The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and contains countless galaxies, many with supermassive black holes at their centers. The Milky Way galaxy is the one that contains our solar system. According to the leading Big Bang theory, the universe began as an extremely hot and dense singularity which expanded rapidly approximately 13 billion years ago, resulting in the formation of hydrogen and helium from the cooling nuclear matter. Evidence for the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang model includes the redshift of distant galaxies and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.

11. UNIVERSE

12. THE UNIVERSE

13. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE
 comprises all space and time, and all matter and energy in
it.
 is at least 13.8 billion of years old.
 includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies
What are GALAXIES?GALAXIES- are clusters of stars
- around 100 billion in the universe
- formed around 200 million years after the “Big Bang”
- held together by the gravitational attraction of all its
member stars on one another
- most large ones seem to have super-massive black
holes at their centers
- sometimes contain very bright centers called quasars

14. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE
What is the name of
the galaxy we reside
in?

15. Milky Way GalaxyMilky Way Galaxy

16. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE
What are STARS?STARS- the building blocks of galaxies; are giant, luminous
spheres of plasma.
• Thermonuclear reaction - a nuclear fusion
reaction responsible for the energy produced by stars.
*Constellation- a group of stars that form a pattern in
the sky

19. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE
 The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should
be at least 91 billion light-years
(1 light-year = 9.4607 × 1012
km)
Light years - the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of
length used to measure astronomical distance
Speed of light=299 792 458 m / s
 made of 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and
71.4% dark energy

20. DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGYDARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY

21. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE
 Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most
abundant elements.

22. ACTIVTY:
Universe- Concept Map

27. THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSETHE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
THEORIESTHEORIES
How did the Universe start?How did the Universe start?

28. Big Bang TheoryBig Bang Theory
ActivityActivity

29. BIG BANG THEORY:
 According to Big Bang theory, some kind of
expansion of space took place at some point in
time. What is the estimated date of the start of
this expansion?
13–14 billion years ago

30. BIG BANG THEORY:
 Give two pieces of evidence that point to this
idea of Big Bang and expansion of space.
“We can tell that from the light that gets
emitted and detected back on Earth through
telescopes, that light is moving away from us,
so stars and galaxies and planets are generally
expanding away from us.”
Hydrogen and Helium that we have in the
universe.
Cosmic microwave background radiation.

31. BIG BANG THEORY:
 The very hot and dense nuclear matter that
was present at the beginning of this expansion
slowly cooled. Name the two elements first
formed as a result of this cooling.
Hydrogen and helium .

32. BIG BANG THEORY:
 What is cosmic background radiation?
Radiation left over from an early stage in the
development of the universe. Its discovery is
considered a landmark test of Big Bang
theory.

33. BIG BANG THEORY:
 In this transcript, what is the last thing David
says about Big Bang?
“Big Bang is how matter came about.”

34. BIG BANG THEORY:
The Universe originated in a very dense and
hot state, has constantly expanded until now
is thought to be an explosion from a
SINGULARITY (a single point of density –
where all known space was compressed into
an infinitely small mass).
 proposed by Georges Lemaître and supported
by Edwin Hubble, Arno Penzias, and Robert
Wilson

38. History of the
Universe
•10-43
seconds - gravity separates from other forces
•10-35
to 10-32
seconds - fundamental particles - quarks and electrons
•10-6
seconds - quarks combine into protons and neutrons
•1 second - electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces separate
•3 minutes - protons and neutrons combine into atomic nuclei
•105
years - electrons join nuclei to make atoms; light is emitted
•105
-109
years - matter collapses into clouds, making galaxies and stars
Orion Nebula - http://stardate.utexas.edu/resources/ssguide/planet_form.html

39. History of the
Universe
Orion Nebula - http://stardate.utexas.edu/resources/ssguide/planet_form.html

40. EVIDENCES OF EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
 RED SHIFT OF DISTANT GALAXIESRED SHIFT OF DISTANT GALAXIES
 In 1929, Edwin Hubble
Hubble’s Law:
Galaxies appear to be moving away from
us at speeds proportional to their distance.”

41. DOPPLER EFFECTDOPPLER EFFECT
ActivityActivity

44. EVIDENCES OF EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
 COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATIONCOSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION
(CMB)(CMB)
 In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree
Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) CBM
The Universe's "baby picture". WMAP's map of the temperature of the microwave background radiation
shows tiny variations (of few microdegrees) in The 3K background. Hot spots show as red, cold spots as
dark blue.

45. EVIDENCES OF EXPANDING
UNIVERSE Abundance of hydrogen(93%), helium(7%), and lithium(trace)Abundance of hydrogen(93%), helium(7%), and lithium(trace)

46. STEADY STATE THEORY
- was proposed in 1948 by Hermann Bondi and Thomas
Gold and by Fred Hoyle.
“The density of matter in the expanding universe
remains unchanged due to a continuous creation of
matter.”
- has no beginning or end in time

47. OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY
“The universe passes through successive cycles of
expansion and contraction (or collapse).”
-by Richard Tolman and Paul Steinhardt

48. CREATIONIST THEORY
(Theological Theory)
“God created the universe in seven days.”
-Supported by the Holy Bible