we using lathe bed choose different materials and using creo and ansys we conclude some results that which material is best, also we remove some materials in order to reduce cost and weight.
Project documents on weight optimization of lathe bedCollege
we have to select the various material of lathe and remove it and use different material apart from it in order to get better property of lathe bed and reduce the cost.
Active vibration control of composite structure by PZT and PVDF concludes that, in the first mode i.e., 21Hz at 160V, for 0.133N force, % of reduction in vibration by PZT is 18%. For the second mode i.e., 106.8Hz at 196V, for 0.035N, %of reduction in vibration by PZT is 48%. As the voltage increases, there will be more control in vibration.
In the first mode i.e., 23.5Hz at 150V, for 0.1N, %of reduction in vibration by PVDF is 3% and for the second mode i.e., 106.5Hz at 370V, for 0.033N, % of reduction in vibration by PVDF is 7%. As the voltage increases there is a reduction in vibration.
PVDF which is light weight in nature, its stiffness is less compared to PZT. In this case voltage is varied. In future work, multiple PVDF’s can utilize for the vibration control by increasing the voltage as well as force.
The proper implementation and role of flexible manufacturing system in current scenario. Better understanding of different types of flexible manufacturing system layouts and types of flexible manufacturing system.
Other than these, brief introduction of flexibility and types of flexibility in manufacturing and other industries.
Project documents on weight optimization of lathe bedCollege
we have to select the various material of lathe and remove it and use different material apart from it in order to get better property of lathe bed and reduce the cost.
Active vibration control of composite structure by PZT and PVDF concludes that, in the first mode i.e., 21Hz at 160V, for 0.133N force, % of reduction in vibration by PZT is 18%. For the second mode i.e., 106.8Hz at 196V, for 0.035N, %of reduction in vibration by PZT is 48%. As the voltage increases, there will be more control in vibration.
In the first mode i.e., 23.5Hz at 150V, for 0.1N, %of reduction in vibration by PVDF is 3% and for the second mode i.e., 106.5Hz at 370V, for 0.033N, % of reduction in vibration by PVDF is 7%. As the voltage increases there is a reduction in vibration.
PVDF which is light weight in nature, its stiffness is less compared to PZT. In this case voltage is varied. In future work, multiple PVDF’s can utilize for the vibration control by increasing the voltage as well as force.
The proper implementation and role of flexible manufacturing system in current scenario. Better understanding of different types of flexible manufacturing system layouts and types of flexible manufacturing system.
Other than these, brief introduction of flexibility and types of flexibility in manufacturing and other industries.
Dynamo meters are the electronic devices that are widely used to the purpose of force analysis in various field of operations. There is various types of dynamometers such as
Lathe tool dynamometer
Milling tool dynamometer
Drilling tool dynamometer
Modern precision manufacturing demands extreme dimensional accuracy and surface finish.Such performance is very difficult to achieve manually, if not impossible, even with expert operators. In cases where it is possible, it takes much higher time due to the need for frequent dimensional measurement to prevent overcutting. It is thus obvious that automated motion control would replace manual “handwheel” control in modern manufacturing. Development of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines has also made possible the automation of the machining processes with flexibility to handle production of small to medium batch of parts. In the 1940s when the U.S. Air Force perceived the need to manufacture complex parts for highspeed aircraft. This led to the development of computer-based automatic machine tool controls also known as the Numerical Control (NC) systems. Commercial production of NC machine tools started around the fifties and sixties around the world. Note that at this time the microprocessor has not yet been invented. Initially, the CNC technology was applied on lathes, milling machines, etc. which could perform a single type of metal cutting operation. Later, attempt was made to handle a variety of workpieces that may require several different types machining operations and to finish them in a single set-up. Thus CNC machining Centres capable of performing multiple operations were developed. To start with, CNC machining centres were developed for machining prismatic components combining operations like milling, drilling, boring and tapping. Gradually machines for manufacturing cylindrical components, called turning centers were developed.
Automatically controlling a machine tool based on a set of pre-programmed machining and movement instructions is known as numerical control, or NC.In a typical NC system the motion and machining instructions and the related numerical data, together called a part program, used to be written on a punched tape. The part program is arranged in the form of blocks of information, each related to a particular operation in a sequence
of operations needed for producing a mechanical component. The punched tape used to be read one block at a time. Each block contained, in a particular syntax, information needed for processing a particular machining instruction such as, the segment length, its cutting speed, feed, etc. These pieces of information were related to the final dimensions of the workpiece (length, width, and radii of circles) and the contour forms (linear, circular, or other) as per the drawing. Based on these dimensions, motion commands were given separately for each axis of motion. Other instructions and related machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, as well as auxiliary functions related to coolant flow, spindle speed, part clamping, are also provided in part programs depending on manufacturing specifications such as tolerance and surface finish. Punched tapes are mostly obsolete.
