This document discusses integrated parasite management (IPM) strategies for small ruminants. It notes that anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance is a major issue, as worms have developed resistance to all drug classes. To slow the development of resistance, the document recommends increasing the number of worms that have not been exposed to dewormers (refugia), avoiding underdosing and improper administration of dewormers, and not introducing resistant worms to farms. It also discusses testing for resistance using fecal egg count reduction tests and provides an example test from a sheep farm that showed resistance to certain dewormers.
This document discusses anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance in small ruminants and strategies for dealing with it on farms. It notes that gastrointestinal parasites are a primary health problem for small ruminants. The barber pole worm has developed resistance to all anthelmintic drug classes. Numerous on-farm practices have accelerated resistance development. The document recommends producers determine which dewormers still work on their farm and minimize deworming needs through pasture management, general management practices, targeted selective treatment using FAMACHA or Five Point Check systems, and natural options like copper oxide particles or condensed tannin forages.
This presentation was created for an IPM workshop in Henderson Texas, on September 20, 2014. It was edited for a presentation to the Keystone Goat Producers Association on November 8, 2014.
This study tested for anthelmintic resistance on 30 sheep farms in the southeastern US. Fecal samples were tested using the DrenchRite larval development assay to determine resistance levels to various dewormer classes. Results found that all farms had resistance to at least one dewormer class, with 100% resistance to benzimidazoles. Resistance was worst in Georgia and better but still prevalent in Maryland and Virginia. The conclusions recommend that farmers test for resistance levels and use combination dewormer treatments due to widespread resistance issues.
This presentation is the third in a four part webinar series on internal parasites in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on the diagnostic tools available to producers to help them control parasites in the flocks and herds. The presentation is by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document provides information on sustainable integrated parasite management (sIPM) strategies for small ruminants. It discusses the development of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal parasites and the importance of implementing practices that preserve drug effectiveness. These include reducing treatment frequency, leaving some animals untreated as refugia, not moving animals to clean pastures after treatment, and using combination/sequential treatments. The document also covers alternative dewormers like copper oxide wire particles and the importance of continuing to monitor and treat clinically ill animals.
This document discusses strategies for managing internal parasitism in sheep and goats. It notes that internal parasites are the primary health problem and cause losses through clinical disease and reduced production. The two most important parasite types are Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm) and Eimeria spp. (coccidia). Anthelmintic/dewormer resistance has developed on many farms, necessitating testing and integrated parasite management. The document outlines non-drug management techniques including pasture management, nutritional management, genetic selection, and monitoring tools like FAMACHA, Five Point Check and Happy Factor for targeted selective treatment.
This document discusses integrated parasite management (IPM) strategies for small ruminants. It notes that anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance is a major issue, as worms have developed resistance to all drug classes. To slow the development of resistance, the document recommends increasing the number of worms that have not been exposed to dewormers (refugia), avoiding underdosing and improper administration of dewormers, and not introducing resistant worms to farms. It also discusses testing for resistance using fecal egg count reduction tests and provides an example test from a sheep farm that showed resistance to certain dewormers.
This document discusses anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance in small ruminants and strategies for dealing with it on farms. It notes that gastrointestinal parasites are a primary health problem for small ruminants. The barber pole worm has developed resistance to all anthelmintic drug classes. Numerous on-farm practices have accelerated resistance development. The document recommends producers determine which dewormers still work on their farm and minimize deworming needs through pasture management, general management practices, targeted selective treatment using FAMACHA or Five Point Check systems, and natural options like copper oxide particles or condensed tannin forages.
This presentation was created for an IPM workshop in Henderson Texas, on September 20, 2014. It was edited for a presentation to the Keystone Goat Producers Association on November 8, 2014.
This study tested for anthelmintic resistance on 30 sheep farms in the southeastern US. Fecal samples were tested using the DrenchRite larval development assay to determine resistance levels to various dewormer classes. Results found that all farms had resistance to at least one dewormer class, with 100% resistance to benzimidazoles. Resistance was worst in Georgia and better but still prevalent in Maryland and Virginia. The conclusions recommend that farmers test for resistance levels and use combination dewormer treatments due to widespread resistance issues.
