Presentación power point correspondiente a la unidad 4 "El mundo, una economía globalizada" del temario de Geografía de 3º ESO de la editorial Santillana.
T.2. La organización política del mundo (II)Luis Lecina
Presentación power point correspondiente a la segunda parte de la unidad 2 "La organización política del mundo" del temario de Geografía de 3º eso de la editorial Santillana.
T.2. La organización política del mundo (I)Luis Lecina
Presentación power point correspondiente a la primera parte de la unidad 2 "La organización política del mundo", del temario de Geografía de 3º eso de la editorial Santillana.
Presencia Bárquida en la Península Ibérica y su relación con los pueblos del ...Maira Gil Camarón
En este artículo revisamos los datos que nos hablan acerca de la presencia de la familia Bárquida en el interior de la Península Ibérica y su trato con los pueblos prerromanos, haciendo especial referencia a la existencia de los caminos que llevaban hacia la Meseta Norte Occidental
Un palacio-santuario en las vías de comunicación protohistóricas peninsulares...Maira Gil Camarón
En el siguiente artículo hacemos un análisis arqueológico del palacio-santuario de Cancho Roano (Badajoz), situado en una zona estratégica de las vías de comunicación protohistóricas peninsulares.
La Vía de la Plata y los otros caminos que unían el mundo orientalizante y la...Maira Gil Camarón
En el siguiente artículo se hace un estudio de los caminos prerromanos que servían para unir las zonas orientalizantes del sur con la Meseta Norte Occidental.
En el siguiente artículo mostramos los diferentes asentamientos donde se han encontrado contactos fenicios con los habitantes de las costas portuguesas durante época protohistórica.
Trashumancia antes de la trashumancia. Existencia de caminos en la protohisto...Maira Gil Camarón
En el siguiente artículo tratamos de demostrar la existencia de caminos protohistóricos frecuentados por pastores trashumantes mucho antes de la existencia real de la Trashumancia tal y como la conocemos hoy.
Los metales de Iberia y su importancia en la colonización fenicia: fuentes y ...Maira Gil Camarón
En el siguiente artículo tratamos de la importancia que tuvieron los metales en Iberia a la hora de hablar de la colonización fenicia, haciendo un análisis a partir de fuentes históricas y datos arqueológicos.
Helmántica en las rutas de comunicación peninsulares durante época prerromanaMaira Gil Camarón
En este artículo pretendemos demostrar que la Campaña de Aníbal en las ciudades de Helmántica y Arbucala no fue un hecho aislado, sino que puede explicarse por la posible existencia de vías de comunicación entre la Meseta y las zonas costeras del sur peninsular desde época prerromana. Asimismo, intentaremos establecer la ubicación de esas rutas a partir de datos arqueológicos, teniendo en cuenta la complicada orografía del terreno.
La fecha de la fundación de Gadir se nos sigue presentando a día de hoy como un enigma, puesto que las fuentes clásicas no van por el mismo camino que las arqueológicas. Por ese motivo en este artículo intentamos dejar sobre la mesa los diferentes motivos por los que existe la controversia.
Middle Ages, 2º eso, bilingual . Explicaciónj de la Edad Media y el principio y desarrollo del feudalismo, después de la caída del imperio de Carlo Magno
En la siguiente infografría se hace un breve resumen de la aparición del hierro a partir de la Revolución Industrial y sus primeros pasos como punto de partida para la nueva concepción de la arquitectura, sobre todo durante el siglo XIX , con la gran importancia que en ese siglo tuvieron las Exposiciones Universales.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. How was medieval society organised?
A period of instability
9th
-10th
centuries: invasions in western Europe destroyed
villages, bridges and roads, sacked monasteries and terrorised
the populations: Vikings, Muslims and Hungarians
3.
4.
5. The monarchs were unable to
protect the people, collect taxes
or maintain a stable army
they relied on the nobles in a
system of relationships called
vassalage
The peasants needed permanent
protection: they got it from
nobles with private armies. In
return for protection, the
peasants had to pay rent and
taxes, and work on the nobles’
land, and fell into serfdom.
This situation made the nobles
very powerful, even more than
the king
6. Vassalage, the basis of Feudalism
Although the nobles were often more powerful than the king
they still recognised the king as the ruler of the country and
they paid homage to him:
The homage: the ceremony in which a noble promised to be
loyal and obedient to the king or to a more powerful noble.
The person who promised to be loyal was called the vassal of
the other person. Sometimes kings paid homage to other
kings. In this case, they often paid a tax called a tribute. Even
alter had paid homage, nobles often rebelled against the king
The investiture: the king gave a fiefdom to a vassal
Many nobles became feudal lords and passed the position on
to their children they could transfer part of his fiefdom to
lesser nobles (knights) so that they could govern them and
maintain a small army
7. A stratified society
Feudal society: unequal
At the top, the king, and their subjects were grouped into
estates closed social groups into which people were born
and remained for life
Privileged: nobility and clergy (a minority). They owned
the most of the land and did not work or pay taxes
Non-privileged: peasants and artisans (the majority).
