Practical application of advanced molecular techniques in the improvement of animal agriculture: The cases of camel, cattle, sheep, goat, donkeys and chicken in Ethiopia
Presented by Tadelle Dessie, Mengistie Taye, Adebabay Kebede, Kefena Effa, Zewdu Edea and Wondmeneh Esatu at the 27 Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), EIAR, Addis Ababa, 29–31 August 2019
Presented by Raphael Mrode, ILRI, at the workshop on Essential Knowledge for Effective Improvement and Dissemination of Genetics in Sheep and Goats, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3–5 November 2020
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Presented by Raphael Mrode, ILRI, at the workshop on Essential Knowledge for Effective Improvement and Dissemination of Genetics in Sheep and Goats, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3–5 November 2020
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
Introduction:
Proposed by Meuwissen et al. (2001)
GS is a specialized form of MAS, in which information from genotype data on marker alleles covering the entire genome forms the basis of selection.
The effects associated with all the marker loci, irrespective of whether the effects are significant or not, covering the entire genome are estimated.
The marker effect estimates are used to calculate the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of different individuals/lines, which form the basis of selection.
Why to go for genomic selection:
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is well-suited for handling oligogenes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with large effects but not for minor QTLs.
MARS attempts to take into account small effect QTLs by combining trait phenotype data with marker genotype data into a combined selection index.
Based on markers showing significant association with the trait(s) and for this reason has been criticized as inefficient
The genomic selection (GS) scheme was to rectify the deficiency of MAS and MARS schemes. The GS scheme utilizes information from genome-wide marker data whether or not their associations with the concerned trait(s) are significant.
GEBV: GenomicEstimated Breeding Values-
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Gene-assisted genomic selection:
A GS model that uses information about prior known QTLs, the targeted QTLs were accumulated in much higher frequencies than when the standard ridge regression was used
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Population used:
Training population: used for training of the GS model and for obtaining estimates of the marker-associated effects needed for estimation of GEBVs of individuals/lines in the breeding population.
Breeding population: the population subjected to GS for achieving the desired improvement and isolation of superior lines for use as new varieties/parents of new improved hybrids.
Training population-
large enough: must be representative of the breeding population: max. trait variance with marker : by cluster analysis
should have either equal or comparable LD, LD decay rates with breeding populations
Updated by including individuals/lines from the breeding population
Training more than one generation
Low colinearity between markers is needed since high colinearity tends to reduce prediction accuracy of certain GS models. (colinearity disturbed by recombination)
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Genetic basis and improvement of reproductive traitsILRI
Presented by Aynalem Haile and Mourad Rekik (ICARDA) at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
Progeny Testing is a method for accurately evaluating and selecting top bulls and using them to produce future bulls
The parents of progeny with higher performance for desired traits are selected for future breeding
Conservation of farm animal genetic resourcesIllaya Kumar
India is a vast country, rich in biodiversity. With its geographical area of 329 million hectares, India has almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world, ranging from perpetual snow cover to equatorial and tropical conditions, from mangroves to humid tropics and hot and cold deserts as well as all the intermediate conditions. Before the advent of fossil fuel, animal energy was the only source of farm power and that also mainly from bullocks. In the recent past, a number of native breeds are facing fast genetic degradation and dilution because of intensive production system and unplanned introduction and use of exotic germplasm. This scenario, if continued, might result in depletion of the invaluable native germplasm having better potentiality for production, draught capacity, resistance to diseases and heat tolerance ability. In general, indigenous breeds provide the necessary genetic diversity needed by modern agriculture as a means to ensure stability and are vital building blocks for future livestock breeding programmes. Conservation of indigenous animal is needed for Genetic insurance, Scientific study, Economic potential, Environmental considerations, Cultural and ethical requirements, Energy source by In situ or Ex situ conservation techniques. There are some agencies like NBAGR involved in livestock conservation and the government also implemented projects for breeds conservation. There are many successful stories such as Sabarmathi Ashram goshala in the conservation of native breeds. Many foreign countries have realized the genetic potential of our indigenous breeds and using them for improvement of their germplasm. It is high time to proceed to conserve our germplasm.
