Why electric vehicles
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Electric vehicles have several advantages over gasoline vehicles: 1) They are more energy efficient since electric motors lose less energy as heat compared to internal combustion engines. 2) EVs produce no tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution. 3) EVs are quieter in operation than gasoline vehicles. The document then describes different types of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrain systems including their energy storage, power sources, and energy flow characteristics. These include fully electric vehicles, hybrids with series, parallel, or combined systems, as well as mild and micro hybrids with varying degrees of electric assistance.
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HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. INTRODUCTION
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel.
Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor.
Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.
The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications include PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless DC motor), SRM (switched reluctance motor) and AC induction motor.
A main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated.
The maximum operational braking torque is less than the maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a car.
The battery pack in a HEV has a much higher voltage than the SIL automotive 12 Volts battery, in order to reduce the currents and the I2R losses.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running. Especially in long haul trucks, electrical power steering saves a lot of energy.
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HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
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1. INTRODUCTION
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel.
Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor.
Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations.
The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications include PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless DC motor), SRM (switched reluctance motor) and AC induction motor.
A main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated.
The maximum operational braking torque is less than the maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a car.
The battery pack in a HEV has a much higher voltage than the SIL automotive 12 Volts battery, in order to reduce the currents and the I2R losses.
Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running. Especially in long haul trucks, electrical power steering saves a lot of energy.
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Solar Power Charge Controller
A solar charge controller regulates voltage and current from solar panels to batteries to prevent overcharging. It uses op-amps, MOSFETs, diodes and other components. Solar panels produce more than 12 volts, so the controller ensures batteries charge to 14-14.5 volts. It also protects against overcharging, deep discharge, and undervoltage. Charge controllers are used in solar home systems, street lights, hybrid power systems, and water pumps to store solar energy in batteries.
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This document discusses the design aspects of standalone solar PV systems. It begins by providing background on solar PV technology and India's solar energy potential. The key components of a standalone solar system are then explained - solar modules, batteries, charge controller, inverter. The document outlines the steps to design a system, including assessing the load, sizing the battery bank and solar panels. An example design for a 436W system is presented along with component selection and cost estimation of around 175,000 INR. Proper design considering location factors is emphasized to satisfy load demand economically.
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The document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It provides a brief history of HEVs from early steam and electric vehicles to modern hybrid models. The key components of HEVs are described, including smaller gasoline engines, electric motors, generators, batteries, and power split devices. The main configurations - series, parallel, and series-parallel - are outlined. Modes of operation explain how HEVs switch between electric and gasoline power. Fuel efficiency gains come from shutting off engines during braking/idling and running the engine at optimal speeds with motor assistance. Popular commercial HEV models and their fuel economy and emissions are listed. The conclusion states that HEVs provide a practical solution for fuel-efficient, low
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The document summarizes the key parts of an electric vehicle, including the motor, reducer, battery, on-board charger, and electric power control unit. The motor converts electric energy to kinetic energy to power the wheels. The reducer functions similarly to a transmission to efficiently convey power from the high RPM motor to the wheels. The battery stores electrical energy and its capacity determines the vehicle's driving range, though larger batteries impact performance. The electric power control unit efficiently integrates devices that control electric power flow throughout the vehicle.
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Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
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Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
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Electric vehicles (1)
This document provides information about electric vehicles. It lists the student names and course details in the header. The introduction discusses the history of electric vehicles from their invention in the 19th century to their decline with the rise of gasoline-powered cars. It then describes how electric vehicles work by taking electricity from the grid to charge batteries which power electric motors. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles. Finally, it defines and provides examples of three types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).
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Hybrid vehicles
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The growth and development of motor vehicles were faster than human population. The attention on electric hybrid vehicle was focused in the wake of search for alternative non petroleum fuels. In the electrical car the engine is replaced by an electric motor, fuel cells, etc.
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The document summarizes the key parts of an electric vehicle, including the motor, reducer, battery, on-board charger, and electric power control unit. The motor converts electric energy to kinetic energy to power the wheels. The reducer functions similarly to a transmission to efficiently convey power from the high RPM motor to the wheels. The battery stores electrical energy and its capacity determines the vehicle's driving range, though larger batteries impact performance. The electric power control unit efficiently integrates devices that control electric power flow throughout the vehicle.