Er. Muhammad Zaroon Shakeel
Vibration Analysis Lectures
Book : S.S.RAO
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering (FOE)
University of Central Punjab - Lahore
Modelling and Analysis of CNC Milling Machine Bed with Composite Materialijsrd.com
Structural materials used in a machine tool have a decisive role in determining the productivity and accuracy of the part manufactured in it. The conventional structural materials used in precision machine tools such as cast iron and steel at high operating speeds develop positional errors due to the vibrations transferred into the structure. Faster cutting speeds can be acquired only by structure which has high stiffness and good damping characteristics. Clearly the life of a machine is inversely proportional to the levels of vibration that the machine is subjected. The further process is carried out to undergo the deformation, natural frequency and displacement using Static analysis, Modal analysis and Harmonic analysis respectively. Since the bed in machine tool plays a critical role in ensuring the precision and accuracy in components. It is one of the most important tool structures which tend to absorb the vibrations resulting from the cutting operation. To analyze the bed for possible material changes that could increase stiffness, reduce weight, improve damping characteristics and isolate natural frequency from the operating range. This was the main motivation behind the idea to go in for a composite model involving High Modulus Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Material (HM CFRP). Though carbon has good strength and stiffness properties but it lacks in damping requirements. On the other hand polymer, though it lacks in strength but it has good damping characteristics and it is used to hold the carbon fibers. This makes it ideal to combine these materials in a proper manner. In this work, a machine bed is selected for the analysis static loads. Then investigation is carried out to reduce the weight of the machine bed without deteriorating its structural rigidity. The 3D CAD model of the bed has been created by using commercial 3D modelling software and analyses were carried out using ANSYS.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
Dynamo meters are the electronic devices that are widely used to the purpose of force analysis in various field of operations. There is various types of dynamometers such as
Lathe tool dynamometer
Milling tool dynamometer
Drilling tool dynamometer
Modern precision manufacturing demands extreme dimensional accuracy and surface finish.Such performance is very difficult to achieve manually, if not impossible, even with expert operators. In cases where it is possible, it takes much higher time due to the need for frequent dimensional measurement to prevent overcutting. It is thus obvious that automated motion control would replace manual “handwheel” control in modern manufacturing. Development of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines has also made possible the automation of the machining processes with flexibility to handle production of small to medium batch of parts. In the 1940s when the U.S. Air Force perceived the need to manufacture complex parts for highspeed aircraft. This led to the development of computer-based automatic machine tool controls also known as the Numerical Control (NC) systems. Commercial production of NC machine tools started around the fifties and sixties around the world. Note that at this time the microprocessor has not yet been invented. Initially, the CNC technology was applied on lathes, milling machines, etc. which could perform a single type of metal cutting operation. Later, attempt was made to handle a variety of workpieces that may require several different types machining operations and to finish them in a single set-up. Thus CNC machining Centres capable of performing multiple operations were developed. To start with, CNC machining centres were developed for machining prismatic components combining operations like milling, drilling, boring and tapping. Gradually machines for manufacturing cylindrical components, called turning centers were developed.
Automatically controlling a machine tool based on a set of pre-programmed machining and movement instructions is known as numerical control, or NC.In a typical NC system the motion and machining instructions and the related numerical data, together called a part program, used to be written on a punched tape. The part program is arranged in the form of blocks of information, each related to a particular operation in a sequence
of operations needed for producing a mechanical component. The punched tape used to be read one block at a time. Each block contained, in a particular syntax, information needed for processing a particular machining instruction such as, the segment length, its cutting speed, feed, etc. These pieces of information were related to the final dimensions of the workpiece (length, width, and radii of circles) and the contour forms (linear, circular, or other) as per the drawing. Based on these dimensions, motion commands were given separately for each axis of motion. Other instructions and related machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, as well as auxiliary functions related to coolant flow, spindle speed, part clamping, are also provided in part programs depending on manufacturing specifications such as tolerance and surface finish. Punched tapes are mostly obsolete.