Biodiversity, resource base, animal breed level characterization, and utility...ILRI
Presented by Tadelle Dessie (ILRI) at the ILRI-ICARDA Training Course on Methods and approaches of Phenotypic characterization of Animal Genetic Resources (Goats), Addis Ababa, 20-21 December 2012
The direct microinjection of DNA into the cytoplasm or nuclei of cultured cells is sometimes used as a transfection method. It is highly efficient at the level of individual cells. The most significant use of this technique is introduction of DNA into the oocytes, eggs and embryos of animals, either for transient expression analysis (e.g. in fish or Xenopus) or to generate transgenic animals (e.g. mice, Drosophilathis). The procedure is time consuming and only a small number of cells can be treated. Originally, this technique was used for the transformation of cells that were resistant to any other method of transfection. Stable transfection efficiencies are extremely high, in the order of 20%, and very small quantities of DNA are sufficient.
This technique provides direct nuclear delivery of DNA avoiding the endogenous pathway and also ensures that the DNA is delivered intact. Microinjection is suitable for the introduction of large vectors such as YACs into the pronuclei of fertilized mouse eggs. DNA delivered in this manner must be very pure so it needs a lot of preparation as it is necessary to avoid fragmentation. Shearing can also occur in the delivery needle, and large DNA fragments are often protected by suspension in a high salt buffer and/or mixing with polyamines and other protective agents. Now transfection of cultured cells is automated with computer-controlled micromanipulation and microinjection processes as well as the automated production of injection capillaries and the standardization of cell preparation procedure.
Introduction:
Proposed by Meuwissen et al. (2001)
GS is a specialized form of MAS, in which information from genotype data on marker alleles covering the entire genome forms the basis of selection.
The effects associated with all the marker loci, irrespective of whether the effects are significant or not, covering the entire genome are estimated.
The marker effect estimates are used to calculate the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of different individuals/lines, which form the basis of selection.
Why to go for genomic selection:
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is well-suited for handling oligogenes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with large effects but not for minor QTLs.
MARS attempts to take into account small effect QTLs by combining trait phenotype data with marker genotype data into a combined selection index.
Based on markers showing significant association with the trait(s) and for this reason has been criticized as inefficient
The genomic selection (GS) scheme was to rectify the deficiency of MAS and MARS schemes. The GS scheme utilizes information from genome-wide marker data whether or not their associations with the concerned trait(s) are significant.
GEBV: GenomicEstimated Breeding Values-
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Gene-assisted genomic selection:
A GS model that uses information about prior known QTLs, the targeted QTLs were accumulated in much higher frequencies than when the standard ridge regression was used
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Population used:
Training population: used for training of the GS model and for obtaining estimates of the marker-associated effects needed for estimation of GEBVs of individuals/lines in the breeding population.
Breeding population: the population subjected to GS for achieving the desired improvement and isolation of superior lines for use as new varieties/parents of new improved hybrids.
Training population-
large enough: must be representative of the breeding population: max. trait variance with marker : by cluster analysis
should have either equal or comparable LD, LD decay rates with breeding populations
Updated by including individuals/lines from the breeding population
Training more than one generation
Low colinearity between markers is needed since high colinearity tends to reduce prediction accuracy of certain GS models. (colinearity disturbed by recombination)
Introduction.
Definition.
Importance of transgenic animals.
Transgenic mice
Methods for introducing a foreign gene:
The retroviral vector method
The DNA microinjection method/ pronuclear microinjection
Genetically engineered embryonic stem cells
Transgenic fish
What is transgenic fish?
A few facts to know to know about transgenic fish.
Important points needed for genetic engineering (gene transfer) to produce transgenic fish.
Development of transgenic fishes.
A few examples
Auto-transgenesis.
Controlled culture of transgenic fish and feed.
Gene transfer technology for development of transgenic fishes.
Gene flow.