This presentation is the third in a four part webinar series on internal parasites in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on the diagnostic tools available to producers to help them control parasites in the flocks and herds. The presentation is by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document provides information on sustainable integrated parasite management (sIPM) strategies for small ruminants. It discusses the development of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal parasites and the importance of implementing practices that preserve drug effectiveness. These include reducing treatment frequency, leaving some animals untreated as refugia, not moving animals to clean pastures after treatment, and using combination/sequential treatments. The document also covers alternative dewormers like copper oxide wire particles and the importance of continuing to monitor and treat clinically ill animals.
This document discusses strategies for managing internal parasitism in sheep and goats. It notes that internal parasites are the primary health problem and cause losses through clinical disease and reduced production. The two most important parasite types are Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm) and Eimeria spp. (coccidia). Anthelmintic/dewormer resistance has developed on many farms, necessitating testing and integrated parasite management. The document outlines non-drug management techniques including pasture management, nutritional management, genetic selection, and monitoring tools like FAMACHA, Five Point Check and Happy Factor for targeted selective treatment.
Combination anthelmintics (dewormers) are now recommended to control drug-resistant gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. Resistance to the three major classes of dewormers has developed on most farms. Combination dewormer treatments are more effective than individual dewormers because they have an additive effect and kill more resistant worms. Combinations should consist of full doses of different dewormers administered separately. Using copper oxide wire particles with dewormers can also improve efficacy against drug-resistant parasites. Adopting combination treatments and integrated parasite management is important for controlling drug resistance.
This presentations gives some general guidelines for worm control in small ruminants. It was prepared by University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist Susan Schoenian.
This document discusses anthelmintic resistance and targeted selective treatment. It provides background on anthelmintic resistance and how it develops due to frequent deworming and other improper practices. The Five Point Check is introduced as an extension of the FAMACHA system to help determine which animals require deworming treatment based on 5 assessment points: eye, back, tail, jaw, and coat condition (or nose for sheep). The document explains how to evaluate each point and make treatment decisions. It emphasizes regularly testing for resistance and tailoring treatment approaches to the individual farm situation.
Internal parasites pose a significant health problem for sheep farms. Common internal parasites include various nematodes (roundworms) and flukes. The barber pole worm causes major losses worldwide. Widespread anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance has developed due to overreliance on and misuse of dewormers. Studies show resistance to common dewormers on many Alberta farms. Integrated parasite management is needed to control parasites in a sustainable manner while reducing selection pressure for resistance.
The American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control was formed to address the problem of anthelmintic resistance in worms infecting small ruminants like sheep and goats. The consortium develops new methods for sustainable parasite control and educates industry stakeholders. Gastrointestinal nematodes are the primary health problem for small ruminants. Resistance has developed to all approved anthelmintic drug classes. The consortium recommends combination anthelmintic treatments and integrated parasite management using tools like FAMACHA and targeted selective treatment. Copper oxide wire particles can also be incorporated as a natural method for controlling barber pole worms when used properly.
The document discusses natural parasite control strategies for sheep and goats. It covers topics like anthelmintic resistance, pasture management, genetic selection, nutrition, herbal dewormers, copper oxide wire particles, condensed tannins, and other alternatives. The key points are that integrated parasite management is needed using multiple strategies together, as anthelmintic resistance is a major problem. Sericea lespedeza and copper oxide wire particles have shown effectiveness, while studies find most herbal dewormers do not reduce worm counts. Sustainable practices focusing on pasture, genetics, and natural methods must become the standard.
The document summarizes key information about internal parasites that infect small ruminants. It focuses on barber pole worms and coccidia as the two most important internal parasites. Resistance to dewormers has developed on many farms, so producers need to regularly test which dewormers still work using a Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test or DrenchRite Test. Integrated parasite management is the best approach and combines strategies like targeted selective treatment, pasture management, genetics, and monitoring animals.
This document discusses what is needed to be a good small ruminant veterinarian from the perspective of a producer. It outlines that veterinarians need knowledge of small ruminant health and production practices, while producers value timely access to information and services. Both want fair compensation and legal drug use. The document recommends veterinarians learn about farm operations, common health issues, and work as partners with producers in flock/herd health management to improve animal welfare and care. Producers should value the veterinarian's role and follow treatment plans.
