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NCBO SPARQL Endpoint 
Trish Whetzel 
Outreach Coordinator 
THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR 
BIOMEDICAL ONTOLOGY
http://ssppaarrqqll..bbiioooonnttoollooggyy..oorrgg//
BioPortal SPARQL Content 
• All ontologies from BioPortal 
– Original ontology format (OBO, OWL, 
UMLS/RRF) transformed into RDF 
– Updated daily 
– Latest version only 
• Statistics 
– 393 ontologies 
– 4.2M terms 
– 2419 different predicates 
– 80M triples
Resource Description Framework 
– A collection of RDF statements represents a 
labeled, directed multi-graph 
– RDF is modeled as a set of triples 
– Triples are in the form (subject, predicate, object) 
where: 
• Subjects and predicates are URIs 
• Objects are either URIs or Literals 
• Literals can be typed and have a language tag 
– Blank nodes (bnodes) or anonymous resources 
are nodes that do not have a URI or literal 
– RDF is not XML, there are different serializations, 
e.g. N3, turtle, rdf/xml
RDF – Turtle format 
– Prefixes are allowed and statements can be 
grouped by subject 
– Specific constructions to represent lists and 
blank nodes 
– Least verbose and best human readable 
format, easy to serialize and good 
performance for parsing
RDF – N3 format 
– One line per triple, no prefixes, not grouped 
by subject 
– More verbose, easy to serialize, best 
performance for parsing
RDF – RDF/XML format 
– Extremely verbose, worst human readable 
format 
– Worst performance for parsing
SPARQL 
– W3C standard query language for RDF 
– Structure
BioPortal Metadata 
• Virtual ontology identifier 
– Stable identifier across all versions of the ontology 
– All versions of an ontology are linked via this ID 
• Ontology version identifier 
– Unique for each ontology version 
– Most metadata linked directly to the ontology 
version
Select ontology abbreviations
All ontologies updated since DATE
Find term in all ontologies
Select all terms from the 
ABA Adult Mouse Anatomy
Select URI and preferred label from all terms
Get parent of given term
Select all terms and their parent
Select distinct properties
Select properties for term
Count terms in SNOMED
Performance Tips and Tricks 
– Completely unbound patterns (?g ?s ?p ?o) 
are not allowed 
– To optimize queries, use UNIONS instead of 
FILTERS 
– If using FILTER on literals it is better if the 
filter is not applied to millions of rows 
– To prevent combinatorial explosions of 
results, consider use CONSTRUCT or 
DESCRIBE (any M-N relationship can 
provoke this)
SPARQL Code Repository 
• https://github.com/ncbo/sparql-code-examples
BioPortal SPARQL Endpoint 
• Documentation: 
http://www.bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/SPA 
RQL_BioPortal 
• Query interface: http://sparql.bioontology.org/ 
• Example queries: 
http://sparql.bioontology.org/examples 
• Sample code: https://github.com/ncbo/sparql-code- 
examples

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NCBO SPARQL Endpoint

  • 1. NCBO SPARQL Endpoint Trish Whetzel Outreach Coordinator THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOMEDICAL ONTOLOGY
  • 3. BioPortal SPARQL Content • All ontologies from BioPortal – Original ontology format (OBO, OWL, UMLS/RRF) transformed into RDF – Updated daily – Latest version only • Statistics – 393 ontologies – 4.2M terms – 2419 different predicates – 80M triples
  • 4. Resource Description Framework – A collection of RDF statements represents a labeled, directed multi-graph – RDF is modeled as a set of triples – Triples are in the form (subject, predicate, object) where: • Subjects and predicates are URIs • Objects are either URIs or Literals • Literals can be typed and have a language tag – Blank nodes (bnodes) or anonymous resources are nodes that do not have a URI or literal – RDF is not XML, there are different serializations, e.g. N3, turtle, rdf/xml
  • 5. RDF – Turtle format – Prefixes are allowed and statements can be grouped by subject – Specific constructions to represent lists and blank nodes – Least verbose and best human readable format, easy to serialize and good performance for parsing
  • 6. RDF – N3 format – One line per triple, no prefixes, not grouped by subject – More verbose, easy to serialize, best performance for parsing
  • 7. RDF – RDF/XML format – Extremely verbose, worst human readable format – Worst performance for parsing
  • 8. SPARQL – W3C standard query language for RDF – Structure
  • 9. BioPortal Metadata • Virtual ontology identifier – Stable identifier across all versions of the ontology – All versions of an ontology are linked via this ID • Ontology version identifier – Unique for each ontology version – Most metadata linked directly to the ontology version
  • 10.
  • 12.
  • 14. Find term in all ontologies
  • 15. Select all terms from the ABA Adult Mouse Anatomy
  • 16. Select URI and preferred label from all terms
  • 17. Get parent of given term
  • 18. Select all terms and their parent
  • 21. Count terms in SNOMED
  • 22. Performance Tips and Tricks – Completely unbound patterns (?g ?s ?p ?o) are not allowed – To optimize queries, use UNIONS instead of FILTERS – If using FILTER on literals it is better if the filter is not applied to millions of rows – To prevent combinatorial explosions of results, consider use CONSTRUCT or DESCRIBE (any M-N relationship can provoke this)
  • 23. SPARQL Code Repository • https://github.com/ncbo/sparql-code-examples
  • 24. BioPortal SPARQL Endpoint • Documentation: http://www.bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/SPA RQL_BioPortal • Query interface: http://sparql.bioontology.org/ • Example queries: http://sparql.bioontology.org/examples • Sample code: https://github.com/ncbo/sparql-code- examples

Editor's Notes

  1. Multi-graph – edges that have the same end nodes
  2. We can use an unbound GRAPH to find in which ontology a pattern is satisfied.
  3. Our backend has subPropertyOf reasoning to help to retrieve preferable labels, synomyns and definitions. Use skos:prefLabel for preferable labels, skos:altLabel for synonyms and skos:definition for definitions.
  4. One can think of optional as a left outer join. The pattern in the optional will be matched if possible or empty slot will be returned.
  5. Our backend relies on predicate indexing mostly. and most likely queries with unbound ?p will run slow.