Food safety issues.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Genetic basis and improvement of reproductive traitsILRI
Presented by Aynalem Haile and Mourad Rekik (ICARDA) at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
Progeny Testing is a method for accurately evaluating and selecting top bulls and using them to produce future bulls
The parents of progeny with higher performance for desired traits are selected for future breeding
Conservation of farm animal genetic resourcesIllaya Kumar
India is a vast country, rich in biodiversity. With its geographical area of 329 million hectares, India has almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world, ranging from perpetual snow cover to equatorial and tropical conditions, from mangroves to humid tropics and hot and cold deserts as well as all the intermediate conditions. Before the advent of fossil fuel, animal energy was the only source of farm power and that also mainly from bullocks. In the recent past, a number of native breeds are facing fast genetic degradation and dilution because of intensive production system and unplanned introduction and use of exotic germplasm. This scenario, if continued, might result in depletion of the invaluable native germplasm having better potentiality for production, draught capacity, resistance to diseases and heat tolerance ability. In general, indigenous breeds provide the necessary genetic diversity needed by modern agriculture as a means to ensure stability and are vital building blocks for future livestock breeding programmes. Conservation of indigenous animal is needed for Genetic insurance, Scientific study, Economic potential, Environmental considerations, Cultural and ethical requirements, Energy source by In situ or Ex situ conservation techniques. There are some agencies like NBAGR involved in livestock conservation and the government also implemented projects for breeds conservation. There are many successful stories such as Sabarmathi Ashram goshala in the conservation of native breeds. Many foreign countries have realized the genetic potential of our indigenous breeds and using them for improvement of their germplasm. It is high time to proceed to conserve our germplasm.
Similar to Practical application of advanced molecular techniques in the improvement of animal agriculture: The cases of camel, cattle, sheep, goat, donkeys and chicken in Ethiopia
Biodiversity, resource base, animal breed level characterization, and utility...ILRI
Presented by Tadelle Dessie (ILRI) at the ILRI-ICARDA Training Course on Methods and approaches of Phenotypic characterization of Animal Genetic Resources (Goats), Addis Ababa, 20-21 December 2012
Genetics is the science of heredity and variation.
All animals have a predetermined genotype that they inherit from their parents.
The information in an organism's genes provides a biological blueprint for its appearance, function and survival and largely defines its similarities and differences with other organisms.
The genetics of livestock are therefore a critical factor influencing animal production and health.
However an animal’s genotype can be manipulated by breeding and more advanced scientific technique (genetic engineering and cloning)
Genetic makeup of animals have been manipulated to: improve productivity, increase efficiency, and adaptability.
Successful manipulation of the genetic composition of animals requires a depth understanding of fundamental principles of genetics.
Bovine mastitis has a negative impact through economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. A cross sectional study was carried out from September 2015 to July 2016 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and isolation of major causative bacteria in lactating dairy cows in selected districts of central highland of Ethiopia. A total of 304 lactating cows selected randomly from five districts were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT) for subclinical mastitis. Based on CMT result and clinical examination, over all prevalence of mastitis at cow level was 70.62% (214/304).
Two hundred fourteen milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of major causative bacteria. From 214 milk samples,187 were culture positive and the most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus 42.25% (79/187) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae 14.43%
(27/187). Other bacterial isolates were included Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species 12.83% (24/187), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 5.88% (11/187), Escherichia coli 13.38% (25/187) and Entrococcus feacalis 11.23% (21/187) were also isolated. Moreover, age, parity number, visible teat abnormalities,husbandry practice, barn fl oor status and milking hygiene were considered as risk factors for the occurrence of bovine mastitis and they were found significantly associated with the occurrence of mastitis (p < 0.05). The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers’ awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
COMMUNITY BASED-SMALL RUMINANT BREEDING PROGRAM IN ETHIOPIA: CURRENT RESEARC...Mohammed Endris Seid
review the current research status and challenges of existing community-based Smallruminant breeding programs
in Ethiopia
Community-based breeding increases the productivity and profitability of indigenous breeds without undermining the resilience and genetic integrity,and
without expensive (and potentially diversity-reducing) interventions
Assessing economic value of poultry health service and genetic resources in r...ILRI
Poster prepared by Zelalem Gutu Terfa, S. Garikipati, Girma Tesfahun Kassie, J.M. Bettridge, Tadelle Dessie, P. Wigley and R.M. Christley for the Annual Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013.
Presented by Breeding and genetics (Aynalem Haile and Joram Mwacharo), Reproduction, (Mourad Mourad Rekik) Feed (Jane Wamatu) Health (Solomon Gizaw) and Markets (Girma Tesfahun) at the SmaRT Ethiopia workshop and field day on Small Ruminant Community Based Breeding Program (CBBP), Hosaena, Ethiopia, 27–28 March 2018
Artificial Insemination Present Scenerio and Future Prospects by Dr J S Rajor...Jeetendra Singh Rajoriya
The first scientific research in artificial insemination of animals was performed on
dogs in 1780 by the Italian scientist, Lazzaro spallanzani.