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The document discusses wireless charging of electric vehicles. It introduces electric vehicles and their benefits over combustion engine vehicles. It then discusses how wireless charging can help address some limitations of electric vehicles by allowing charging without plugging in. The document outlines the objectives of developing a wireless charging prototype for electric vehicles using inductive coupling technology. It provides a block diagram of the system including components like solar panels, batteries, transformers, regulators, and coils. It explains how energy from the transmitter coil would be wirelessly transmitted to the receiving coil in the electric vehicle to charge its battery. The conclusion discusses the potential of wireless charging to revolutionize electric vehicle technology.
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Electric vehicle charging stations play an important role in supporting the adoption of EVs by addressing "range anxiety". There are different levels of charging with Level 1 being the slowest using a standard 120V outlet, and Level 3/DC fast charging being the fastest but requiring more specialized and expensive equipment. Wireless and solar charging techniques are also being explored. Norway is testing wireless induction charging roads for electric taxis. As EV adoption increases, expanding public charging infrastructure and using solar and vehicle-to-vehicle charging can help increase access to renewable energy for electric transport.
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Indian Railways operates one of the largest railway networks in the world comprising over 115,000 km of track. It carries over 8 billion passengers annually as of 2014-2015. Electric locomotives draw power from overhead lines or third rails to power traction motors that turn the wheels. They convert the high voltage power collected to usable power for the motors through various components like transformers, rectifiers, and inverters. Electric locomotives do not have a conventional engine but rely on electric power from external sources to power the traction motors.
Electric mobility
This document discusses the challenges and solutions related to electric mobility and power utilities. It notes that 93% of transportation energy comes from fossil fuels that will be depleted by 2050. Electric vehicles can help address this by providing an alternative with no emissions or pollution. However, electric mobility faces challenges related to battery technology, vehicle range, and grid infrastructure. Smart grids and vehicle-grid integration can help optimize electric vehicle charging. Future developments aim to improve batteries and charging solutions to make electric mobility more viable and sustainable.
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One of the front runners in the area of renewable energy resources today is solar power. Photovoltaic cells are used to convert solar energy in to useful electrical energy. The objective of this paper is to construct an efficient solar car, for the daily office commuters of Dhaka city so that they can travel a fixed distance that they need to commute everyday on a reliable and economical car that essentially runs on free renewable solar energy. All calculations would be made bearing in mind the maximum distance travelled by Dhaka office commuter i.e. from Uttara to Motijheel since overcoming this distance would be the primary objective of the solar car to be built. The paper illustrates how the charge generated by an array of solar panels is received and its flow in and out of a battery pack is to be controlled using a microcontroller based charge controller to ensure efficient storing of charge in a battery pack. The stored energy would be divulged to a DC motor which would run the car. The design of a motor controller to control the car’s speed and forward/reverse direction of motion is shown. The mechanical construction from scratch of the chassis along with all necessary mechanical systems is illustrated. Finally the wiring of the electrical system onto the mechanical body is demonstrated.
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Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high
price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about
trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried
that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have
the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the
hybrid electric vehicle.
The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less
need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric
is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle.
In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own
hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we
see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric
buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids.
Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.
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Contents of this presenation entitled 'Introduction of different Energy storage systems used in Electric & Hybrid vehicles' is useful for beginners and students
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This document discusses hybrid vehicles. It defines a hybrid vehicle as one with two or more power sources, such as gasoline-electric. Hybrids optimize fuel efficiency by allowing the internal combustion engine to work efficiently while capturing braking energy. There are three main hybrid architectures: parallel, series, and power split. The power split design, seen in Toyota Prius, is a combination of series and parallel that optimizes power delivery. Hybrids improve fuel economy and reduce emissions but cost more upfront due to additional components like batteries.
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This document provides information about electric vehicles. It lists the student names and course details in the header. The introduction discusses the history of electric vehicles from their invention in the 19th century to their decline with the rise of gasoline-powered cars. It then describes how electric vehicles work by taking electricity from the grid to charge batteries which power electric motors. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles. Finally, it defines and provides examples of three types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).
Solar pv
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
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Why electric vehicles
- 1. WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES • Energy efficiency • Low tail pipe emissions • Less noise generation
- 2. What is an Electric Vehicle • Electric Vehicles (EVs) use one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. • An electric vehicle may source its power from off-vehicle onboard battery, or other sources such as solar panels or electric generators.
