and environment if not addressed through education, family planning, and balancing resources and population.
This document summarizes the key points of the Medina Charter signed after the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to Medina. The charter established an agreement between different communities in Medina, including Jews, pagans, and Muslims, making them one nation. It outlined principles of collective defense, religious tolerance, and equal rights and responsibilities for citizens, regardless of faith. It prohibited oppression and established Medina as a sanctuary for all signatories.
A Powerpoint Presentation on the 4th Imam Ali Zainul Abideen Ibne Husein (AS) Great grandson of the Prophet Mohamed (PBUH) and Author of "Risaal ul Haq" one on the earliest works on the Rights of Human's.
Islamophobia refers to prejudice against or hatred of Muslims. The document discusses some of the key reasons for and consequences of Islamophobia. The main reasons given are terrorism by some Muslim extremist groups and underlying racism in Western societies. Some politicians exploit fears of terrorism to promote anti-Muslim policies. Media coverage also fuels Islamophobia by disproportionately linking Islam with terrorism. Consequences include stereotyping of Muslims, discrimination, hate crimes against Muslims rising, and policies targeting mosques and Muslim students.
ROLE OF QUAID-E- AZAM IN PAKISTAN MOVEMENT.pptxsaberbouzara
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a pivotal role in leading the Pakistan movement and establishing Pakistan as a separate homeland for Indian Muslims. As the leader of the All India Muslim League from 1913, he came to believe that Hindus and Muslims constituted two distinct nations and could not live together in an independent United India. His leadership led to the passing of the Lahore Resolution in 1940 which called for independent states for Muslims. Jinnah's negotiations and later rejection of proposals that did not support Muslim interests reinforced the demand for a separate Muslim state. He was subsequently recognized as the sole representative of India's Muslims and led the Muslim League to victory in the 1946 elections. Jinnah served as Pakistan's first governor general after independence
The document discusses the concept of ideology and the ideology behind the creation of Pakistan. It provides definitions of ideology from dictionaries as a systematic body of concepts about human life or culture and a sociopolitical program. It then discusses the key principles of common religion, culture, causes and dedication that unite an ideology. The document outlines the religious, cultural and social differences between Hindus and Muslims that led proponents of the Two-Nation Theory like Iqbal and Jinnah to argue that Hindus and Muslims constitute two distinct nations requiring separate homelands. This ideology ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan as the first modern Islamic ideological state.
1. The document discusses the life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from his birth until his migration from Makkah to Medina, known as the Hijra.
2. It describes his childhood, marriage to Khadija, the beginning of his prophethood, facing opposition from the Quraish tribe of Makkah, and the social boycott he endured.
3. It concludes with an account of the Quraish's plot to assassinate the Prophet and his migration to Medina to escape it, marking the beginning of the Muslim calendar.
Lahore Resolution passed on 24th March, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto Park and now know as Minar-e-Pakistan.
Background of the passage of The Lahore Resolution
October 1940 Gandhi’s announcement of Satyagagrah ( Resistance)
Lahore Resolution passed on 24th march, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto Park and now know as Minar-e-Pakistan
A nation is composed of people from different ethnic groups who share a common territory and history. While ethnic groups within a nation may have distinct origins and languages, they are encouraged to also learn the national language to promote unity. Nations are formed through both military conquest and peaceful diplomacy. Nation building requires resolving tensions between ethnic groups to avoid conflicts that could escalate into violence and loss of life. Traditional leaders play an important role in mediating conflicts.
This is a presentation about the decline of the zulfiqar ali bhutto. The causes that led to his fall, his arrest, trail and death sentence are discussed in great detail.
Minorities Rights in Islam and situation in pakistan Malik Abdul Wahab
This document provides an overview of minorities rights in Islam and the situation of minorities in Pakistan. It discusses the classical Islamic legal doctrines around the status and treatment of non-Muslims in Muslim societies. It notes that while the Quran and hadiths promote equitable treatment of minorities, Islamic jurisprudence established discriminatory rules. However, actual practice varied depending on political and economic factors. It then examines the current situation of religious minorities in Pakistan, including Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis, noting ongoing issues of discrimination and lack of equal rights and protections according to the constitution.