In 1907 Ivanov reported the successful results of a series of artificial inseminations
in mares.
In india A.I. was introduced as early as 1939 by P Sampath Kumaran in mysore state at palace dairy farm.
First buffalo calf achieved by A.I. in india August 1943 at agriculture institute Allahabad.
Systemic work on A.I. was undertaken in 1944 at IVRI, izatnagar under the guidance of Dr. P. Bhattacharya.
Developing innovative digital technology and genomic approaches to livestock ...ILRI
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Genomics selection in livestock: ILRI–ICARDA perspectivesILRI
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Overview of International Livestock Research (ILRI) activities in EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Siboniso Moyo at a Consultative Meeting on Strengthening CGIAR - EARS partnerships for effective agricultural transformation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 4–5 December 2014
Genomics, mutation breeding and society - IAEA Coffee & Banana meeting - Schw...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
Presentation on genomics, plant breeding and society for the IAEA / FAO joint Coordinated Research Programme CRP Research Coordination Meeting RCM Efficient screening techniques to identify mutants with disease resistance for coffee and banana CRP D22005 Lisbon June 2017 Pat Heslop-Harrison and Trude Schwarzacher. Emphasizing use of germplasm resources and mutation induction to meet challenges facing farmers, including overview of our work in the Molecular Cytogenetics lab. and plans for Ensete, Ethiopian banana. We discuss genotyping and phenotyping: areas where there have been huge improvements in the last decade. We discuss the need for superdomestication: consideration of traits needed by farmers and society in new crop varieties before generation of these varieties using appropriate genes and technologies to meet the challenges of sustainable, productive agriculture. Collaboration and education are needed globally to generate new sustainable crop varieties. see www.molcyt.com for more information about our research
Slide 6 Table 9 from http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ae216e/ae216e08.htm Biotechnology and in vitro mutagenesis for banana improvement - Mak Chai, YW Ho, KW Liew, JM Asif
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Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Practical application of advanced molecular techniques in the improvement of animal agriculture: The cases of camel, cattle, sheep, goat, donkeys and chicken in Ethiopia
1. Practical Application of Advanced Molecular Techniques
in the Improvement of Animal Agriculture: The Cases of
Camel, Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Donkeys and Chicken in
Ethiopia
Tadelle Dessie, Mengistie Taye,
Adebabay Kebede, Kefena Effa,
Zewdu Edea and Wondmeneh Esatu
27 Annual Conference of Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP)
EIAR, Addis Ababa, 29–31 August 2019
2. I Introduction
Ⅱ What are molecular techniques?
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Conclusion and implicationsV
Advantages of molecular techniques
Application of Molecular genetic techniques in Ethiopian livestock
3. Introduction:
Why do we
bother while
Selection is doing
so well?
• Selection of best performing strains have been
practiced for several years now
• Immense achievements were possible through
selection
• The need for more production, efficiency and
robustness remains critical
• Decision making tools are therefore required
6. Additional tool in
identifying the right
animal
• The information can be used in
selection programs that aimed at
increasing productivity,
enhancing environmental
suitability/ adaptation and
thereby maintaining genetic
diversity.
• The first step is to understand the
genetic control of the trait of
interest and then to identify the
genes involved.
• The choice of breeds for such
studies should be informed by a
knowledge of inbreeding, genetic
diversity, and population
structure.
7. What are molecular techniques in general?
Molecular genetics
• investigates the genetic makeup of living things at the molecular (DNA, RNA,
and Protein) level.
• It involves the identification and mapping of genes and genetic
polymorphisms associated with adaptation and productive traits.
• involves the manipulation and analysis of DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid.
• Molecular techniques are commonly used in molecular biology, biochemistry,
genetics, and biophysics disciplines.
8. Advantages of molecular techniques
• Conventional animal breeding is related to the
phenotypic selection where traits are measured
directly, animals with superior performance in the traits
are used as parents of the next generation.
• Selection based on phenotypic traits have limitations
associated with data collection and precision of
measurement unless proper measures are taken.
• Can only be applied for traits measured easily and
moderately to highly heritable, and it is costly as it
demands the maintenance of the breeding stock during
measurement.
Nevertheless, to date, most genetic progress
for quantitative traits in livestock has been
made by selection on phenotype or
Estimated Breeding Values (EBV) derived
from the phenotype without knowledge of
the number of genes that affect the trait or
the effects of each gene.
