Which microtubule (MT) population binds to chromosomes during mitosi.pdf

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Which microtubule (MT) population binds to chromosomes during mitosis? Interpolar MTs Kinetochore MTs Astral MTs Either MT population is able to bind chromosomes because they are functionally redundant MTs do not associate with chromosomes at all Solution a)Astral microtubules: These originate at the poles of the cells near the membrane of the cell and assist in the orientation or the arrangement of the spindle apparatus. b) polar microtubules: These are longest extending from one end of the cell to the other end and intertwine with each other and help n seperation of the cells. c) Kinetochore microtubulues: these are the only tubules which are directly attached to the chromosomes during the mitosis.As the name indicates these are attached to the kinetochore region of the chromosome and help in seperaation of chromosomes into two..

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The Greek words "Chroma," which means colour, and "Soma," which means body, were combined to create the English word "chromosome." They are distinct cell organelles made of chromatin, the most significant and durable component of the cell nucleus. They have the ability to reproduce themselves. They are important for differentiation, heredity, mutation, and evolution and regulate the structure and metabolism of cells. General History of Chromosomes Nuclear filaments were found by W. Hofmeister in the Tradescantia pollen mother cells' nuclei in 1848. W. Flemming conducted the first precise chromosome count in a cell's nucleus in 1882. W. Flemming, Evan Beneden, and E. Strasburger showed in 1884 that the chromosomes double in number during mitosis through longitudinal division. Beneden discovered that each species had a fixed number of chromosomes in 1887. W. Waldeyer first used the term "chromosomes" for the nuclear filaments in 1888. The role of chromosomes in heredity was first proposed by W.S. Sutton and T. Boveri in 1902, and it was later supported by Morgan in 1933. In viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes, chromosome structures differ. 1. Viral chromosome- In viruses, each chromosome contains a single nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA), which is encased in a protein coat known as the capsid. It could be circular or linear. The term "DNA virus" refers to viruses with DNA as their genetic material, while the term "RNA virus" refers to viruses with RNA as their genetic material. The viral chromosome contains a small amount of genetic material that primarily regulates the generation of additional identical virus particles in the host cell. In RNA viruses, the RNA frequently instructs the host's reverse transcription process to create DNA that is complementary to itself. The DNA then uses the RNA to create new viral particles by transcribing it. Retroviruses are one type of ribovirus. A retrovirus is what causes AIDS. 2. Prokaryotic chromosomes- A single circular two-stranded DNA molecule found on prokaryotic chromosomes, such as those found in bacteria, is not encased by any membrane. It is in direct contact with the cytoplasm and is protein-free. Some RNA that seems to form a core encases the bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid. At some point, it is anchored permanently to the plasma membrane. Most bacterial cells also contain some extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that are double stranded and circular but much smaller in size than the main chromosome. Plasmids are the name for them. The plasmid can appear on its own in the cytoplasm of cells or it can also be discovered in associated with the main chromosomal DNA and is known as an episome. 3. Eukaryotic chromosomes- The nucleus and some other organelles, like mitochondria and plastids, contain the eukaryotic chromosomes. Nuclear and extra nuclear chromosomes are the names given to these chromosomes, respectively. Double-stranded, linear, long DNA molecules make up nuclear chromosomes. They are

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Describe the stages of malaria and the site of protozoal activity on each. Solution The life cycle is almost the same for all the five species that infect humans and follows three stages: (I) ifection of a human with sporozoites (II) asexual reproduction (III) sexual reproduction The human contamination starts The point when a contaminated female anopheles mosque nibbles an individual and injects contaminated with sporozoites spit under the blood coursing library. That is the principal existence stage of plasmodium (stage from claiming infection). The following phase done intestinal sickness life cycle may be the a standout amongst agamic generation that is isolated under different phases: those pre- erythrocytic (or better, exoerythrocytic) and the erythrocytic period. Inside best 30- 60 minutes after those parasites inoculation, sporozoites Figure their approach through blood coursing library will their principal target, those liver. Those sporozoites enter the liver phones Also start isolating prompting schizonts creation in 6- 7 days. Each schizont provides for conception on many merozoites (exoerythrocytic schizogony) that need aid At that point discharged under the blood stream checking those end of the exoerythrocytic period of the agamic regenerative stage. It is worth specifying that, concerning p. Vivax and p. Ovale, sporozoites might not take after the propagation cost step and sit tight lethargic (hypnozoites) in the liver; they might be actuated then afterward quite a while prompting relapses entering those blood stream (as merozoites) following weeks, months alternately Significantly A long time. Those exoerythrocytic stage may be not pathogenic Also doesn\'t prepare manifestations alternately indications of the malady. Its span may be not the same to the greater part parasite species. Merozoites discharged under the blood stream, are guided towards their second target, those red platelets (RBCs). Concerning illustration they attack under those cells, they Stamp those starting of the erythrocytic stage. Those 1st stage after intrusion may be a ring stage that evolves under a trophozoite. The trophozoites would not capable on digest the haem Along these lines they change over it clinched alongside haemozoine Furthermore digest the globin that is utilized Concerning illustration a hotspot from claiming aminoacids for their propagation cost. The following cell division stage is those erythrocytic schizont (initially adolescent et cetera full grown schizont). Each develop schizont provides for conception should new era merozoites (erythrocytic schizogony) that, after RBCs rupture, are discharged in the blood stream in place will attack different RBCs. This is At parasitaemia happens Furthermore cinical manifestations show up. Those liver period happens main When same time those erythrocytic stage undergoes various cycles; the merozoites arrival then afterward every cycle makes the febrile waves. A second situation under those RBCs i.

