History of Fashion(Western Clothing/Fashion History)

1. Course Tittle:-History of Fashion(Western Clothing/Fashion History)
Code:-(Hum-109)
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-
Jahangir Karim Name:- Rubel Ahamed Rony.
Head of the Dpt:- AMT ID:-FDT-1801012005.
Sonargaon University Department:-B.SC in FDT
Batch:- TIGA-2020
Date Of submission:-

2. Content
*Civilization -China Civilization
-Egypt Civilization
-Inca Civilization
-Greece Civilization
-Roman Civilization
-Babylonian Civilization
-Persian Civilization
-Assyrian Civilization
-The Indus Civilization
-Byzantine period
-African Civilization
-Arabian Civilizations
-Mayan Civilization
-Aztec Civilization
-Mesopotamian Civilization

3. Civilization:
China Civilization:-
The longest consistent civilization in the human story so
far is that of China. This vast eastern empire seems set apart from the rest of the
world, fiercely proud of its own traditions, resisting foreign influences. Its history
begins in a characteristically independent manner.
There are no identifiable precedents for the civilization of the Shang dynasty, which
emerges in China in about 1600 BC. Its superb bronze vessels seem to achieve an
instant technological perfection. Its written texts introduce characters recognizably
related to Chinese writing today. This is a civilization which begins as it will continue -
with confidence.

5. Egypt Civilization:-
The Ancient Egyptians are renowned for being advanced
in areas such as Math and Architecture, but did you know that they were forward-
thinking in the field of medicine too? Parasitic diseases and malaria were prevalent
with the harsh living and working conditions near to the River Nile, with the added
danger of crocodiles and hippos.
There is evidence that the Ancient Egyptians had knowledge of anatomy, injuries
and practical treatments – with wounds being treated by bandaging with raw meat,
opium being used for pain relief and linen soaked in honey to stop infections.
Ancient Egyptian surgeons were able to set broken bones and stitch wounds, and
garlic and onions were used for good health – a tradition that has continued to this
day.
Ancient Egypt was also ahead of their time with regards to gender equality – they
viewed all men and women (apart from slaves) as equal before the law. Egyptian
women had significantly more choices and opportunities than many of the more
modern societies of the period, two prominent examples being the female pharaohs:
Hatshepsut and Cleopatra.

7. Inca Civilization:-
From their capital of Cusco, Peru, the Incas conquered an Empire reaching from
Southern Colombia to central Chile, and the roads they built created the most
sophisticated and extensive transportation system in pre-Columbian South America. One
part of this ancient road is the Inca Trail, leading to Machu Picchu. Whether reached by
train (the easy way), or via the Inca Trail on a 2-4 day trek (the tiring way), seeing Machu
Picchu up close is an essential experience for any modern-day South American adventure.
If you want to complete the trek you’d better be quick though – with trekking numbers
strictly limited by the government and rumors that it may be closed to the public in future,
time may be running out to complete a pilgrimage to this great archaeological site.

9. Greece Civilization:-
Although well known for their sophistication in Architecture, Math and Astrology, the
Ancient Greeks took great strides in the literary world too – playwright Aeschylus
invented ‘drama’ through the idea of dialogue, Sophocles is credited with developing
irony as a literary technique, and Euripides used plays to challenge social norms –
something that has continued to the present day.

11. Roman Civilization:-
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the
city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empirein
the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman
Republicand Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire. The civilization
began as an Italic settlement in the Italian peninsula, dating from the 8th century
BC, that grew into the city of Rome and which subsequently gave its name to the
empire over which it ruled and to the widespread civilisation the empire
developed. The Roman empire expanded to become one of the largest empiresin
the ancient world, though still ruled from the city, with an estimated 50 to
90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population[2]) and covering
5.0 million square kilometres at its height in AD 117.
In its many centuries of existence, the Roman state evolved from a monarchy to
a Classical Republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire.
Through conquest and assimilation, it eventually dominated the Mediterranean
region, Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and parts
of Northern and Eastern Europe. It is often grouped into classical
antiquity together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies
are known as the Greco-Roman world.

12. Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern government, law, politics,
engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language,
and society. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a
system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics such
as the United States and France. It achieved
impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an
extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as the construction of large
monuments, palaces, and public facilities.
By the end of the Republic (27 BC), Rome had conquered the lands around the
Mediterranean and beyond: its domain extended from the Atlantic
to Arabia and from the mouth of the Rhine to North Africa. The Roman
Empire emerged with the end of the Republic and the dictatorship of Augustus
Caesar. 721 years of Roman-Persian Wars started in 92 BC with their first war
against Parthia. It would become the longest conflict in human history, and have
major lasting effects and consequences for both empires. Under Trajan, the
Empire reached its territorial peak. Republican mores and traditions started to
decline during the imperial period, with civil wars becoming a prelude common to
the rise of a new emperor. Splinter states, such as the Palmyrene Empire, would
temporarily divide the Empire during the crisis of the 3rd century.

13. Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples,
the western part of the empire broke up into independent "barbarian"
kingdoms in the 5th century. This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide
the ancient period of universal history from the pre-medieval "Dark Ages" of
Europe. The eastern part of the empire endured through the 5th century and
remained a power throughout the "Dark Ages" and medieval times until its fall in
1453 AD. Although the citizens of the empire made no distinction, the empire is
most commonly referred to as the "Byzantine Empire" by modern historians
during the Middle Ages to differentiate between the state of antiquity and the
nation it grew into.

14. Babylonian Civilization:-
One of these Amorite dynasties founded a small kingdom of Kazallu which included
the then still minor town of Babylon circa 1894 BC, which would ultimately take over the
others and form the short-lived first Babylonian empire, also called the First Babylonian
dynasty.
An Amorite chieftain named Sumu-abum appropriated a tract of land which included the
then relatively small city of Babylon from the neighbouring Amorite ruled Mesopotamian
city state of Kazallu, of which it had initially been a territory, turning his newly acquired
lands into a state in its own right. His reign was concerned with establishing statehood
amongst a sea of other minor city states and kingdoms in the region. However Sumuabum

15. appears never to have bothered to give himself the title of King of Babylon, suggesting
that Babylon itself was still only a minor town or city, and not worthy of kingship.
He was followed by Sumu-la-El, Sabium, Apil-Sin, each of whom ruled in the same vague
manner as Sumuabum, with no reference to kingship of Babylon itself being made in any
written records of the time. Sin-Muballit was the first of these Amorite rulers to be
regarded officially as a king of Babylon, and then on only one single clay tablet. Under
these kings, the nation in which Babylon lay remained a small nation which controlled very
little territory, and was overshadowed by neighbouring kingdoms that were both older,
larger, and more powerful, such as; Isin, Larsa, Assyria to the north and Elam to the east in
ancient Iran. The Elamites occupied huge swathes of southern Mesopotamia, and the early
Amorite rulers were largely held in vassalage to Elam.

16. Persian Civilization:-
From 247 BC to 224 AD, Persia was ruled by the Parthian Empire, which supplanted
the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, and then by the Sassanian Empire, which ruled up until the
mid-7th century.
The Persian Empire in the Sasanian era was interrupted by the Arab conquest of Persia in
651 AD, establishing the even larger Islamic caliphate, and later by the Mongol invasion.
The main religion of ancient Persia was the native Zoroastrianism, but after the seventh
century, it was slowly replaced by Islam which achieved a majority in the 10th century.

18. Assyrian Civilization:-
The city of Aššur, together with a number of other Assyrian cities, seem to
have been established by 2600 BC. However it is likely that they were initially
Sumerian-dominated administrative centres. In the late 26th century
BC, Eannatum of Lagash, then the dominant Sumerian ruler in Mesopotamia,
mentions "smiting Subartu" (Subartu being the Sumerian name for Assyria).
Similarly, in c. the early 25th century BC, Lugal-Anne-Mundu the king of the
Sumerian state of Adab lists Subartu as paying tribute to him.
Of the early history of the kingdom of Assyria, little is known. In the Assyrian King
List, the earliest king recorded was Tudiya. According to Georges Roux he would
have lived in the mid-25th century BC, i.e. circa 2450 BC. In archaeological
reports from Ebla, it appeared that Tudiya's activities were confirmed with the
discovery of a tablet where he concluded a treaty for the operation of
a karum (trading colony) in Eblaite territory, with "king" Ibrium of Ebla (who is
now known to have been the vizier of Ebla for king Ishar-Damu).
Tudiya was succeeded on the list by Adamu, the first known reference to the
Semitic name Adam and then a further thirteen rulers
(Yangi, Suhlamu, Harharu, Mandaru, Imsu, Harsu, Didanu, Hanu, Zuabu, Nuabu, A
bazu, Belus and Azarah). Nothing concrete is yet known about these names,

19. although it has been noted that a much later Babylonian tablet listing the
ancestral lineage of Hammurabi, the Amorite king of Babylon, seems to have
copied the same names from Tudiya through Nuabu, though in a heavily
corrupted form.
The earliest kings, such as Tudiya, who are recorded as kings who lived in tents,
were independent semi-nomadic pastoralist rulers. These kings at some point
became fully urbanised and founded the city state of Ashur in the mid-21st
century BC.

20. The Indus Civilization:-
It is not known whether contact with Mesopotamia inspires the first civilization of India
or whether it is a spontaneous local development, but by about 2500 BC the neolithic
villages along the banks of the Indus are on the verge of combining into a unified and
sophisticated culture.
The Indus civilization, with its two large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, expands
over a larger region than Egypt and Mesopotamia combined. It will survive, in a
remarkably consistent form, for about 1000 years.

21. Byzantine period:-
The Roman army succeeded in conquering many territories covering the entire
Mediterranean region and coastal regions in southwestern Europe and north Africa. These
territories were home to many different cultural groups, both urban populations and rural
populations. Generally speaking, the eastern Mediterranean provinces were more
urbanised than the western, having previously been united under the Macedonian
Empire and Hellenised by the influence of Greek culture.
The West also suffered more heavily from the instability of the 3rd century AD. This
distinction between the established Hellenised East and the younger Latinised West
persisted and became increasingly important in later centuries, leading to a gradual
estrangement of the two worlds.