The impact of internal parasites on flock healthSusan Schoenian
This document discusses the impact of internal parasites on flock health and productivity in sheep. It notes that internal parasites are a primary health problem for sheep raised in warm, moist climates and that anthelmintic resistance has developed on farms around the world due to overuse of deworming drugs. Several types of internal parasites that can infect sheep are described, including nematodes, trematodes, and protozoa. The document also discusses tests for detecting anthelmintic resistance and the costs of resistance in terms of reduced animal performance and profits.
This document discusses various strategies for managing anthelmintic resistance in parasites. It mentions monitoring resistance through fecal egg count reduction tests and larval development assays. It then lists several management approaches including targeted selective treatment, pasture and grazing management, general animal management, nutritional management, and genetic selection. Proper administration of dewormers, leaving some animals untreated to preserve parasite refugia, and treating based on pasture contamination levels are also recommended to slow the development of resistance.
This document discusses strategies for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants while reducing the development of anthelmintic resistance. It covers the biology of Haemonchus contortus and other common worms. Overreliance on anthelmintics has led to widespread resistance. The concept of "smart drenching" and using the FAMACHA system for selective deworming of only infected animals are introduced to preserve drug efficacy and increase the refugia of susceptible worms. Proper dosing, administration, and management can maximize the benefits of integrated parasite control programs.
This document provides information on proper deworming practices for small ruminants. It discusses the classes of dewormers approved for use in sheep and goats, as well as extra-label dewormers. The goals of deworming and environmental considerations are covered. Targeted selective treatment is recommended over whole flock treatments to reduce dewormer resistance. Combination dewormer treatments and non-drug options like copper oxide wire particles are also discussed.
May 2020 presentation about BioWorma, the fungus that traps and kills worm larvae in manure of livestock. Webinar presentation by Chris Lawlor from International Animal Health.
This document summarizes a central performance test for meat goats grazing on pastures in Western Maryland between June and September each year. The goals of the test are to evaluate goat performance on a pasture-only diet while exposing them to internal parasites, and to identify bucks that are more resistant or resilient to internal parasites. Goats are rotationally grazed on different forage types and supplements are provided if needed. Data collected includes weights, body condition, fecal egg counts, and other health measures. Top performing bucks are eligible for sale at the end of the test.
The document discusses biosecurity and disease management for small ruminants. It provides 10 steps for maintaining biosecurity on the farm, including keeping a closed flock/herd, quarantining new animals, restricting traffic, and implementing vaccination and parasite control programs. It also discusses disease prevention through proper nutrition, facilities and a relationship with a veterinarian. For disease management, it covers common diseases like CL, footrot, parasites and recommends integrated approaches using management, genetics and targeted use of dewormers.
The document discusses strategies for improving parasite management on Tennessee sheep farms. It outlines three classes of dewormers used in the US and shows levels of resistance to each by region. It then discusses practices that can accelerate or slow the development of dewormer resistance, including selective treatment based on indicators like FAMACHA eye color scores. Alternative approaches to chemical dewormers are presented, such as using copper oxide wire particles, the nematode-trapping fungus BioWorma, and selecting genetically resistant sheep breeds or crossbreeds. An integrated approach combining management, monitoring, and targeted treatments is recommended to control internal parasites.
This is the 4th webinar in a series of webinars on worms in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on anthelmintics and other treatment options. The presentation was prepared by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document provides information on dewormer use and resistance in goats from a presentation at Langston University. It discusses proper drug usage, the different drug families and their modes of action, strategies for deworming, and methods to prevent resistance development like the FAMACHA system. The FAMACHA system allows selective treatment by using eye color charts to identify anemia levels and target only animals with scores of 3-5 that likely need deworming.
This document provides tips for improving lambing and kidding percentages through management, genetics, and selection. It discusses establishing benchmarks for lambing/kidding percentages on your farm and compares typical percentages to benchmarks. The key factors that affect lambing/kidding percentages are fertility, litter size, and survival from birth through weaning and beyond. Management practices, genetics, nutrition, and selection can all be used to improve percentages.
Combination anthelmintics (dewormers) are now recommended to control drug-resistant gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. Resistance to the three major classes of dewormers has developed on most farms. Combination dewormer treatments are more effective than individual dewormers because they have an additive effect and kill more resistant worms. Combinations should consist of full doses of different dewormers administered separately. Using copper oxide wire particles with dewormers can also improve efficacy against drug-resistant parasites. Adopting combination treatments and integrated parasite management is important for controlling drug resistance.