- 3. Basic Structure of a Hybrid Vehicle The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the Electric motor. The Electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them
- 4. Series hybrid system Series: This is called a series hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in series. A series hybrid system can run a small-output engine in the efficient operating region relatively steadily, generate and supply electricity to the electric motor and efficiently charge the battery. This system is being used in the Coaster Hybrid.
- 5. Parallel hybrid system In a parallel hybrid system, both the engine and the electric motor drive the wheels, and the drive power from these two sources can be utilized according to the prevailing conditions. This is called a parallel hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in parallel.
- 6. Series & parallel hybrid system Series/parallel hybrid system This maximizes both series and parallel systems, it has two motors, and depending on the driving conditions, uses only the electric motor or the driving power from both the electric motor and the engine, in order to achieve the highest efficiency level. This is the system used in the Toyota Prius and the Estima Hybrid.
- 7. Mild Hybrid electric vehicle • A mild-hybrid EV has all the functionality of a micro-hybrid. In addition, it has features that allow it to improve the drawbacks of fossil fuel vehicles by improving the efficiency levels. • The ICE consumes more fuel and emits more pollutants when coasting, braking or idling. In those situations the electric motor will assist in order to increase the efficiency levels by helping the engine operation. • In a mild hybrid, the electric drive motor can assist the engine when extra power is needed, but it is incapable of propelling the vehicle alone.
- 8. Micro hybrid electric vehicle • Micro-hybrid electric vehicles have the lowest contribution of electric power. • In a micro hybrid, the electric motor is used for applications such as stop/start actions of the engine and small scale of regenerative braking. • The start/stop functionality, for example, can help in turning off the engine automatically at a stop light and hence reduce the fuel consumption. • The electric drivetrain, however, cannot be used to supply additional torque to the wheels
- 9. Full hybrid car • full hybrid car has the characteristics that the electric motor provide at least 40% of the maximum range power as additional torque. • These type of cars include a large motor and battery bank; this feature gives the opportunity to reduce the size of the combustion engine especially in a parallel or series-parallel configuration. • This configuration involves adding complexity to the powertrain structure in order to provide movement from both motor and engine interchangeable, which increase the cost-weight of the vehicle
- 10. The three type of HEV HEV classification Micro hybrid Mild hybrid Full hybrid Battery Very small capacity <1kWh, low voltage battery, typically 12-48V Small capacity <2kWh, medium voltage battery, typically 48-200V Larger capactiy 2-10kWh, high voltage battery, typically 200-400V Engine start-stop whilst idling yes yes yes Regenerative braking Small or no regenerative braking Mild regenerative braking Full regenerative braking Electric drive (or) electric torque assistance No additional torque to the wheel Additional torque to the wheels, but incapable of propelling vehicle alone All electric drive capable of propelling vehicle alone Battery charging from grid Not possible Not possible Possible, then called plug-in hybrid electric car (PHEV) Improvement in fuel economy (%) 2-4 10-20 >25
- 11. For Electric vehicle • Total expenditure in a day: Rs 0.78x50= Rs 39 • Total expenditure in a month: Rs 39x30= Rs1170 •For petrol car • Mileage assumed: 15 kmpl • Price this year (september 2019: Rs 77 (rounded off petrol price in noida)
- 12. Cost comparison of electric and petrol car Electric car Mahindra e20 plus Petrol cars Diesel car CNG car Mileage 140 620 km (16 km/l) 756 km (18km/l) 800 km (20km/kg) Energy consumption 16.50 40 Litres 42 Litres 40 Kg Energy usage(for 50km) 16.5/140= 0.12 *50=6 unit per day 3.125 Litres per day 2.77Litres per day 2.5 kg per day Cost Rs 7.30 per unit Rs 75 per Litres Rs 67 per Litres 50 Rs per kg Cost per km RS 0.73 paisa per km Rs 4.83 RS Per km 3.72 Rs per km 2.5 Rs per km One day expenditure (50km average travel) 0.73*50=36.5 Rs per day 4.83*50=241.5 Rs per day 3.72*50=186.11 Rs per day 2.5*50=125 Rs per day Monthly expenditure (25 days travel) 912.5 Rs per month 6037.50 Rs per month 4652.5 Rs per month 3125 Rs per month