(1) The Medina Charter established Muhammad as the prophet governing relations between Muslims and several tribes in Medina, making them a single community.
(2) It outlined rules for bloodwits, prisoner redemption, and protection of believers, with tribes agreeing to Islamic practices.
(3) Jews were given protection and equality if they followed Islam, while all were forbidden from fighting other believers or aiding non-believers against Muslims. Defense of Medina was made a collective responsibility.
The document summarizes the Pakistan Resolution of 1940 which was passed during the annual session of the All India Muslim League in Lahore. It established the Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The resolution was drafted by a committee and presented to the working committee on March 23, 1940, where it was unanimously adopted the following day. The resolution set goals of demarcating contiguous Muslim-majority regions and providing safeguards for religious minorities. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's presidential address emphasized that Muslims were a separate nation distinct from others in British India. The resolution was a milestone in defining the political objectives of Muslims in their independence struggle.
Mujaddid alf sani, also known as Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, was a 16th century Islamic scholar and reformer who aimed to revive and renew the original teachings of Islam. He believed certain practices and beliefs had strayed from Islam's foundations. Sirhindi emphasized studying the Quran and hadith in their original contexts and avoiding unnecessary rituals. He wrote works discussing important Islamic concepts like Tawhid (monotheism), prophethood, the rejection of religious innovation, and the importance of both Sharia and Sufism. Sirhindi opposed concepts like Wahdat al-Wujud and Akbar's religious policies, seeking to purify Islam. He was a prolific writer who authored
The document discusses the two-nation theory, which was the basis for the creation of Pakistan. It outlines several key factors that divided the inhabitants of the subcontinent into two nations, including religious differences between Muslims and Hindus, cultural differences, Hindu nationalism, and political differences. The two-nation theory asserted that Hindus and Muslims constituted two separate nations in the subcontinent due to their distinct religious beliefs and cultural practices. This theory ultimately led to the partition of British India and the establishment of Pakistan as an independent homeland for Muslims in 1947.
The document summarizes the key political and constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's role as the first Governor General, the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan as the first Prime Minister, the passing of the Objectives Resolution in 1949, the work of the Basic Principles Committee to develop constitutional frameworks, and the drafting and passing of Pakistan's first constitution in 1956 before it was abrogated by a military coup in 1958.
Introduction to applied cognitive psychology [Autosaved].pptxSamitRajan1
This document provides an overview of the emergence of cognitive psychology from its philosophical and theoretical antecedents. It discusses how structuralism and functionalism studied the structure and processes of the mind. It then explains how associationism and behaviorism influenced the field, before cognitive psychology emerged in response to their limitations in explaining complex mental phenomena like language and memory. The document also discusses how developments in linguistics, memory research, and developmental psychology furthered the rise of the cognitive approach.
Initial difficulties after establishment of pakistan FURQAN M LODHIkalyami
The document summarizes several problems faced by Pakistan after its establishment in 1947, including the choice of Karachi as the capital, unfair boundary demarcation that awarded Muslim-majority areas to India, the massacre of Muslim refugees migrating to Pakistan, disputes over the division of military and financial assets, canal water disputes, the Kashmir dispute, constitutional issues in the early years, and disputes over the princely states of Junagadh and Hyderabad. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah urged the new nation to face these challenges with determination and build the country quickly despite unfavorable circumstances.
This PPT is all about building peace in South Asia. It includes the different initiatives that have been taken for peace in South Asia. Role of states for building peace. Role nuclear power in South Asia like Pakistan and India to maintain peace. Role of SAARC in South Asia about Peace.
This document discusses migration and population growth in Pakistan. It defines types of migration as in-migration, out-migration, and internal migration. It identifies factors pushing people from rural to urban areas, such as overpopulation and unemployment, and pulling them to cities, like better jobs and services. Rapid urbanization is straining infrastructure and increasing problems like pollution, crime, and unsustainable population growth that can harm Pakistan's economy and environment if not addressed through education, family planning, and balancing resources and population.