9. Advantages contd…
1
Genetic progress may be enhanced with the
knowledge of the genetic architecture of
quantitative traits: the underlying genetic basis
of a phenotypic trait and its variational
properties.
2
Molecular genetic information can result in greater
genetic gain than phenotypic information is with
no genotyping error, the molecular genetic
information is free from environmental effects
resulting in highest heritability.
10. Advantages contd…
Molecular genetic information can be obtained at an early age
that selection decision can be made earlier and generations
intervals are quite short.
Molecular genetic information can be obtained on all selected
candidates, which is especially beneficial for sex-limited traits,
traits that are expensive or difficult to record, or traits that
require the slaughter of the animal (carcass traits).
With molecular genetic techniques, it is possible to unravel
many genetic polymorphisms at the DNA level.
12. Camel
• Camel is an important animal in arid
areas of the country
• The pressure due to shortages of
feed causing movement
• DNA sequences from mitochondrial
cytochrome-b gene and genotyping
of 6 nuclear microsatellite loci were
examined to assess genetic diversity
and phylogenetic relationship of
Ethiopian camels (Yoseph et al 2018).
13. Cattle
• There have been some attempts to characterize populations
at the genome level (Taye et al., 2018; Edea et al., 2017;
Zerabruk et al., 2011).
• African cattle are believed to have developed a wide range of
adaptations to tropical environments
• Hailu et al. (2008), evaluated the genetic diversity, population
structure and degree of admixture of 10 Ethiopian cattle
populations using 30 microsatellite markers.
• The main target was to find out if the current uncontrolled
mating practices resulted a high risk of becoming genetically
homogeneous.
• The study revealed that the various levels of admixture and
high genetic diversity make Ethiopian cattle populations
suitable for future genetic improvement, and utilization under
a wide range of agro-ecologies in Ethiopia.
• The genetic variability and extent of population substructures
in five indigenous cattle breeds of North-Western Ethiopia
were also studied using 22 microsatellite markers.
14. Genetic diversity, with-in
variability and putative gens
• Controlling gene flow between breeds by
adopting effective breeding and management
practices to maintain variability and overcome
within-breed substructures is suggested to
facilitate the conservation and utilization of
each breed (Zewdu et.al., 2010).
• Zerabruk et al. (2011), considered
microsatellite variation to determine genetic
diversity, population structure and admixture
of seven North Ethiopian cattle breeds by
combining multiple microsatellite data sets
from other cattle populations abroad.
• Overall, North Ethiopian cattle showed a high
level of within‐population genetic variation
and indicated their potential for future
breeding applications.
• Results of the analysis identified important
putative genes and gene regions that are
involved in different biological processes and
pathways associated with different tropical
environment adaptation traits including
thermotolerance, disease and parasite
resistance and feed utilization.
15. Chicken
• Genetic improvement of indigenous chicken exercises in Ethiopia, as
in other developing countries, have been towards the use of exotic
chicken strains to improve the local chicken.
• Extensive crossbreeding has been common over the 5 decades of
poultry research in Ethiopia. An exception is a single selective
breeding program in indigenous chicken in Ethiopia with the
application of quantitative genetics approaches
• The earlier research on the genetic characterization was by Tadelle
(2003) who have characterized five chicken ecotypes of Ethiopia using
microsatellite markers. The result has led to the discovery of some
unique alleles that are believed to be involved in production traits.
• Later, Halima (2007) has characterized some indigenous ecotypes
from Northwestern parts of Ethiopia using microsatellite markers to
reveal the between- and within-population genetic variations.
16. • A genome-wide association study (GWAS)
conducted by Psifidi et al (2016) using single
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to
reveal the association of markers with
phenotypic traits.
• SNPs significantly associated with immune
system, disease resistance, and production
traits in indigenous village chickens were
identified. Adebabay (2019), studied the
genetic diversity and population structure of
Ethiopian chicken strains.
• The study further investigated the signature
of artificial selection with a whole-genome
analysis that showed positive genetic
selection through a short-term selective
breeding program.
17. Evaluation of changes using genomic approach
• Selective breeding for genetic improvement
is expected to leave distinctive selection
signatures within genomes.’
• PCA was performed using all SNPs from 27
populations (n = 20,867,451 SNPs)
(Adebabay, 2019)
• PC1 (25.95%) separates Improved Horro
from the rest of non-improved chicken
populations.