Er. Muhammad Zaroon Shakeel
Vibration Analysis Lectures
Book : S.S.RAO
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering (FOE)
University of Central Punjab - Lahore
Modelling and Analysis of CNC Milling Machine Bed with Composite Materialijsrd.com
Structural materials used in a machine tool have a decisive role in determining the productivity and accuracy of the part manufactured in it. The conventional structural materials used in precision machine tools such as cast iron and steel at high operating speeds develop positional errors due to the vibrations transferred into the structure. Faster cutting speeds can be acquired only by structure which has high stiffness and good damping characteristics. Clearly the life of a machine is inversely proportional to the levels of vibration that the machine is subjected. The further process is carried out to undergo the deformation, natural frequency and displacement using Static analysis, Modal analysis and Harmonic analysis respectively. Since the bed in machine tool plays a critical role in ensuring the precision and accuracy in components. It is one of the most important tool structures which tend to absorb the vibrations resulting from the cutting operation. To analyze the bed for possible material changes that could increase stiffness, reduce weight, improve damping characteristics and isolate natural frequency from the operating range. This was the main motivation behind the idea to go in for a composite model involving High Modulus Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Material (HM CFRP). Though carbon has good strength and stiffness properties but it lacks in damping requirements. On the other hand polymer, though it lacks in strength but it has good damping characteristics and it is used to hold the carbon fibers. This makes it ideal to combine these materials in a proper manner. In this work, a machine bed is selected for the analysis static loads. Then investigation is carried out to reduce the weight of the machine bed without deteriorating its structural rigidity. The 3D CAD model of the bed has been created by using commercial 3D modelling software and analyses were carried out using ANSYS.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
PARAMETRIC DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FEA SIMULATION OF A CHISEL PLOW FOR AN AGRICUL...ijmech
CAD Software for the structural analysis is basically used for the application of CAD/CAM in design optimization of tillage tools, which is based on the simulation method and Finite Element Method. The various components of the tillage tools are simulated with help of actual field performance rating parameters which are prepared by solid models along with actual boundary conditions. The planned work outcomes of sufficient tolerance in varying the working parameters of Chisel Plow sections for ejecting the extra weight in a solid section and also to increase the weight of plow for a consistent potency. In this paper parametric study of two different kinds of Chisel Plow for an agriculture use in designing from stress, strain, deformation and fatigue analysis has done. One is Old Chisel Plow & another is New Generation Chisel Plow. The old working model of Chisel Plow is compared with new design parameters with change of its geometry for the maximum weed exclusion efficiency by showing its realistic results from the actual field performance.
PARAMETRIC DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FEA SIMULATION OF A CHISEL PLOW FOR AN AGRICUL...ijmech
CAD Software for the structural analysis is basically used for the application of CAD/CAM in design
optimization of tillage tools, which is based on the simulation method and Finite Element Method. The
various components of the tillage tools are simulated with help of actual field performance rating
parameters which are prepared by solid models along with actual boundary conditions. The planned work
outcomes of sufficient tolerance in varying the working parameters of Chisel Plow sections for ejecting the
extra weight in a solid section and also to increase the weight of plow for a consistent potency.
In this paper parametric study of two different kinds of Chisel Plow for an agriculture use in designing
from stress, strain, deformation and fatigue analysis has done. One is Old Chisel Plow & another is New
Generation Chisel Plow. The old working model of Chisel Plow is compared with new design parameters
with change of its geometry for the maximum weed exclusion efficiency by showing its realistic results from
the actual field performance.
STATIC ANALYSIS OF A 6 - AXIS INDUSTRIAL ROBOT USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSISIAEME Publication
The present work aims to find out the Deformation, Stresses, Shear Elastic Strainand Strain Energy at different points of an industrial robot to determine it’s the safetyfactor by using Finite Element Method (FEM). Six axis industrial robots are generally
used in industries for various production works such as pick and place and fordifferent operations. So it needs to be properly designed. The model of robot isestablished using the ANSYS software and finite element analysis is done. Different
values of typical gripper loads are applied, and values at different conditions arecompared to find out the weak parts, so further design improvement can be done.
DESIGN MODIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF FIXTURE TO ACCOMMODATE DIFFERENT STEAM TU...Journal For Research
A fixture is a special purpose tool used to accurately and stably locate the work piece during machining process. Proper fixture design improves the quality, production of parts and also facilitates the interchangeability of parts that is prevalent in much of modern manufacturing. A machining fixture has two basic functions are to locate the component at a right position in relation with cutting tools and to hold the component tightly. Lack of rigidity causes vibration which is very dangerous. In the present study an attempt has been carried out to make universal type of fixture which is capable to handle different steam turbine casing having geometry changing attributes. Modeling has been carried out of existing fixture using solid modeling software. Based on the available data of existing fixture, force, vibration and control point calculations have been carried out analytically. Static structural and harmonic analysis have been carried out using finite element software. The high vibration and stresses have been found in existing fixture design, which will be eliminated by redesigning of the same. It has been found that frequency has been increased whereas equivalent stress and deformation has been reduced in modified design of fixture.
Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile. Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).