This document summarizes the key points of the Medina Charter signed after the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to Medina. The charter established an agreement between different communities in Medina, including Jews, pagans, and Muslims, making them one nation. It outlined principles of collective defense, religious tolerance, and equal rights and responsibilities for citizens, regardless of faith. It prohibited oppression and established Medina as a sanctuary for all signatories.
A Powerpoint Presentation on the 4th Imam Ali Zainul Abideen Ibne Husein (AS) Great grandson of the Prophet Mohamed (PBUH) and Author of "Risaal ul Haq" one on the earliest works on the Rights of Human's.
Islamophobia refers to prejudice against or hatred of Muslims. The document discusses some of the key reasons for and consequences of Islamophobia. The main reasons given are terrorism by some Muslim extremist groups and underlying racism in Western societies. Some politicians exploit fears of terrorism to promote anti-Muslim policies. Media coverage also fuels Islamophobia by disproportionately linking Islam with terrorism. Consequences include stereotyping of Muslims, discrimination, hate crimes against Muslims rising, and policies targeting mosques and Muslim students.
ROLE OF QUAID-E- AZAM IN PAKISTAN MOVEMENT.pptxsaberbouzara
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a pivotal role in leading the Pakistan movement and establishing Pakistan as a separate homeland for Indian Muslims. As the leader of the All India Muslim League from 1913, he came to believe that Hindus and Muslims constituted two distinct nations and could not live together in an independent United India. His leadership led to the passing of the Lahore Resolution in 1940 which called for independent states for Muslims. Jinnah's negotiations and later rejection of proposals that did not support Muslim interests reinforced the demand for a separate Muslim state. He was subsequently recognized as the sole representative of India's Muslims and led the Muslim League to victory in the 1946 elections. Jinnah served as Pakistan's first governor general after independence
The document discusses the concept of ideology and the ideology behind the creation of Pakistan. It provides definitions of ideology from dictionaries as a systematic body of concepts about human life or culture and a sociopolitical program. It then discusses the key principles of common religion, culture, causes and dedication that unite an ideology. The document outlines the religious, cultural and social differences between Hindus and Muslims that led proponents of the Two-Nation Theory like Iqbal and Jinnah to argue that Hindus and Muslims constitute two distinct nations requiring separate homelands. This ideology ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan as the first modern Islamic ideological state.
1. The document discusses the life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from his birth until his migration from Makkah to Medina, known as the Hijra.
2. It describes his childhood, marriage to Khadija, the beginning of his prophethood, facing opposition from the Quraish tribe of Makkah, and the social boycott he endured.
3. It concludes with an account of the Quraish's plot to assassinate the Prophet and his migration to Medina to escape it, marking the beginning of the Muslim calendar.
Lahore Resolution passed on 24th March, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto Park and now know as Minar-e-Pakistan.
Background of the passage of The Lahore Resolution
October 1940 Gandhi’s announcement of Satyagagrah ( Resistance)
Lahore Resolution passed on 24th march, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto Park and now know as Minar-e-Pakistan
A nation is composed of people from different ethnic groups who share a common territory and history. While ethnic groups within a nation may have distinct origins and languages, they are encouraged to also learn the national language to promote unity. Nations are formed through both military conquest and peaceful diplomacy. Nation building requires resolving tensions between ethnic groups to avoid conflicts that could escalate into violence and loss of life. Traditional leaders play an important role in mediating conflicts.
This is a presentation about the decline of the zulfiqar ali bhutto. The causes that led to his fall, his arrest, trail and death sentence are discussed in great detail.
Minorities Rights in Islam and situation in pakistan Malik Abdul Wahab
This document provides an overview of minorities rights in Islam and the situation of minorities in Pakistan. It discusses the classical Islamic legal doctrines around the status and treatment of non-Muslims in Muslim societies. It notes that while the Quran and hadiths promote equitable treatment of minorities, Islamic jurisprudence established discriminatory rules. However, actual practice varied depending on political and economic factors. It then examines the current situation of religious minorities in Pakistan, including Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis, noting ongoing issues of discrimination and lack of equal rights and protections according to the constitution.