This presentations gives some general guidelines for worm control in small ruminants. It was prepared by University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist Susan Schoenian.
This document discusses anthelmintic resistance and targeted selective treatment. It provides background on anthelmintic resistance and how it develops due to frequent deworming and other improper practices. The Five Point Check is introduced as an extension of the FAMACHA system to help determine which animals require deworming treatment based on 5 assessment points: eye, back, tail, jaw, and coat condition (or nose for sheep). The document explains how to evaluate each point and make treatment decisions. It emphasizes regularly testing for resistance and tailoring treatment approaches to the individual farm situation.
Internal parasites pose a significant health problem for sheep farms. Common internal parasites include various nematodes (roundworms) and flukes. The barber pole worm causes major losses worldwide. Widespread anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance has developed due to overreliance on and misuse of dewormers. Studies show resistance to common dewormers on many Alberta farms. Integrated parasite management is needed to control parasites in a sustainable manner while reducing selection pressure for resistance.
The American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control was formed to address the problem of anthelmintic resistance in worms infecting small ruminants like sheep and goats. The consortium develops new methods for sustainable parasite control and educates industry stakeholders. Gastrointestinal nematodes are the primary health problem for small ruminants. Resistance has developed to all approved anthelmintic drug classes. The consortium recommends combination anthelmintic treatments and integrated parasite management using tools like FAMACHA and targeted selective treatment. Copper oxide wire particles can also be incorporated as a natural method for controlling barber pole worms when used properly.
The document discusses natural parasite control strategies for sheep and goats. It covers topics like anthelmintic resistance, pasture management, genetic selection, nutrition, herbal dewormers, copper oxide wire particles, condensed tannins, and other alternatives. The key points are that integrated parasite management is needed using multiple strategies together, as anthelmintic resistance is a major problem. Sericea lespedeza and copper oxide wire particles have shown effectiveness, while studies find most herbal dewormers do not reduce worm counts. Sustainable practices focusing on pasture, genetics, and natural methods must become the standard.
The document summarizes key information about internal parasites that infect small ruminants. It focuses on barber pole worms and coccidia as the two most important internal parasites. Resistance to dewormers has developed on many farms, so producers need to regularly test which dewormers still work using a Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test or DrenchRite Test. Integrated parasite management is the best approach and combines strategies like targeted selective treatment, pasture management, genetics, and monitoring animals.
This document discusses what is needed to be a good small ruminant veterinarian from the perspective of a producer. It outlines that veterinarians need knowledge of small ruminant health and production practices, while producers value timely access to information and services. Both want fair compensation and legal drug use. The document recommends veterinarians learn about farm operations, common health issues, and work as partners with producers in flock/herd health management to improve animal welfare and care. Producers should value the veterinarian's role and follow treatment plans.
The impact of internal parasites on flock healthSusan Schoenian
This document discusses the impact of internal parasites on flock health and productivity in sheep. It notes that internal parasites are a primary health problem for sheep raised in warm, moist climates and that anthelmintic resistance has developed on farms around the world due to overuse of deworming drugs. Several types of internal parasites that can infect sheep are described, including nematodes, trematodes, and protozoa. The document also discusses tests for detecting anthelmintic resistance and the costs of resistance in terms of reduced animal performance and profits.
This document discusses various strategies for managing anthelmintic resistance in parasites. It mentions monitoring resistance through fecal egg count reduction tests and larval development assays. It then lists several management approaches including targeted selective treatment, pasture and grazing management, general animal management, nutritional management, and genetic selection. Proper administration of dewormers, leaving some animals untreated to preserve parasite refugia, and treating based on pasture contamination levels are also recommended to slow the development of resistance.
This document discusses strategies for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants while reducing the development of anthelmintic resistance. It covers the biology of Haemonchus contortus and other common worms. Overreliance on anthelmintics has led to widespread resistance. The concept of "smart drenching" and using the FAMACHA system for selective deworming of only infected animals are introduced to preserve drug efficacy and increase the refugia of susceptible worms. Proper dosing, administration, and management can maximize the benefits of integrated parasite control programs.
This document provides information on proper deworming practices for small ruminants. It discusses the classes of dewormers approved for use in sheep and goats, as well as extra-label dewormers. The goals of deworming and environmental considerations are covered. Targeted selective treatment is recommended over whole flock treatments to reduce dewormer resistance. Combination dewormer treatments and non-drug options like copper oxide wire particles are also discussed.