18. Donkeys
• Genetic diversity and matrilineal genetic signature of
native Ethiopian donkeys (Equus asinus) inferred from
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence polymorphism
was conducted (Kefena et al., 2014).
• In the study, mtDNA sequence polymorphisms of six
morphologically diverse domestic donkeys (Equus
asinus) populations in Ethiopia was investigated.
• The result suggested that Ethiopia could be one of the
centers of diversities for domestic donkeys in the Horn
of Africa.
• The present study also overrides some previous reports
that claimed donkeys were solely an Egyptian
domesticate.
19. Goats
• The genetic diversity within and among 11
indigenous Ethiopian goat populations/types was
investigated using microsatellite markers (Tesfaye,
2004).
• Solomon (2014) studied the molecular genetic
diversity and homozygous segments of two goat
breeds of Ethiopia using 47K genome-wide SNPs
markers to understand the within and between
breed diversity for future breed improvement and
conservation planning.
• Getnet et al. (2017) also used mtDNA markers to
characterize the genetic diversity and population
structure of Ethiopian goats.
• Another study by Getnet et al. (2017), identified
genetic variants associated with fecundity traits in
some Ethiopian goat populations, and this could be
used in Marker Assisted Selection.
20. Sheep
• The genetic and morphological diversity and
population structure of 14 traditional sheep
populations originating from four ecological zones in
Ethiopia (sub‐alpine, wet highland, sub‐humid
lowland, and arid lowland) were studied by Gizaw et
al., (2007).
• The study showed a strong indication of adaptive
divergence in morphological characters, patterns of
morphological variation being highly associated with
ecology.
• The genetic diversity and population structure of
Ethiopian sheep populations were characterized
using high-density SNP markers to reveal their
genetic diversity for improving breeding strategies
and mapping quantitative trait loci associated with
productivity (Zewdu et al. 2017).
• The high-density SNP data generated in the study
can be used to identify genes and pathways relevant
for physiological adaptation to extreme
environments and variation in phenotypic traits
(Zewdu et al. 2017).
21. Practical examples from ILRI
Cryopreservation!
• A response to conservation
plea!!
• Methodology proven,
collection and
cryopreservation started
23. AfriChickSNP
In molecular biology, SNP array is
a type of DNA microarray which
is used to detect polymorphisms
within a population.
A DNA microarray is a collection
of microscopic DNA spots
attached to a solid surface.
Being developed, once released
it will be used for screening and
genetic improvement
24. Conclusion and implications
• Advanced molecular techniques being used to some extent
in various species, mainly focusing on the characterization
of genetic diversity and population structure.
• They all are academic efforts and not supported by
phenotypic information.
• Conventional breeding approaches which would have
provided an opportunity to make use of the pieces of
knowledge and information generated from the molecular
technique exercises seemed to be given less attention.
• Very poor commitment from researchers is also hampering
the application of the knowledge in the design of the
breeding programs. Researchers were not committed
enough to further peruse the avenue of breeding programs
that are to be set up in villages.
• The lesson can be learned from community-based breeding
program for Menze sheep and Horro chicken breeding
programs.
• Among the molecular technique studies, some of the
efforts help in better understanding of the domestication
but practically less important.
• Donkeys being hardy animals, are most appreciated by
villagers for their ability to thrive and perform under harsh
environments.
• Breeding programs to improve their traction ability might
be more relevant but needs to be based on farmers
interests.
25. Take home message
• The use of molecular genetic technologies offers
• a way to identify and select breeding animal at an early age,
• to select for a wide range of traits, and
• to enhance reliability in predicting the phenotype on the mature individual.
• The broad categories of existing gene-based options include
• molecular analysis of genetic diversity,
• animal identification and traceability production,
• reproductive enhancement, transgenic livestock,
• germ line manipulation, and
• gene-based trait selection.
26. Take home message
• The eventual application of molecular
genetics in breeding programs depends
on developments in the following four
key areas:
• Molecular genetics: identification
and mapping of genes and genetic
polymorphisms
• QTL detection: detection and
estimation of associations of
identified genes and genetic
markers with economic traits
• Genetic evaluation: integration of
phenotypic and genotypic data in
statistical methods to estimate
breeding values of individual
animals in a breeding population
• Marker-assisted selection:
development of breeding strategies
and programs for the use of
molecular genetic information in
selection and mating program