(1) The Medina Charter established Muhammad as the prophet governing relations between Muslims and several tribes in Medina, making them a single community.
(2) It outlined rules for bloodwits, prisoner redemption, and protection of believers, with tribes agreeing to Islamic practices.
(3) Jews were given protection and equality if they followed Islam, while all were forbidden from fighting other believers or aiding non-believers against Muslims. Defense of Medina was made a collective responsibility.
The document summarizes the Pakistan Resolution of 1940 which was passed during the annual session of the All India Muslim League in Lahore. It established the Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The resolution was drafted by a committee and presented to the working committee on March 23, 1940, where it was unanimously adopted the following day. The resolution set goals of demarcating contiguous Muslim-majority regions and providing safeguards for religious minorities. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's presidential address emphasized that Muslims were a separate nation distinct from others in British India. The resolution was a milestone in defining the political objectives of Muslims in their independence struggle.
Mujaddid alf sani, also known as Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, was a 16th century Islamic scholar and reformer who aimed to revive and renew the original teachings of Islam. He believed certain practices and beliefs had strayed from Islam's foundations. Sirhindi emphasized studying the Quran and hadith in their original contexts and avoiding unnecessary rituals. He wrote works discussing important Islamic concepts like Tawhid (monotheism), prophethood, the rejection of religious innovation, and the importance of both Sharia and Sufism. Sirhindi opposed concepts like Wahdat al-Wujud and Akbar's religious policies, seeking to purify Islam. He was a prolific writer who authored
The document discusses the two-nation theory, which was the basis for the creation of Pakistan. It outlines several key factors that divided the inhabitants of the subcontinent into two nations, including religious differences between Muslims and Hindus, cultural differences, Hindu nationalism, and political differences. The two-nation theory asserted that Hindus and Muslims constituted two separate nations in the subcontinent due to their distinct religious beliefs and cultural practices. This theory ultimately led to the partition of British India and the establishment of Pakistan as an independent homeland for Muslims in 1947.
The document summarizes the key political and constitutional developments in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It discusses Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's role as the first Governor General, the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan as the first Prime Minister, the passing of the Objectives Resolution in 1949, the work of the Basic Principles Committee to develop constitutional frameworks, and the drafting and passing of Pakistan's first constitution in 1956 before it was abrogated by a military coup in 1958.
Introduction to applied cognitive psychology [Autosaved].pptxSamitRajan1
This document provides an overview of the emergence of cognitive psychology from its philosophical and theoretical antecedents. It discusses how structuralism and functionalism studied the structure and processes of the mind. It then explains how associationism and behaviorism influenced the field, before cognitive psychology emerged in response to their limitations in explaining complex mental phenomena like language and memory. The document also discusses how developments in linguistics, memory research, and developmental psychology furthered the rise of the cognitive approach.
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptxssuser189dbb
This document provides an overview of philosophical assumptions and interpretive frameworks that guide research. It discusses four types of philosophical assumptions: ontological, epistemological, axiological, and methodological. It also examines several interpretive frameworks or paradigms that shape research including postpositivism, social constructivism, transformative frameworks, postmodern perspectives, and several theories like feminist theory, critical race theory, disability theory, and queer theory. For each framework or theory, it provides a brief explanation of its key focuses and assumptions regarding reality, knowledge, values, and methodology. The document situates these philosophical assumptions and frameworks within the overall research process.
Indigenous Psychology: Incorporating “Culture” in Psychology ResearchHora Tjitra
Executive Summary based on the paper “Indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology: A theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological analysis” ( Uichol Kim, 2000).
Explaining the different perspective in culture-oriented research in psychology.
Mass communication theory –evolution and development.pptxasmamaqsood4
This document provides an overview of mass communication theory, including its evolution, key concepts, categories, and paradigms. It discusses the meaning and definitions of theory, elements of theory, categories of mass communication theory including post-positivism, hermeneutic theory, critical theory, and normative theory. It also covers paradigms in mass communication theory and the four eras of media theory: the era of mass society and mass culture; a scientific perspective leading to limited effects; competing cultural perspectives challenging limited effects; and the emergence of meaning-making perspectives.