ANALYSIS OF CNC LATHE SPINDLE FOR MAXIMUM CUTTING FORCE CONDITION AND BEARING...AM Publications
The present CNC machine structures consist of spindle system which plays a relating to the quality of the
final product and the overall productivity and efficiency of the machine tool itself. The spindle of a CNC lathe
machine, which is rotated by the main motor, holds the cutting tool, which cuts the work piece, so that the cutting
forces are generated which effects the spindle accuracy directly. The forces which are affecting the CNC machine tool
spindle are tangential force (Ft), feed force (Fc), radial force (Fr) and will be estimated. Based on maximum cutting
force incurred the analysis will be carried out. The main objective is to find the static, fatigue analysis of spindle
structure for maximum cutting force condition and predicting life of bearings. From static analysis stress and
deformation of the spindle can be found. Stress obtained from the stress analysis is less than the yield strength of the
material and deformation of the spindle is very less which can be neglected. Equivalent alternating stress, factor of
safety and life of the spindle is found by fatigue analysis and which results are closely matches with the analytical
value
Design and Analysis of a Hybrid Suspension Systemijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design and Structural Analysis of 3 Axis CNC Milling Machine Tableijtsrd
In the field of Engineering, the solution of many complex problems is great limitless and usually impossible by analytical methods. For high exactness and repeatability, machine tools are used in industrial operation. Normally, several components such as base, knee, saddle, machine table, column and headstock, column are the main parts of the machine tools to get reliable performance. The work piece is held and supported on the machine table. A machine table should be enough rigid and must have good mechanical properties, to obtain a good finished and accurate work piece on a three axis CNC milling machine. A finite element analysis FEA gives a methodical study of failure principle which helps for additional progress of the 3 axis machine tables. In this paper, Static Analysis is performed on machine table to find out stresses generated in table, deformation of the table due to its weight. The finite element analysis is done by making 3D geometry in Solidworks software and analyse by using ANSYS software. The material comparison is shown in table and Grey Cast Iron is more dependable than other materials. Nyein Chan | Than Zaw Oo | Aung Myo San Hlaing "Design and Structural Analysis of 3 Axis CNC Milling Machine Table" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29197.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29197/design-and-structural-analysis-of-3-axis-cnc-milling-machine-table/nyein-chan
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF UNSYMMETRIC BUILDING WITH OPTIMALLY PLACED FRICTION DAMPERSIAEME Publication
Conventional methods of seismic rehabilitation with concrete shear walls or steel bracing
are not considered suitable for some buildings as upgrades with these methods would have
required expensive and time consuming foundation work. Supplemental damping in
conjunction with appropriate stiffness offers an innovative and attractive solution for the
seismic rehabilitation of such structures. This paper deals with the use of friction damper as a
passive dissipative device in order to seismic retrofit of existing structures and discusses the
optimal placement criteria. To fulfill this objective, six storey and ten storey L-shaped
buildings have been modeled with five different damper location formats in SAP2000 subjected
to El Centro and Utterkashi earthquake records. Non-Linear Modal Time History Method has
been used for the analysis and base shear, joint displacement, member forces and hysteresis
energy has been compared to find out most optimal damper location format.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Pins require very little service and total failure seldom occurs. Wear, pitting, and scoring are the usual troubles
encountered with pins. In this paper, going to apply induction hardening process on pins and its comparison will
be done with existing pins. Different hardening thickness or case depth will be applied and analysis will be done
to interpret the results. Case depth of 1mm, 2mm or 2.5mm will be taken in induction hardening process.
Caterpillar 320dl excavator model is taken for study. Material used for the pins is EN8 grade of steel. And
different material used for the pin for analysis purpose will be bronze alloy, Titanium. The main objective in this
project is to determine the appropriate induction hardening case depth to be used in manufacturing pins.ThreedHiympeenrsmioensh
m aondde Alsn osfy sp iwnisl lu bseed u sined e xtoc aavnaatloyrz ew tihlle bsetr ecsres astteadtu uss oinng t hCea ptiianVs.5 T shoef tmwaarxei,m mumes hdienfgo rwmiallt iboen ,d monaex iumsuinmg
stress point and dangerous areas are found by the stress analysis.
Similar to weight optimization of lathe bed using FEA (20)
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
Titile Design and analysis of cantilever beamCollege
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
Tables and figures serial no. Design and analysis of cantilever beamCollege
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
Design and analysis of cantilever beam headingCollege
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
we using lathe bed choose different materials and using creo and ansys we conclude some results that which material is best, also we remove some materials in order to reduce cost and weight.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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weight optimization of lathe bed using FEA
1. PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The bed of Lathe acts as the base on which the different fixed and
movable parts of the Lathe are mounted
Usually it is made with toughened cast iron.
Lathe machine bed undergoes various cutting forces and vibrations in
large magnitude during machining process
To retain lathe bed in safe operating environment, it must be designed
with high rigidity and damping capacity
To achieve rigidity and damping capacity, lathe beds being designed
with high mass quantity. It increases both material and manufacturing
cost
2. PROJECT OBJECTIVE
In current project, lathe bed will be modeled for the complete analysis
with maximum load conditions.