May 2020 presentation about BioWorma, the fungus that traps and kills worm larvae in manure of livestock. Webinar presentation by Chris Lawlor from International Animal Health.
This document summarizes a central performance test for meat goats grazing on pastures in Western Maryland between June and September each year. The goals of the test are to evaluate goat performance on a pasture-only diet while exposing them to internal parasites, and to identify bucks that are more resistant or resilient to internal parasites. Goats are rotationally grazed on different forage types and supplements are provided if needed. Data collected includes weights, body condition, fecal egg counts, and other health measures. Top performing bucks are eligible for sale at the end of the test.
The document discusses biosecurity and disease management for small ruminants. It provides 10 steps for maintaining biosecurity on the farm, including keeping a closed flock/herd, quarantining new animals, restricting traffic, and implementing vaccination and parasite control programs. It also discusses disease prevention through proper nutrition, facilities and a relationship with a veterinarian. For disease management, it covers common diseases like CL, footrot, parasites and recommends integrated approaches using management, genetics and targeted use of dewormers.
The document discusses strategies for improving parasite management on Tennessee sheep farms. It outlines three classes of dewormers used in the US and shows levels of resistance to each by region. It then discusses practices that can accelerate or slow the development of dewormer resistance, including selective treatment based on indicators like FAMACHA eye color scores. Alternative approaches to chemical dewormers are presented, such as using copper oxide wire particles, the nematode-trapping fungus BioWorma, and selecting genetically resistant sheep breeds or crossbreeds. An integrated approach combining management, monitoring, and targeted treatments is recommended to control internal parasites.
This is the 4th webinar in a series of webinars on worms in sheep and goats. This presentation focuses on anthelmintics and other treatment options. The presentation was prepared by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document provides information on dewormer use and resistance in goats from a presentation at Langston University. It discusses proper drug usage, the different drug families and their modes of action, strategies for deworming, and methods to prevent resistance development like the FAMACHA system. The FAMACHA system allows selective treatment by using eye color charts to identify anemia levels and target only animals with scores of 3-5 that likely need deworming.
This document provides tips for improving lambing and kidding percentages through management, genetics, and selection. It discusses establishing benchmarks for lambing/kidding percentages on your farm and compares typical percentages to benchmarks. The key factors that affect lambing/kidding percentages are fertility, litter size, and survival from birth through weaning and beyond. Management practices, genetics, nutrition, and selection can all be used to improve percentages.
This document provides recommendations for internal parasite control in small ruminants. It discusses the inevitability of anthelmintic resistance and strategies for slowing resistance, such as increasing refugia through reduced treatment frequency and incomplete coverage of flocks. It also covers alternative treatment options like copper oxide wire particles that have shown effectiveness against barber pole worms. Proper testing is recommended to determine the level of resistance on a given farm.
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
This document discusses economical parasite control for sheep and goats. It outlines that gastrointestinal parasites are a primary health problem, and that worms have developed resistance to dewormers. It recommends targeted selective treatment to only deworm animals showing signs of need, which reduces costs and slows resistance. Methods for determining which animals need treatment include the FAMACHA eye anemia system, Five Point Check, and monitoring performance. Non-drug control methods include pasture management, nutrition, genetics, and confinement.
This document discusses using genetics to improve flock health and productivity in sheep. It outlines several sheep diseases that have a genetic component, such as footrot, internal parasites, mastitis, and ovine progressive pneumonia. Selection criteria and methods for increasing resistance to these diseases are described, such as selecting animals with lower fecal egg counts or somatic cell counts. The document also discusses using crossbreeding to take advantage of hybrid vigor and complementary breed traits to further improve health and productivity.
This document discusses using genetics to improve flock health and productivity in sheep. It notes that genetics has advantages over traditional approaches like management changes in providing permanent and cumulative improvements. Traits like disease resistance have a genetic component and selecting for improved resistance can benefit flocks. Specific diseases and traits discussed include internal parasites, footrot, mastitis, ovine progressive pneumonia, scrapie, and lambing ease. The document also covers using crossbreeding to take advantage of hybrid vigor and breed complementarity.
Monitor and Control of Vertically Transmitted Poultry DiseasesRafael Monleon
A presentation covering the monitor and control of common vertically transmitted diseases in poultry with concentration in chickens.