The Knowledge Landscape of 念(niàn)/mindfulness: Intercultural Ethics for Tran...RMBorders
Huang, Z.M., Fay, R. (University of Manchester) and White, R. (University of Liverpool), The Knowledge Landscape of 念(niàn)/mindfulness: Intercultural Ethics for Transcreation. Paper presented at the 19th CultNet, hosted by Durham University, April 21st-23rd, 2016.
Research is defined as a systematic, scientific investigation that follows a sequence of steps to establish facts and solve problems. The objectives of research are to gain familiarity with phenomena, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, or test hypotheses about causal relationships. A research paradigm provides the philosophical framework for how a researcher views the world and their research. The key aspects of a paradigm are its ontology regarding the nature of reality, epistemology regarding what can be known, and methodology regarding how knowledge can be obtained. Different paradigms like positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory have distinct beliefs about these aspects.
Thank you for the opportunity to practice phenomenological interviewing. I appreciate you volunteering your experience with carving pumpkins to help me learn. To start, can you describe for me what initially drew you to carving pumpkins in the past? What was that first experience like? How did it make you feel? As we talk further, I'm interested in really understanding the meaning and experience from your perspective. Please share openly - I'm here to listen without judgment and learn from your insights.
Research 101: Qualitative vs. Quantitative ResearchHarold Gamero
This document discusses qualitative and quantitative research methods. It outlines four main paradigms in social sciences: functionalism, interpretivism, radical structuralism, and radical humanism. These paradigms differ in their ontological and epistemological assumptions. Qualitative research analyzes reality through subjective perspectives using methods like interviews, while quantitative research analyzes reality objectively through standardized data collection tools. Both approaches have benefits and limitations. The document provides an example comparing how qualitative and quantitative methods may study personality dimensions.
This document discusses research paradigms in qualitative research. It defines a paradigm as a framework or set of beliefs that guide research. The key paradigms discussed are positivist, constructivist, transformative, and pragmatic. The document explores the basic components of a paradigm including ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology. It examines the characteristics and assumptions of different paradigms such as the positivist view that there is a single observable reality, and the constructivist view that realities are socially constructed. The document also discusses types of paradigms for social theory analysis including functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist.
This document summarizes key aspects of constructivism in international relations theory. It discusses the work of prominent constructivists like John Ruggie, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Peter Haas, and Kathryn Sikkink. Constructivism posits that state identities and interests are socially constructed rather than fixed. It examines how ideational factors like norms, ideas, and discourse shape state behavior and transform international institutions over time through interpretive processes. The document also outlines Wayne Sandholtz's framework for understanding the dynamics of institutional change across macro, micro, and meso levels.
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Cognitive Representations related to the Concept of World Citizen
1. Cognitive Representations
related to the Concept of World
Citizen
A presentation for a thesis awarded in 2004
by University of Delhi to Dr.M.Mukhtar Alam
from Kishandaspur-Mathurapur based in
Delhi,India
2. The Context
• It is an outcome of inter-disciplinary work and an
exploratory study conceived in the background of cold
war with projections of nuclear war and ecological
disaster most notably reflected in the writings of Mikhail
Gorbachev
• The appearance of the concept in the Congress I
manifesto in 1989 was the immediate stimulus for the
choice of the topic of the research as Prof.Ganguli
described then that work on peace was very much in
vogue.
• Dr.Miriam Ittyerah then agreed that it is worthwhile to
study the cognitive styles related to the concept of world
citizen.
3. Introduction
• Visits to mental asylum made the researcher conclude
that there are sociological factors that are also
responsible for the incidence of sociopathy and
psychopathy and therefore , it was imperative that root
causes were addressed.
• The concept of world citizenship then was considered an
important concept that was thought to be contributing to
the generation of cooperative and compassionate
behavior for the fellow human beings across the
identities.
