The Ottoman Empire consisted of territories in the Balkans, Anatolia, and much of the Arab world. Its population in the 17th-18th centuries was estimated at around 25 million people across 3 million square kilometers, though numbers may have decreased due to war, famine, and disease. The majority of the population in Asia were Muslim Turks, Arabs, and Kurds, with Christian and Jewish minorities, while the Balkans had a Christian majority. Selim III initiated reforms called the Nizam-i Cedid in the late 18th century to modernize the military and increase state organization by sending students to Europe, but faced opposition from religious scholars and was eventually deposed and killed. His successor Mahmud II later