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Database problem. Design a realtional schema based on E-R Diagram. BuildingID ResidesIn INSPECTOR Relationship BUILDING H EF Manages ManagerID MANAGER nsID AgtNo Locatedln APARTMENT Relationship 5,10 Cleans (1,2) SMembdID STAFF MEMBER CCID C+ coPRCLIENT k Refers Solution INSPECTOR(InsID) BUILDING(BuildingID,InsID) APARTMENT(BuildingID,AptNo) where BuildingID and AptNo is composite primary key COPRCLIENT(CCID,BuildingID,AptNo) MANAGER(ManagerID,BuildingID) STAFFMEMBER(SmembdID,BuildingID,AptNo) primary key - underlined foreign key -italics.

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d. What types of information systems ru currently utilized at PVF? Provide an example of each type. 1-26. Hoosier Burger As college students in the 1970s, Bob and Thelma Mellankamp often dreamed of starting their own business. While on their way to an economics class, Bob and Thelma drove by Myrtle\'s Family Restaurant and noticeda “for sale\" sign in the window. Bob and Thelma quickly made arrangements to purchase the business, and Hoosier Burger Restaurant was born. The restaurant is moderately sized, consisting of a kitchen, dining room, coun- 1-27 ter, storage area, and office. Currently, all paperwork is done by hand. Thelma and Bob have discussed the benefits of purchasing a computer system; however, Bob wants to in- vestigate alternatives and hire a consultant to help them. Perishable food items, such as beef patties, buns, and vegetables, are delivered daily to the restaurant. Other items, such as napkins, straws, and cups, are ordered and delivered Solution Part a There are four phases in the SDLC: planning and selection, analysis, design, and implementation/operation. Planning and Selection The planning and selection phase of the SDLC is utilized once the need for a new or upgraded information system has been recognized. In regards to Hoosier Burger, Bob Mellankamp, the owner, has expressed the desire to computerize their information systems; however he is open to other alternatives as well. Analysis The Analysis phase of the SLDC evaluates the current system and then establishes alternative options to best suit the needs of the organization. In regards to Hoosier Burger, the analysis should be centered on the organization’s current procedures in the handling of forecasting information, inventory usage, and basic sales information Design The design phase of the SLDC is meant to take into consideration the needs of the business owner, and the specifics they are looking for in their information systems. In regards to the Hoosier Burger case, an example of this would be ensuring that the logical and physical designs of the new system will provide access to the point of sales information as requested by the owners. Implementation and Operation In regards to Hoosier Burger, implementation and operation of the new system would require the ability to make changes in the system depending on the needs of the owners. Part B Major system characteristics and examples are: Part C The success of any organization depends on the interactions between its subsystems. The text states, “Breaking the subsystems down into their components reveals even more about the inner workings of the system and greatly enhances our understanding of how the overall system works,” The vital subsystems in regards to Hoosier Burger include the register and sells, food inventory, food preparation, and data reports. The register allows the system to operate, the food inventory allows for the sales to be made, the food preparation allows for customers to purchase the fo.

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An ovum has all the nutrients stored that required for embryonic development until implantation has occurred. Why? An ovum has all the nutrients stored that required for embryonic development until implantation has occurred. Why? Why? Solution Ovum also called as Egg cell. It is a female reproductive cell or gamete in Oogamous animals. Such kind of animals in their eggs have ooplasm or other wise Yolk of the ovum,a cell substance . The ooplasm consists of the cytoplasm of the ordinary animal cell with its spongioplasm and hyaloplasm ,often calle the formative yolk and the nutritive york or deutoplasm made of round granules of fatty and albuminoid substances imbedded in the cytoplasm. Mammalian ova contains only a tiny amount of the nutritive yolk, to nourish the early stages of its development..

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