• The concept of world citizen was then viewed as an
important part of the constellation of identities that are
part of words defining the personal identity/
4. …Introduction
• It was conceived as an exploratory study as nothing was
found through the initial literature review in the journals
of social, clinical ,experimental and industrial psychology
adopting the participant mode of research
• Reference was found in just world order model project
led by Richard Falk of USA after the submission of initial
application when term papers were to be submitted/
• Two term papers were submitted for the thesis. First was
on the cognitive representation and the second was for
locating the concept of world citizen in just world order
inquiries
5. The intellectual and political stance
of the researcher
• The researcher examined the cognitive representations
primarily propositions related to the concept of world
citizen in order to have a normative definition for the
model of global governance.
• It was a huge task and indeed very challenging.
• How could a researcher take up such a task that would
have implications for definition of personal identity and
social orders/ world order
• The conclusions are too challenging but they are
nonetheless conclusions after years of engagement on
the questions related to the building blocks of structures
and processes of peace building.
6. Background Situation of the World
in 1989
• Researchers intentions, religious /ideological
background and reasons for choosing the
concept of world citizen explained.
• Reasons for choosing the research topic and
ideological standpoint.
• Intuitive conclusion regarding the operational
organization of different identities at International
Students House ,Delhi University in early 90s
and then explained in the dissertation relating to
the work of Nimmi Hutnik.
7. References for promotion of the
concept of world citizen
• The portion of the thesis refers to the promotion of the
concept of world citizenship as an attitude. Malaysian
government is referred to be the one referring all to be
world citizens.
• Youth groups in Bhutan are referring to be promoting
global citizenship.
• Save the Children UK is referred to be promoting global
citizenship education
• The holy Qur’aan refers all to be part of one Ummah
from Adam and Even and then all are referred to be
posterity of those saved in the Arc of Noah that was
constructed by prophet Noah for the people of house
who believed in him and those among his people who
believed along with one pair of all the animals.
8. Mental/Cognitive Representations:
Definition and meta- theoretical
issues
• Mental/Cognitive representations deals with the
forms and functions of individual knowledge. It
attempts to answer as to how information is
represented mentally and how information is
used to interact with the world in adaptive ways.
• Brief discussion on the Meta-theoretical issues
and perspectives with reference to Rationalism
vs. Empiricism, formal vs. informal approaches,
observational vs. theoretical terms and the
terminal postulate.
9. Anderson and Bower’s division of
three postulates
• Sensationalistic statements (S.R)
• Connectionist Statements implying
potentially observable elements if occuring
contiguously.
• Mechanistic statements
10. Dictionary Definition of mental
representations, its nature
• Representations as something exhibited to mind:
Likeness, portrait, image or description, a sign or
symbol, picture, plastic art or statue and type or
example.
• Representations can be physical or mental.
• Some are picture like ,others are language like.
• Representations can be described varying in
concreteness- Abstractness.
11. Levels of the usage of
representation concepts
• Mental representations that are
psychologically ‘real’ in that they are
directly expressed as publicly or privately
observable events (language ,imagery
etc.), structures and processes assumed
to underlie the observable
representations.
• Representations that are used to ‘describe
the structure and function of the
observable representations.
12. Representation vs. Process
• Representation refers to a structure
entirely on which processes and
procedures operate whereas process
refers to the activities involved in making
functional use of the structural information.
• Biological vs. cultural sources of
representations
14. Propositions
• Out of the above, propositions were chosen to be
examined with reference to the concept of world citizen
in just world order inquiries while keeping in view the
other concepts in active consideration.
• Proposition is considered as the most theoretical and
abstract concept of all the most widely used in the
computational models of cognition.
• At one level, it serves as lingua franca that can be used
to characterize psychological phenomena or redefine
other theoretical constructs. For example, it is
considered popular today to describe mental images and
to recast feature representations, structural descriptions
and schema in propositional terms.
15. ….Propositions
• At another level, it is treated as a real
representational unit that serves as the
basic building block of general knowledge
structures.
• Propositions are basically truth
statements.
• Now we examine the antecedents of the
concept of world citizen.
