What is a melanoma
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Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer that develops in melanocytes, which are skin cells that produce melanin. Anyone can get melanoma, but those with light hair, eyes, and skin are at higher risk. Some signs of melanoma include a mole that changes size, shape, or color or is wider than a pencil eraser. Melanoma is caused by ultraviolet radiation from tanning beds and sun exposure, so protecting your skin from the sun can help prevent melanoma.
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Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, typically as a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. This abnormal growth leads to the formation of tumors or lesions on the skin, which can vary in size, shape, and color. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, with millions of cases diagnosed each year.
Cancer
This document discusses various types of cancer including melanoma, lung cancer, and kidney cancer. For each cancer, it provides definitions, causes, symptoms, and ways to reduce risk. For melanoma, it describes the differences between normal and unusual moles and recommends checking for changes in moles. Lung cancer risks include smoking and air pollution, while symptoms are coughing and weight loss. Kidney cancer may be hereditary and risks include alcohol, smoking, and obesity. Reducing risks involves healthy habits like exercise and a good diet.
Malignant melanoma Presented by Mo. Haroon Rashid
These presentation is a short presentation of malignant melanoma and presented by Mo. Haroon Rashid in Florence College of Nursing Limtara Dhamtari
Skin wellness
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the skin, types of skin cancer including melanoma and risk factors, proper use of sunscreen, and the importance of nutrition and antioxidants in both preventing skin damage from UV rays and potentially skin cancers. It also notes the controversy around sunscreen blocking vitamin D production from sunlight.
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Skin cancer- what is skin cancer, its risk factors
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Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
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What is a melanoma
- 1. What is a melanoma? What is melanoma and what it does to you.