This document discusses wind energy and wind turbines. It begins by noting that wind energy is an important renewable source as fossil fuel prices rise. Wind turbines can produce serious amounts of electricity. The document then covers wind principles, the Beaufort scale of wind speeds, how power increases with wind velocity, and the solidity and tip speed ratio of wind turbines. It provides information on the potential, growth, and installed capacity of wind energy globally and in various countries and Indian states. The document discusses different types of wind turbines and their evolution. It covers wind turbine design, economics, typical costs, concerns with wind energy, and concludes that wind energy is a pollution-free source with good future potential.

1. Introduction
Wind Energy
Presentation
on

2.  Energy is a major input for overall socio-
economic development of any society
 The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing
 So renewables are expected to play a key role
 Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable
 Wind turbines are up to the task of producing
serious amounts of electricity

3. Principles

4. Uneven heating of earth’s surface and rotation

5. Force Strength km/h Effect
0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically
1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly
2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle
3 Gentle breeze 12-19 Twigs move; light flag unfurls
4 Moderate breeze 20-29 Dust and paper blown about; small branches move
5 Fresh breeze 30-39 Wavelets on inland water; small trees move
6 Strong breeze 40-50 Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out
7 Near gale 51-61 Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind
8 Gale 62-74 Twigs break off trees; walking very hard
9 Strong gale 75-87 Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down
10 Storm 88-101 Widespread damage to buildings
11 Violent Storm 102-117 Widespread damage to buildings
12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation
Beaufort Scale

6. Power vs. Velocity

7. Solidity and Tip speed ratio

8. Potential

9.  Huge potential exists
 Available potential can contribute five times the world
energy demand
 0.4% contribution to total energy

10. Wind is currently the world’s fastest growing energy source

12. Growth of Wind EnergyMWInstalled
Year

14. Wind Energy generating capacity by country,
1980-2003

15. Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005

16. Available potential in India

17. Wind Power Density of India

18. All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004
Hydro
26%
Gas
10%Coal
58%
Nuclear
2%
Wind
3%
Diesel
1%

19. Installed capacity (MW) in India
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

20. State wise potential in India, 2005
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Gross Potential 8275 9675 6620 875 5500 3650 1700 5400 3050 450
Installed Capacity 120.6 253.53 410.75 2 28.85 456.15 2 284.76 2040.3 1.1
AP
Gujara
t
Karnat
aka
Kerala MP
Mahar
ashtra
Orissa
Rajast
han
TN WB
MW

21. Technology

22. Turbine Evolution
Used for
• Pumping water
• Grinding grain
Mainly used for
• Generating Electricity

23. Types of turbines
VAWT
 Drag is the main force
 Nacelle is placed at the bottom
 Yaw mechanism is not required
 Lower starting torque
 Difficulty in mounting the turbine
 Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

24. HAWT
 Lift is the main force
 Much lower cyclic stresses
 95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs
 Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower
 Yaw mechanism is required

25. Two types of HAWT
DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

26.  Counter Rotating HAWT
 Increase the rotation speed
 Rear one is smaller and stalls at high
wind speeds
 Operates for wider range of wind speeds

27. Offshore turbines
 More wind speeds
 Less noise pollution
 Less visual impact
 Difficult to install and maintain
 Energy losses due long distance transport

28. A Typical HAWT

29. Turbine design and
construction
 Blades
 Material used
 Typical length
 Tower heightTower height
 Heights twice the blade length are found
economical

30.  Number of blades
 Three blade HAWT are most efficient
 Two blade turbines don’t require a hub
 As the number increases; noise, wear and
cost increase and efficiency decreases
 Multiple blade turbines are generally used
for water pumping purposes

31.  Rotational control
 Maintenance
 Noise reduction
 Centripetal force reduction
 Mechanisms
 Stalling
 Furling

32.  Yaw Mechanism
 To turn the turbine against the wind
 Yaw error and fatigue loads
 Uses electric motors and gear boxes
 Wind turbine safety
 Sensors – controlling vibrations
 Over speed protection
 Aero dynamic braking
 Mechanical braking

33. Improvements
 Concentrators

34. Future Wind Turbines
Wind Amplified Rotor Platform

35.  Disc type wind turbine
 Much more efficient than HAWT
 Requires less height
 Low noise
 Works in any wind direction

36. Economics

37.  Determining Factors
 Wind Speed
 Turbine design and construction
 Rated capacity of the turbine
 Exact Location
 Improvements in turbine design
 Capital

38.  Wind Speed Matters
Assuming the
same size
project, the
better the
wind
resource, the
lower the
cost.

39.  Size Matters
Assuming the
same wind speed
of 8.08 m/s, a
large wind farm is
more economical

40.  Break down of capital cost

41. Energy Cost Trend
1979: 40 cents/kWh
 Increased
Turbine Size
 R&D Advances
 Manufacturing
Improvements
2004:
3 – 4.5 cents/kWh
2000:
4 - 6 cents/kWh

42. Typical cost statistics
 Size: 51 MW
 Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour
 Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW)
 Annual production: 150 million kW-hr
 Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents
 Payback period: 20 years

43. Future

45. Wind Capital Cost

46.  Cost of Wind Energy

47. Typical Concerns

48.  Visual impact
 Off shore turbines
 Arrangement
 Avian concerns
 Suitable choice of site
 Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower
 Using radars

49.  Noise
 Varies as 5th
power of relative wind speed
 Streamlining of tower and nacelle
 Acoustic insulation of nacelle
 Specially designed gear box
 Use of upwind turbines
 Reducing angle of attack
 Low tip speed ratios

50.  Changes in wind patterns
 Reducing turbulence
 Intermittent
 Coupling with hydro or solar energy
 TV, microwave, radar interference
 Switching from conducting material to non-
conducting and composite material

51. Conclusion

52.  Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly
 Wind energy has very good potential and it is the fastest
growing energy source
 The future looks bright for wind energy because technology
is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming
more efficient

53. THANK YOU