23. African Civilization:-
The continent of Africa is three times bigger than the United
States. This vast landmass provides a varied landscape of forests, river valleys, deserts
and grasslands. Over the centuries, many different peoples and cultures have made
Africa their home. Indeed, it is believed by many archeologists that Africa is the birthplace
of the human race. Early African peoples did not usually leave a written record. Instead,
they passed on their histories through oral traditions and stories. This lack of written
histories has made the task of studying these peoples more difficult. Archeologists have
had to learn as much as they can by collecting these oral traditions and by studying
ancient artifacts.

25. Arabian Civilizations:-
Pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the Arabian Peninsula prior to
the rise of Islam in the 630s. The study of Pre-Islamic Arabia is important to Islamic
studies as it provides the context for the development of Islam. Some of the settled
communities in the Arabian Peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations. Sources for
these civilizations are not extensive, and are limited to archaeological evidence, accounts
written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars.
Among the most prominent civilizations was Dilmun, which arose around the 4th millennium
BC and lasted to 538 BC, and Thamud, which arose around the 1st millennium BC and
lasted to about 300 CE. Additionally, from the beginning of the first millennium
BC, Southern Arabia was the home to a number of kingdoms, such as the Sabaean
kingdom, and the coastal areas of Eastern Arabia were controlled by
the Parthian and Sassanians from 300 BC.

27. Mayan Civilization:-
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya
peoples, and noted for its logosyllabic script—the most sophisticated and highly
developed writing system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for
its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization
developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all
of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. This
region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, and the
highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across
southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the
Pacific littoral plain. The overarching term "Maya" is a modern collective term that refers
to the peoples of the region, however, the term was not used by the indigenous
populations themselves since there never was a common sense of identity or political unity
among the distinct populations.[1] Today, the Maya peoples number well over 6 million
people, speaking over twenty-eight surviving Mayan languages and residing in nearly the
same area as their ancestors.[2]
The Archaic period, prior to 2000 BC, saw the first developments in agriculture and the
earliest villages. The Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD) saw the establishment of
the first complex societies in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple crops of
the Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers. The first Maya
cities developed around 750 BC, and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental
architecture, including large temples with elaborate stucco façades. Hieroglyphic writing

28. was being used in the Maya region by the 3rd century BC. In the Late Preclassic a number
of large cities developed in the Petén Basin, and the city of Kaminaljuyu rose to
prominence in the Guatemalan Highlands. Beginning around 250 AD, the Classic period is
largely defined as when the Maya were raising sculpted monuments with Long Count
dates. This period saw the Maya civilization develop many city-states linked by a
complex trade network. In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals, the cities
of Tikal and Calakmul, became powerful. The Classic period also saw the intrusive
intervention of the central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics. In the 9th
century, there was a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting
in internecine warfare, the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of population.
The Postclassic period saw the rise of Chichen Itza in the north, and the expansion of the
aggressive Kʼicheʼ kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands. In the 16th century, the Spanish
Empire colonised the Mesoamerican region, and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the
fall of Nojpetén, the last Maya city, in 1697.

30. Aztec Civilization:-
The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-
classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec peoples included different ethnic groups of
central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who
dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture
was organized into city-states (altepetl), some of which joined to form alliances, political
confederations, or empires. The Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states
established in 1427: Tenochtitlan, city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca; Texcoco;
and Tlacopan, previously part of the Tepanec empire, whose dominant power
was Azcapotzalco. Although the term Aztecs is often narrowly restricted to the Mexica of
Tenochtitlan, it is also broadly used to refer to Nahua polities or peoples of
central Mexico in the prehispanic era, as well as the Spanish colonial era (1521–
1821). The definitions of Aztec and Aztecs have long been the topic of scholarly discussion
ever since German scientist Alexander von Humboldt established its common usage in the
early nineteenth century.

32. Mesopotamian Civilization:-
Mesopotamia (Arabic: ‫ْن‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫د‬ِ‫ف‬‫ا‬َّ‫ٱلر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬
‫َل‬ِ‫ب‬‎
‎Bilād ar-
Rāfidayn; Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία) is a historical region of Western Asia situated
within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent, in
modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria,
Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.[1]
The Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated
Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in
539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the
Great in 332 BC, and after his death, it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire.
Around 150 BC, Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthian Empire. Mesopotamia
became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with western parts of
Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, the eastern regions of
Mesopotamia fell to the Sassanid Persians. The division of Mesopotamia between Roman
(Byzantine from AD 395) and Sassanid Empires lasted until the 7th century Muslim
conquest of Persia of the Sasanian Empire and Muslim conquest of the Levant from
Byzantines. A number of primarily neo-Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states
existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD, including Adiabene, Osroene,
and Hatra.
Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from
around 10,000 BC. It has been identified as having "inspired some of the most important

33. developments in human history, including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the
first cereal crops, and the development of cursive script, mathematics, astronomy,
and agriculture".