Presented at various locations including BioChek Seminar in Manila, Philippines in 2014 by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
Resource use efficiency in livestock: Bridging the biotechnology-livestock pr...ExternalEvents
Resource use efficiency in livestock: Bridging the biotechnology-livestock productivity gap in East Africa presentation by Denis Mujibi, Nelson Mandela African Institute for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
PowerPoint presentation for online FAMACHA certification in 2020. Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension. You can apply for online FAMACHA certification by watching this video, passing quiz, and submitting video of yourself demonstrating proper FAMACHA scoring. If you meet the certification requirements, you will receive a certificate of competence and be able to purchase a FAMACHA card from the University of Maryland. If you are interested, contact Susan Schoenian at sschoen@umd.edu.
This document provides instructions for performing a fecal egg count (FEC) to quantify the number of parasite eggs present in small ruminant feces. It explains that FEC allows farmers to monitor pasture contamination, assess increases in worm numbers, determine when to move animals, and test for drug resistance. The procedure involves weighing feces, mixing it with a flotation solution, straining the mixture, counting eggs observed under a microscope, and calculating eggs per gram. FEC has limitations as eggs cannot be identified to species level and counts may not be accurate, but it provides a quantitative measure of parasite burden to inform management decisions.
Internal Parasite Management in Pasture-Based SheepLaura DeYoung
Internal parasites (GI worms) are the primary health problem affecting sheep. The barber pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) is the worm of primary concern. It is a blood-sucking parasite that causes blood and protein loss (anemia) and edema (“bottle jaw”). Worms have developed resistance to most of the anthelmintics (dewormers). Therefore, it is important to worm only as needed. Bringing sheep onto “virgin land” require careful consideration when managing parasites. Studies have found that they can survive on a site for 180 after sheep leave. Rotational grazing is important, not only to have an intensive controlled “mow”, but in controlling parasites.
This study examined the efficacy of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine in suppressing reproductive function in female vervet monkeys on the island of St. Kitts. Six experimental monkeys were given the GnRH vaccine using two different adjuvants and blood samples were collected over time to analyze hormone levels. Adjuvant 1 suppressed cycling in monkeys for 32 to 52+ weeks, while adjuvant 2 suppressed cycling for 17 to 30 weeks. Both adjuvants caused moderate to severe reactions at the injection site. The study concludes that while the vaccine can suppress cycling, the side effects of currently available adjuvants limit its suitability for use in wild monkey populations on St. Kitts.
Prevalence of antibodies against Brucella among breeding goats in relation to...ILRI
1) The study screened over 7,700 goats in Mbarara District, South Western Uganda to determine the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella between 2009-2012.
2) The overall disease prevalence was found to be 13.4%, with prevalence ranging widely between sub-counties from 2.63-28.46%.
3) Goats sourced from livestock markets had a significantly higher prevalence compared to farm-sourced goats, with a positive correlation between higher market sourcing and increased prevalence between sub-counties.
This presentation was given at the Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference All Worms All Day on December 8, 2018, in Keedysville, Maryland. The presenter was Susan Schoenian.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruskkrimetz
This document summarizes information about Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), including its history, etiology, prevalence, risk factors, transmission, immune response, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention. PRRSV causes reproductive losses and respiratory disease in pigs. It is endemic in many pig herds worldwide. Control and prevention strategies include vaccination, biosecurity measures, and managing exposure to reduce stress.
Similar to Why did my goat die? Why didn't the dewormer work? (20)
Feed costs usually account for up to 75% of costs in a small ruminant enterprise. Reproductive efficiency and market prices also greatly impact profitability. To increase profits, producers should focus on reducing expenses like feed costs through strategies like maximizing pasture use, proper hay storage, and mixing their own rations. Producers should also focus on increasing income through higher reproductive rates and selling surplus lambs and kids. Achieving reproductive rates over 150% and weaning rates over 100% kids/ewes are important benchmarks for profitability.
This document discusses health care recommendations for pregnant ewes and does. It outlines common nutritional diseases like pregnancy toxemia and milk fever that can occur in late pregnancy. Risk factors and treatment options are provided. Preventative strategies focus on adequate nutrition, calcium intake, and minimizing stress. Vaccination for clostridial diseases prior to lambing/kidding is also recommended. Proper nutrition during late gestation is important to support fetal growth and development while also preparing for lactation. Balancing rations, monitoring intake, and maintaining hygienic conditions can help pregnant females have successful pregnancies and give birth to healthy offspring.