Then FEA simulation will be carried out to reduce the weight of the
lathe bed without deteriorating its structural rigidity and damping
capacity
This weight reduction will be achieved by adding ribs and removing
material where less deformation and stresses are induced
3. PROJECT PROCEDURE
Solid modeling of lathe machine bed with help of Creo (formerly Pro –
Engineer) CAD software
Importing CAD model into ANSYS APDL (FEA software)
Assigning material properties (Cast iron)
Assigning boundary conditions (constraining FEA model DOF
according to real time conditions)
Applying loads on FEA model (force)
Simulating structural analysis for finding stress and deformation
magnitudes
Simulating modal analysis for finding natural frequency ranges
(modes)
4. PROJECT PROCEDURE
Identifying minimum stress and deformation zones. Reducing
material form these zones by adding ribs
After incorporation of these changes, again conducting FEA
analysis on modified model
Comparison of FEA results of initial and modified models
Conclusion based on results comparison
Project document preparation
5. REFERENCE LITERATURE
TITLE : Design and analysis of a machine tool structure based on
structural bionics (Author : Sujeet Ganesh Kore, IJMERR )
Objective : A structural bionic design process is systematically presented for
lightweight mechanical structures. By mimicking biological excellent structural
principles, the structure of lathe bed or the stiffening ribs of a lathe bed were
redesigned for better load-bearing efficiency.
Initial lathe bed design Modified lathe bed design for light weight and higher
strength by circular shape after considering
biological structures as shown above figure
6. REFERENCE LITERATURE
TITLE : Modelling and Analysis of CNC Milling Machine Bed with
Composite Material (Author : Venkata Ajay Kumar, IJSRD )
Objective : The bed in machine tool plays a critical role in ensuring the precision
and accuracy in components. It is one of the most important tool structures which
tend to absorb the vibrations resulting from the cutting operation. To analyze the
bed for possible material changes that could increase stiffness, reduce weight,
improve damping characteristics and isolate natural frequency from the operating
range. This was the main motivation behind the idea to go in for a composite
model involving High Modulus Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite
Material (HM CFRP).
Initial lathe bed design
Structural and modal analysis is carried out with
3 different materials as shown in above table. From
These results author concluded HM CFRP material
Is best in terms of less weight and higher stiffness
and damping capacity
7. LOAD CONDITIONS (REFERENCE LITERATURE)
TITLE: Finding Cutting Forces While Turning Operation on Lathe
Machine at Different Depth of Cut of Different Metals (Author :
B.Tulasiramarao, IJIRS)
OBJECTIVE: In this study, a lathe tool dynamometer that can measure cutting
force, feed force and also thrust/Axial force by using strain gauge accelerometer
has been Studied and used. The dynamometer used in this project is a 500kg
force 3- component system. The dynamometer is connected to a data acquisition
system. As the tool comes in contact with the work piece the various forces
developed are captured and transformed into numerical form system. In this
project various forces for four different materials have been noted down and the
materials used in this project are aluminium, brass, mid steel & nylon. The forces
on these materials with variation in depth of cut are studied. Graphs are drawn on
how these forces vary due to variation in depth of cut.
Machine tool Dynamometer
8. TITLE: Finding Cutting Forces While Turning Operation on Lathe
Machine at Different Depth of Cut of Different Metals (Author :
B.Tulasi ramarao, IJIRS)
OBSERVATIONS :
Machine tool dynamometer works on the principle of measuring strain or
deflection induced in machine tool during cutting operation.
Dynamometer connected to data acquisition system (Computer loaded with
relevant software). Dynamometer collects data during machining process. This
data will be analyzed and converted into forces (component wise like X, Y and Z
component forces
Cutting force, feed force and axial / thrust forces can be calculated with help of
Dynamometer
For detailed analysis of forces which are acting on machine tools, strain gauges
will connect to various locations of machine tool
LIMITATIONS : Unavailability of dynamometer and data acquisition system
LOAD CONDITIONS (REFERENCE LITERATURE)
9. TITLE: Rigidity and Dynamic Analysis of Lathe Bed (Authors : P.
Karunakar, A. Ramesh and S. Vidya Sagar ICARMMIEM)
OBJECTIVE: Lathe is the most important machine tool, It is used to perform
number of operations. The requirements of lathe are zero deflection & high rigidity
heavy type lathe beds. The main objective of this paper is to develop geometric
model of lathe structure, stress and deflection analysis of lathe bed structure by
considering the specifications of Lathe bed. Here we determine the natural
frequencies of lathe structure and observed mode shapes and also we found the
amplitudes at various critical location ie., A1 120, A2 203 by two methods(1)
Model Analysis (2) Hermonic Analysis with respect to lathe speed by finite
element approach.
LOAD CONDITIONS (REFERENCE LITERATURE)
10. TITLE: Rigidity and Dynamic Analysis of Lathe Bed (Authors : P.
Karunakar, A. Ramesh and S. Vidya Sagar ICARMMIEM)
Force acting on lathe bed
The force acting on the lathe bed can be calculated in the following way.