They had to work and support the other estates. They had no
rights and paid taxes to the lord and to their lords
Orders and their roles:
Nobles had to fight to protect the others
Clergy had to pray for the salvation of the others
Peasants had to work to provide food for the others
8.
9.
10. The feudal monarchy
Sanctity and heritage / The king’s powers
Feudal Europe was divided into numerous kingdoms and
independent states governed by sacred kings: a king was king by
the grace of God.
Their authority was (in theory) very broad: they led the army,
legislated and judged. But, in practice, they were merely the “first
among equals” because the great nobles and clergy acted with a
high degree of independence.
The kings governed with the help of the Curia Regis (or Royal
Council), an assembly of nobles and clergy who advised then on
major issues. In terms of administration, the kingdoms were divided
into counties ruled by counts, and duchies governed by dukes.
11. Kings and emperors
The kings were crowned by the bishops but the emperor was
crowned by the Pope in the 10th
century, Otto I of Germany
(Holy Roman Empire) was crowned as emperor by the
Pope European Christianity had two
representatives, the emperor to provide military
defence and the Pope to provide spiritual authority
The Holy Roman Empire continued for many centuries, but the
emperor’s authority and the title of emperor ended up
becoming an honorary title, with little real power.
12. The privileged: the Nobility
The nobility: Knights and Ladies
They had to fight to protect the others, so their most important activity was
training for battle taking part in joust and tournaments. The king could
summoned them to war and they had to go with their troops
They also went hunting on horseback and practised falconry
Ladies were responsible for the servants and domestic matters
13.
14.
15. The privileged: the clergy
Church regulation of social life
The church was the most important building during the
Feudalism it marked the rhythm of the daily life, announced
mass, warning…
The Church organised the ceremonies in the life of the
humans (baptism, marriage, funeral) and festivities
(Christmas, Easter…)
Christians had certain religious obligations: pray every day,
go to mass on Sunday, fast during Lent… and they had to
practise charity and make a pilgrimage to holy sites (Rome,
Jerusalem, Compostela…)
16. A rich and influential
institution
The Church: the most influential
institution in Medieval Europe
great riches and clergymen held
privileged positions and enjoyed
high standard of living
The Church owned land and
buildings (monasteries, convents,
churches) and received a tithe from
peasants living on its land and
donations from its parishioners
The Church helped the poor, cared
for the sick and taught in
monastery schools
17. The organisation of the Church
Clergy: men and women who dedicated their lives to the Church. At the top
was the Pope, who lived in Rome.
Secular clergy: priests and bishops who attended the believers in their
churches
Regular clergy: monks and nuns dedicated to prayer monasteries in
the countryside or convents in cities
Not all members enjoyed the same standard of living:
High clergy (cardinals, bishops, abbots…) had the same privileges than
the nobles
Lower clergy (parish priests, monks…) lives similar lives to the peasants
18.
19. A fiefdom: lord and peasants
Medieval Europe was an agrarian world where wealth was based
on land ownership fiefdoms or manors were large territories
belonging to the king or granted by him to the nobility/clergy in
exchange for their services. They were not private property, they
were entailed property: they could be inherited by the lord’s
descendants but not sold.
Manors consisted of two parts:
The demesne or domain was the best land that the lord
reserved for himself. The castle and the communal pastures and
forest were located on this land
Dependent holdings: plots of land that the lord provided to
serfs or free peasants, and which they farmed and built their
houses on, in exchange for their labour and taxes
20.
21. The lord lived from manorial rents
The land under the control of the lord: fiefdom. The lord
gave plots/land (holdings) to peasants in exchange for labour
and taxes (manorial rents)
The peasant had to work a period of time on the lord land’s
(personal services), give them part of the harvest and
contribute towards the maintenance of the castle and services.
They have to pay to use the oven, the mill, the blacksmith’s…
(monopoly rights)
In addition to his economic rights, the lords enjoyed
jurisdictional power and rights the lord would issue
orders, impart justice, collect taxes…
The lord had complete authority over the fiefdom and had to
guarantee the protection of the peasants in case of war.
22. Peasants worked the land
Peasants: 90% of the population
Free peasants or villains they owned their own lands
(allods) and were not legally bound to a lord. They had the
right to get married, leave the fiefdom, learn a trade…
Serfs they worked the lord’s land and had no personal
freedom. They could not leave the fiefdom, get married or
leave inheritance without the permission of the lord
They all lived in small villages or on isolated farms and had the
right to collect firewood from the forest and graze their
livestock on the pastures
23. WORKING THE FIELDS
To avoid depleting the soil, peasants rotated their crops. First they used a
two-crop system, then a three-crop system. In both cases, part of the land
was left fallow:
First year: fertilisers were not available, so one plot of land was
left fallow for the soil to recover
Second year: the plot of fallow land was cultivated, while the
other was left to recover
The main crops were cereals, pulses, grapevines and olives. In
gardens, vegetables and fruit trees