This document provides information on hoof care for sheep and goats. It discusses the importance of regular hoof inspection and trimming to prevent lameness and disease. Factors like genetics, environment, and diet can affect hoof growth rates. Dairy goats may need trimming every 4 months to prevent overgrowth issues. Proper restraint, tools, and techniques are described for safe trimming. Common hoof diseases like footrot, foot scald, and abscesses are explained. The document provides guidance on quarantine, treatment, and eradication protocols to prevent and eliminate footrot from a flock or herd.
This document provides information on proper deworming methods for small ruminants. It discusses the different classes of dewormers available and lists specific dewormers within each class. It also covers topics like determining dewormer resistance, targeted selective treatment, tools for selective deworming decisions, and combination dewormer treatments. The document emphasizes the importance of following proper dosing and administration techniques to effectively deworm animals while preventing further development of dewormer resistance.
This document discusses goat hoof health and management. It covers the importance of regular hoof inspection and trimming to prevent issues like lameness. Factors that influence hoof growth like genetics, environment and diet are outlined. Common hoof diseases in goats like footrot, foot scald and foot abscesses are described along with their causes and treatments. The document provides guidance on developing a prevention and treatment plan for hoof diseases that includes quarantine of new animals, foot bathing, clean pastures and culling infected animals.
This document discusses strategies for minimizing antibiotic and anthelmintic use in sheep through improved management practices and prevention of common diseases. It recommends rotational grazing, genetic selection, targeted selective treatment, and combination dewormer treatments to control internal parasites. Vaccination, clean housing, and nutrition are emphasized for preventing enterotoxemia, respiratory disease, footrot, abortion, and mastitis. Proper use of antibiotics, vaccines, and dewormers is also discussed when drugs are necessary.
This document discusses strategies for minimizing drug use in small ruminant production. It begins by listing commonly used drugs like dewormers, vaccines, and antibiotics. It then discusses the risks of antibiotic resistance and regulatory changes around antibiotic use. For small ruminant producers, this means many antibiotics now require a prescription. The document provides alternatives to drug use like vaccinations, pasture management, genetic selection, and targeted selective treatment to control parasites. It emphasizes preventative healthcare through good nutrition, housing, and sanitation.
This document provides information for those considering getting goats. It discusses checking zoning laws and HOA rules, developing facilities and budgets, acquiring goats, and different goat production systems. Key points covered include the need to determine goals for goats, legal and neighbor considerations, ensuring adequate housing, fencing and supplies are in place, and acquiring goats through breeders versus auctions to avoid health risks. Production options like dairy, fiber, meat and vegetation control are overviewed.
Sheep and goats produce many marketable products including meat, fiber, dairy, and vegetation control through grazing. Meat from sheep and goats can be sold through traditional markets like auctions or cooperatives, or through non-traditional direct marketing to consumers. Fiber from sheep and goats can also be sold traditionally through pools or warehouses, or directly to consumers as raw fiber or value-added products. Dairy from sheep and goats has similar regulations to cow dairy but with more limited infrastructure and competition from imports. Sheep and goats can also provide vegetation control services through solar grazing programs.
This document discusses bacterial diseases in animals caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodusus which can have similar symptoms. Pregnancy toxemia is more common. Treatment involves using macrocyclic lactone dewormers like Ivomec or insecticides containing permethrins. The diseases can affect the abomasum and small intestines and may be clinical or sub-clinical.
The document provides guidelines for feeding sheep and goats at different stages of production. It discusses nutrient requirements for maintenance, flushing, gestation, lactation, weaning, and growing lambs and kids. Feeding recommendations are given for different forage types and amounts of grain supplementation. Protein levels are outlined for various classes of animals. The goal is to meet nutritional needs at lowest cost while maintaining body condition.
This document outlines the typical yearly cycle for raising sheep, beginning with breeding season in October and ending when the cycle repeats the following October. Key points include: rams are added in October to breed ewes; lambing occurs in March after a 152-day gestation; newborn lambs are jugged with their mothers and receive care; lambs are weaned at around 90 days old; ewes recover over summer before the breeding season starts again in the fall.