The specifications of the PANTHER ENGG.CO LATHE are as follows,
i) Motor HP/KW = 2/1.5
ii) Spindle speed range = 45-938 rpm
iii) Spindle hollow (D) = 42mm.
iv) Power (P) = 2πNT/60 Where,
N – Spindle speed in R.P.M, T – Torque in N-m.
From above formulae Torque can be calculated as: T = P*60/2πN N-m.
T = 1.5*1000*60/2π*45,T = 318.30 N-m.
T = 318.308*103 N-mm.
We know that Torque = F * r
F is the force,
r is the radius of hollow spindle.
r = D/2= 42/2, r = 21mm.
LOAD CONDITIONS (REFERENCE LITERATURE)
11. TITLE: Rigidity and Dynamic Analysis of Lathe Bed
(Authors : P. Karunakar, A. Ramesh and S. Vidya Sagar ICARMMIEM)
F = T/r = 318.30*103/21, F = 15157.142 N.
This is the force acting on the lathe bed. This force is divided equally and
applied on selected nodes of the lathe bed.
So the force on each node (FN) is given as
FN = 15157.142/1063, FN = 14.258 N/node.
This force is applied on the selected nodes of the lathe bed which are
selected from head stock side of the lathe bed. The load applied on the
bed can be seen in the figure.
LOAD CONDITIONS (REFERENCE LITERATURE)
12. TITLE: Rigidity and Dynamic Analysis of Lathe Bed
(Authors : P. Karunakar, A. Ramesh and S. Vidya Sagar ICARMMIEM)
OBSERVATIONS :
Maximum torque generated by electric motor is converted into force as shown in
previous slide
This force is applied near head stock region (Because head stock region
experience high magnitude forces)
We opted for this method due to availability of input data
LIMITATIONS :
We can’t capture induced stress patterns for entire lathe bed accurately
But we can get idea about maximum stresses and deformations which can
be induced during machining process
For getting complete data about forces acting on lathe machine bed we need
strain gauges and data analyzing equipment
LOAD CONDITIONS (REFERENCE LITERATURE)
13. MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (REF. LITERATURE)
TITLE: DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CNC VERTICAL MILLING
MACHINE BED (Authors: B. Malleswara Swami, K.Sunil Ratna Kumar IJAET)
OBJECTIVE: In this paper, a machine bed (Manufacturer: M/s Lokesh Machine
Tools Ltd) is selected for the complete analysis for both static and dynamic
loads. Then investigation is carried out to reduce the weight of the machine bed
without deteriorating its structural rigidity and the accuracy of the machine tool
by adding ribs at the suitable locations. In this work, the 3D CAD model for the
base line and the optimized design has been created by using commercial 3D
modeling software CATIA. The 3D FE model has been generated using
HYPERMESH. The analyses were carried out using ANSYS and Design
Optimization is done with the help of Optistruct. The results were shown with
the help of graphs to analyze the effect of weight reduction on the structural
integrity of the machine bed before and after the weight reduction and
conclusions were drawn about the optimized design.
14. MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (REF. LITERATURE)
TITLE: DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CNC VERTICAL MILLING
MACHINE BED (Authors: B. Malleswara Swami, K.Sunil Ratna Kumar IJAET)
3D CAD model of milling machine
(base line design)
3D CAD model of milling machine
(optimized model)
15. OBSERVATIONS :
FEA is carried out with help of HYPERMESH (Optistruct) and CAD modeling is
done in CATIA
Milling machine bed is divided into 2 parts i.e., 1. Design space 2. Non-design
space
Modifications are allowed into design space and modifications are not allowed
into non-design space (critical regions which can’t be allowed to modify)
Base portion of milling machine bed is chosen as design space because of low
intensity of stresses
They are done FEA analysis with 3 different materials. They are Cast iron G15,
Cast iron G40 and Cast iron G70.
FEA analysis is carried out for finding maximum stress, maximum deflection and
natural frequencies
MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (REF. LITERATURE)
TITLE: DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CNC VERTICAL MILLING
MACHINE BED (Authors: B. Malleswara Swami, K.Sunil Ratna Kumar IJAET)
16. OBSERVATIONS :
MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (REF. LITERATURE)
TITLE: DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CNC VERTICAL MILLING
MACHINE BED (Authors: B. Malleswara Swami, K.Sunil Ratna Kumar IJAET)
After analyzing FEA results, material removed from locations where minimum
stresses and deformations are induced as shown in modified figure
Again FEA analysis is carried out on the modified model with 3 different
materials as already mentioned
From these results comparison, Cast iron G15 was selected as best material
due to low stress and high natural frequencies as shown in below graph
Von-mises stress comparison Weight comparison
17. OBSERVATIONS :
MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (REF. LITERATURE)
TITLE: DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CNC VERTICAL MILLING
MACHINE BED (Authors: B. Malleswara Swami, K.Sunil Ratna Kumar IJAET)
Natural frequencies comparison
of Cast iron G15
Natural frequencies comparison
of Cast iron G 40
Natural frequencies comparison
of Cast iron G70
18. OBSERVATIONS :
MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (REF. LITERATURE)
TITLE: DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CNC VERTICAL MILLING
MACHINE BED (Authors: B. Malleswara Swami, K.Sunil Ratna Kumar IJAET)
Deformations comparison in mm
19. MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (REF. LITERATURE)
TITLE: STRUCTURAL REDESIGNING OF A CNC LATHE BED TO IMPROVE ITS STATIC
AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS (Authors: S. Syath Abuthakeer, P.V. Mohanram,
G. Mohan Kumar ANNALS)
OBJECTIVE: In the past, the design of CNC machine tools focused on their
functional aspects and was hard to acquire any resonance with customers.