16. Just World Order Values derived from
world order model projects
Traditional • Just World Order
1. Geopolitical focus is natural 1. Geopolitical focus is the global
state system community
2. Problems are seen as 2. Problems are seen as
interrelated, structural or
discreet issues systematic issues
3. Analysis is seen as value free 3. Analysis is presumed value
4. Priority time dimension is past oriented
and present 4. Priority time dimension is future
5. Ultimate analytical objective is with past and present instructive
description and prediction to it
5. Ultimate analytical objective is
6. Large-scale violence is prediction and prescription
ordinarily deemed acceptable 6. Large-scale violence is
means to implement policy considered unacceptable for
7. Human survival is assessed implementing policy
problematic 7. Human survival is assessed
problematic
17. Concept of World Citizen in Just World Order
Inquiries- Philosophical antecedents
• Robert Muller reports how the education on the identity
for children has to start through the global to local,
through cosmic to terrestrial.He cited the example of this
in auroville, Puducherry.
• Immanuel Kant’s essay of perpetual peace is an
important reference point on reflection on world
citizenship in the nation state system granting all have
the right to hospitality in a free state bound through
federation.
• “The greatest problem for the human race to a solution
of which nature drives men is the achievement of
universal civil society which administers law among men.
The problem is the last and the last to be solved by
man.” ( KANT, 1963)
18. …Philosophical antecedents
Definitive articles forming the second important component
of Kant’s essay on perpetual peace
• The civil constitution of every state should
be republican.
• The laws of nation shall be founded on a
federation of free states.
• The law of world citizenship shall be
subjected to universal hospitality.
19. ….Philosophical antecedents
• In India, Dr.S Radhakrishnan was universalistic
and held passionate plea for a human society
where all human being world citizens
• For this to happen, he called for spiritual unity
• Treatment of the concept of world citizen in post-
modernism viewed from European experience of
modernism. This implies that the concept of
world citizen could be one truth claim that could
be subjected to democratic deliberation without
using force.
20. Theological antecedents
• In the Islamic narrative , all are world citizens subject to
endeavors for temporal and eternal wellbeing.
• In the Indian textual traditions specially in the polytheistic
narrative following the theory of reincarnation, all are
subject to salvation through attainting a karmic record in
the varnas to which people are born.
• In the monotheistic Indian narration, all irrespective of
identities and family background are subjects for eternal
wellbeing following the best ideals and role models
• In general, universal religions seeking adherents globally
treat all as potential adherents and thus there are
fraternities and sisterhoods in faith that bind all.
21. Readings in Diagnosis and
Prognosis of the World Orders
• Mahbubul Haque
• Frederick Henrique Cardoso, Carl Sagan, Stephen
Hawking, Robert Penrose, Any Rand, Karl Marx
• Rajni Kothari, Ashish Nandi, Meera Nanda, Rosi Braidotti
• Frank Feather, AL Basham, RS Sharma, Sumit
Chakravarty
• Joseph Nye, Richard B Norgaard,Amartya Sen
• Ali Mazrui
• Ali Shariati ,David Harvey, Zygmunt Bauman etc.and
plenty of journals ,newspapers, magazines available in
the libraries of Delhi.
22. Important events initiated /co-
organized by the researcher
• Taking up the concept of world citizen for research as a Ph.D was
done for addressing the critical issues and responding to critical
questions related to identity.
• This made the researcher participate in the campus activities and
initiate some critical activities for generating a better understanding
of the issues.
• In pursuance of the decision of the general body meeting of
International Students House, Delhi University in 1989, the
researcher as vice-president /acting president of International
Students House Union organized Youth March for Humanity Against
Nuclear Weapons and Arms Race on September 5,1989 from
International Students House to University Stadium where the
marchers were addressed by Margret Alva.
• A call for United Nations was read by the researcher with
Zhoponeyi Zuo addressing the gathering as Convener of the March.
23. …contd
• A seminar on Ethnicity, Self Determination and
Xenophobia organized in 1992 in the
background of the most heinous crimes against
muslims in Bosnia Herzgovina (formerly part of
Ugoslavia) in the post-cold war era .
• Leading a delegation of international scholars
and student to Eternal Voyage, An International
Meet of Tribal and Analogous Peoples on the
eve of international year of indigenous people in
1992.