The document provides an overview of considerations for raising sheep, including different breeds and purposes for raising sheep, facilities and equipment needed, health and management practices, and regulations. Key factors that are discussed include deciding the purpose of raising sheep, such as for meat, wool, or dairy; land and fencing requirements; and common challenges like parasites, predators, and profitability. Resources are also provided for those interested in learning more about raising sheep.
This document provides information on managing internal parasites in small ruminants. It discusses the primary internal parasites affecting sheep and goats, including roundworms, tapeworms, flukes, coccidia, and protozoa. An integrated approach to parasite control is recommended, combining management strategies like grazing management with targeted selective treatment. Key management strategies include developing host immunity, husbandry practices, nutritional management, and genetic selection. Diagnostic tools for targeted treatment include FAMACHA, five point check, and fecal egg counts. Combination dewormer treatments are advised to slow development of anthelmintic resistance.
This document discusses strategies for controlling gastrointestinal parasites like Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm) in small ruminants. It emphasizes using integrated and targeted approaches like selective deworming based on FAMACHA scores, pasture management, and limiting drug use to reduce anthelmintic resistance. Proper administration and alternating between drug classes is also important for effective control. Sustainable practices involve preventing environmental contamination through various animal health and grazing techniques.
The FivePoint Check is a system that extends the FAMACHA eye anemia system to evaluate five criteria for determining if small ruminants need deworming. It examines the eye, jaw, back, tail, and nose to check for anemia, bottle jaw, body condition, scours, and nasal discharge. Considering all five criteria together is important as each sign can have multiple causes. The system was developed by the same scientists as FAMACHA and allows for more selective deworming to slow the development of anthelmintic resistance.
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Why did my goat die? Why didn't the dewormer work?
1. MY GOAT (OR SHEEP) DIED…
why didn’t my dewormer work?
Susan Schoenian & Amy Garza
University of Maryland Extension
Western Maryland Research & Education Center
American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite
Control (ACSRPC) - www.acsrpc.com
2. Periparturient egg rise
“around the time of giving birth”
• Ewes and does suffer a
temporary loss of immunity
to worms around
the time of parturition
[late gestation lactation]
• The periparturient egg rise serves
as the primary source of infection
for the new crop of lambs and kids.
• The periparturient egg risk poses
the most risk when lambing and
kidding occur in the spring (then
winter) and/or on pasture and to
highly-stressed females.
3. Anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance
• Resistance is inevitable;
no treatment will kill 100
percent of worms.
• Worms have developed
resistance to all
dewormers and all
dewormer classes.
• Resistance varies by
geographic region and
individual farm and is the
result of past deworming
practices.
Anthelmintic = Dewormer
4. Anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance
• Resistant worms pass their
resistant genes onto their
offspring; resistance is
permanent!
• You cannot prevent
resistance, but you can
affect the rate by which it
develops.
• On most farms, resistance
is probably still at a level
where there is still time to
slow it down and enable the
continued use of some
anthelmintics.
5. Understanding anthelmintic resistance
80-95% effective.
Treatment is effective, but
resistance is increasing.
95-100% effective. Small
number of resistant worms may
be present.
Anthelmintic failure.
Animals die.
Less than 80%.
Production losses become
apparent as effectiveness
of dewormer moves closer
to zero.
Adapted from Wormer
Resistance “The need for
change” Meat Promotion Wales
9. http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-9608.pdf
Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT)
• Compare pre- and post-treatment fecal egg counts
8-10 days for benzimidazoles (SafeGuard®, Valbazen®)
b) 14-17 days for macrocylic lactones (Ivomec®, Cydectin®)
c) 5-7 days for levamisole (Prohibit®)
d) 10-14 days for all dewormers
a)
19. A comparison of tests
FECRT
• Takes 7-14 days to get
results, longer if someone else does
FECs.
• Cost for 75 samples
(15 samples x 4 drugs + control group)
75 x Labor = ?
75 x $5 = $375
75 x $10 = $750
DrenchRite® Assay
• Labor-intensive lab test
• Only one lab in US does
DrenchRite® Test (UGA)
• Takes 3-4 weeks to get results
• Cost $450 per sample
• Three possible results:
1. Resistant (R)
2. Suspected resistant (SR)
• Need more animals
• More precise results: % efficacy
• Can be a lot of animal variation.
3. Susceptible (S)