Nowadays, despite the needs of low price, capabilities withstand at higher cutting
speeds and operate at high acceleration and deceleration with high quality
machine, many customers request good-looking machine. Regarding this, our
study aims to provide various form designs of machine tool structure with the help
of structural modifications made in CNC machine tool bed. After the lightening
effect was verified by finite element simulation, scale-down models of an original
bed and vertical ribs with hollow bed models were fabricated using rapid
prototyping method and tested. The dynamic characteristics of those different
form designs of the bed were analyzed experimentally. Numerical analysis was
done and results were validated with experimental results. Results indicated that
the cross and horizontal rib with hollow bed can increase the specific stiffness by
8% with 4% weight reduction and its dynamic performances is also better with
increases in the first natural frequencies. The modified design is effective in
improving the static and dynamic structural performances of high speed machine
tools.
20. MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES (REF. LITERATURE)
TITLE: STRUCTURAL REDESIGNING OF A CNC LATHE BED TO IMPROVE ITS STATIC
AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS (Authors: S. Syath Abuthakeer, P.V. Mohanram,
G. Mohan Kumar ANNALS)
FEA Results shows that the cross and horizontal rib with hollow bed can
increase the specific stiffness by 8% with 4% weight reduction and its dynamic
performances is also better with increases in the first natural frequencies.
21. SOLID MODELING OF LATHE BED
Make South Bend Lathe Co
Model No. SB 1007
Overall
Dimensions(L X B X H )
1550 x 724 x 559 mm
Mass 246 kg
Overall
Dimensions(L X B X H )
1420 x 174.5 x 215.7
mm
Mass 90 kg
Material Gray Cast Iron
22. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF LATHE MACHINE
Electric Motor 2 HP, 1750 rpm /1.5 KW
Swing Over Bed 273 mm
Maximum Weight between centers 36.2 kg
Spindle Bore 34.5 mm
Spindle speeds 55 – 2200 rpm
Number of Spindle Speeds 8
Swing Over Cross Slide 168 mm
Swing Over Saddle 235 mm
23. LOADS APPLIED ON LATHE BED
Self Weight Of Lathe Bed - Gravitational Force
Weight Of Head Stock - 246 – 105.8 = 140.2 kg / 1375 N (Carriage
and tailstock weights are not subtracted due to unavailability of individual
weights. It does not effect FEA results because we are not reducing
loads and as compared to lathe bed weight these weight are very less in
magnitude)
Maximum force applied at carriage which is produced by electric motor
- 15092 N ( Calculation is shown in next slide)
Maximum Weight Between Centers - 36.2 kg / 355 N
24. Force acting on lathe bed
The force acting on the lathe bed can be calculated in the following way.
The specifications of the South Bend Lathe Co are as follows,
i) Motor HP/KW = 2/1.5
ii) Spindle speed range = 55-2200 rpm
iii) Spindle hollow (D) = 34.5 mm.
iv) Power (P) = 2πNT/60 Where,
N – Spindle speed in R.P.M, T – Torque in N-m.
From above formulae Torque can be calculated as: T = P*60/2πN N-m.
T = 1.5*1000*60/2π*55,T = 260.33 N-m.
We know that Torque = F * r
F is the force,
r is the radius of hollow spindle.
r = D/2= 34.5/2, r = 17.25 mm = 0.01725 m
F = 260.33/0.01725 = 15091.6 N
LOADS APPLIED ON LATHE BED
25. FE ANALYSIS FLOW CHART
Lathe bed CAD model generation by Creo
Importing CAD model into ANSYS APDL in .IGES format
Assigning material properties and applying forces and displacement constraints
Conducting structural and modal analysis on lathe bed
Reviewing analysis results
Finding out high and concentrated stress zones, high deflection zones
and low stress and deflection zones
Adding material or modifying design at high stress zones
and removing material at low stress zones And adding ribs / stiffeners
Conducting structural and modal analysis on modified lathe bed
Results comparison
26. CAD MODELING OF LATHE BED
Make South Bend Lathe Co
Model No. SB 1007
Overall
Dimensions(L X B X H )
1550 x 724 x 559 mm
Mass 246 kg
Overall
Dimensions(L X B X H )
1420 x 174.5 x 215.7
mm
Mass 105.816 kg
Material Gray Cast Iron
28. DEFINING ELEMENT TYPE
Solid 285 is a lower order 3-D, 4 node mixed u-P element. The element has a
linear displacement and hydrostatic pressure behavior. The element is defined
by four nodes having four degrees of freedom at each node: 3 three
translations in the nodal X, Y and Z directions, and one hydrostatic pressure.