• Mosaic of cultures at Hansraj College 1993
24. … contd
• Publication of letters in Asian Age bemoaning
the thesis of Samuel P Huntington from the
perspective of ecological safety.
• Denouncing the bare-breasted cartoon of Queen
Noor Jehan, the wife of Emperor Jehangeer
assuming that the cartoon was inspired by post-
modernist ethos of denunciation of all truth
claims with liberty for all forms of expressions.
• Critique of the letter by Juliet Reynolds
• Defense of arch-conservatism considering the
respect of the institution of family across the faith
narratives.
25. Researcher’s responses to the ongoing major
political, cultural and thought processes
• Conceptual organisation formed for defining the terms of
artistic and cultural criticism
• Eternity Index proposed in the international meet for
analyzing the habitats, consumption and production
patterns making a sharp distinction between renewable
and non-renewable resources.
• With value ranging between 1 and 0 considering the
dependence on non-renewable resource based services
and commodities, the indigenous people living in pristine
agriculture and pastoral based habitats with ecologically
sustainable livelihood were declared to have the value of
1 while the rest in skyscraper based habitats were
declared to have 0 value on the Eternity Index.
26. …contd. Interests of the children of
40th century invoked
• Recognizing the critical need to transition to an
age when non-renewable resources would not
be there, the interests of children of 40 th century
are invoked.
• This was done for shaping the consumption,
production and habitats now preventing the
expansion of non-renewable resource based
urban habitats
• It was realised that concept of world citizen
enables this transition in the best way.
27. Methodology
• Discourse analysis through defining framework for global
governance following the just order values accepted as
the defining values for analyzing propositions as
cognitive representation for the concept of world citizen.
• Administering questionnaires among the students,
diplomats, university teachers, journalists and embassies
for examining the understanding of nation state,
implication of the adoption world citizenship,
identification of the names considered world citizens
among the respondents
• Administering the questionnaire on the attributes of a
world citizen
28. Findings
• There are two levels of findings- first is the
finding from the overall engagement with the
issues as a participant observer and the second
level of findings are derived from administering
the questionnaires.
• Somehow the finding from engagements
dominated the findings from the questionnaires
as these showed prescription for the
establishment of just world order in monotheistic
framework.
29. Recommendations
• Global adoption of monotheistic framework for
addressing the significant global challenges.
• Denunciation of atheistic hegemony both in neo-
liberal and communist perspective.
• Suggestion for reviewing the classification
related to homosexuality revised in 1969 through
the vote of psychiatrists in USA.
• Monotheistic framework recommended for
addressing ecological, political, economic and
cultural issues.
30. ..contd
• Revisiting anti-church literature in Europe from
the purist Islamic perspective and discussing the
implication afresh for best relations with muslim
world.
• All are de-facto world citizens with family
background and roots .The challenge is to
establish world government with justice and
abundant peace and cooperation across the
nations and within the social groups.
• More in the dissertation
31. Limitations
• Mixture of methods rendering the research
findings getting closer to more subjectivity.
• Theoretical denunciations need more
analytical rigor with detailed description.
However, this would have made the
dissertation more bulky.
• Full-bodied prescription for just world
order was beyond the remit of the thesis.
32. Electronic discussions where the
finding of the thesis were shared
• World Bank supported discussion on business ethics
www2.worldbank.org/hm/hmethics
• Takingitglobal http://muhammad_mukhtar_alam.tigweb.org
• UNDP discussion on Capacity Building http://capacity.org/undp-forum
• Global Knowledge for Development e-discussion on globalisation
• GKD discussion on global development gateway for the foundational
principles
• Global Justice Movement www.globaljusticemovement.net
• International Simultaneous Policy Discussion www.simpol.org
• Open Politics www.openpolitics.ca
• Cybernetica www.cybernetica.org exploring evolution, cognitive change and
future world order
• Millennium Forum on the eve of new millennium with participation of Jame N
Rose, Dennis Oku, Craig Hubley, Robkey E George, Wesley E Burt,
Jennifer Courioro, Michell Bird etc. Craig Hubley , an anarchist Green
supported the researchers call for making a distinction between who
advocated the culture of prayer and those who did not.