30. DESCRITIZING (MESHING) CAD MODEL
Element edge length 6 mm
Number of elements 250630
Number of nodes 58904
Mass 105.816 kg
31. APPLYING FORCES AND DOF ON LATHE BED
1552.5 N applied at headstock region
15092 N applied at carriage region
177.5 N applied at tailstock region
All DOF applied at lathe bed base
Gravitationalforceappliedonlathebed
41. CONCLUSION OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
From this structural analysis, we found that maximum stress (15.9
Mpa) occurring on bottom curved area near headstock leg. This is
occurring because
We can compare lathe bed with fixed beam by its construction.
When we apply force at carriage region, middle portion of bed tries
to bend downwards.
Maximum internal resistance forces develop at fixed support.
These forces tries to oppose deflection. Due to this resistance
forces maximum stress is inducing near lathe bed base
This induced stress is very much low as compared to
compressive strength (970 Mpa) of Gray cast iron. But this stress is
concentrating at small curved region.
We will change lathe bed design at this location to attain uniform
stress distribution
42. CONCLUSION OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Lathe bed side walls after carriage region experiencing less stresses
Due to this we will remove material of side walls after carriage
region by adding ribs.
Base CAD model Modified CAD model
43. CONCLUSION OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Modified CAD model
Base CAD model
Base CAD model Modified CAD model
44. MODAL ANALYSIS OF LATHE BED
Mode failures of lathe bed (mode -1 to mode – 6)
45. MODAL ANALYSIS OF LATHE BED
Above frequencies are natural frequencies of lathe bed at which mode
failure occurs. The shape of mode failure shown in previous slide
These values are extracted from modal analysis. The natural
frequencies are useful to under stand at what frequency lathe bed will
damage structurally due to vibrations which are induced during working
condition
Also these natural frequencies range should not vary much in modified
design
46. CAD MODELING OF LATHE BED
Make South Bend Lathe Co
Model No. SB 1007
Overall
Dimensions(L X B X H )
1550 x 724 x 559 mm
Mass 246 kg
Overall
Dimensions(L X B X H )
1420 x 174.5 x 215.7
mm
Mass 97.992 kg
Material Gray Cast Iron
48. DEFINING ELEMENT TYPE
Solid 285 is a lower order 3-D, 4 node mixed u-P element. The element has a
linear displacement and hydrostatic pressure behavior. The element is defined
by four nodes having four degrees of freedom at each node: 3 three
translations in the nodal X, Y and Z directions, and one hydrostatic pressure.
50. DESCRITIZING (MESHING) CAD MODEL
Element edge length 6 mm
Number of elements 539450
Number of nodes 122798
Mass 97.992 kg
51. APPLYING FORCES AND DOF ON LATHE BED
1552.5 N applied at headstock region
15092 N applied at carriage region
177.5 N applied at tailstock region
All DOF applied at lathe bed base
Gravitationalforceappliedonlathebed
63. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS RESULTS COMPARISON
S.No Description Base Model Modified Model
1. Max. Von-Mises stress (MPa) 15.9 13.6
2. Max. Deformation (mm) 0.0286 0.0302
3. Min. Deformation (mm) 0 0
4. Mass (kg) 105.816 97.992
5. Reaction force in Y direction (N) 15823 15902
64. MODAL ANALYSIS RESULTS COMPARISON
Mode.No Description Base Model Modified Model
1. Frequency (Hz) 211.24 230.40
Deformation (mm) 204.898 238.068
2. Frequency (Hz) 474.16 507.81
Deformation (mm) 204.41 247.97
3. Frequency (Hz) 595.13 572.46
Deformation (mm) 322.561 336.216
4. Frequency (Hz) 634.89 649.25
Deformation (mm) 226.61 225.292
5. Frequency (Hz) 794.16 838.73
Deformation (mm) 218.397 346.006
6. Frequency (Hz) 1031.8 938.13
Deformation (mm) 334.217 431.994
65. CONCLUSION
In this project, we have prepared Lathe bed CAD model of M/s South
Bend Lathe Co
The weight of the lathe bed before modification is 105.816 Kg, after
modifying the design weight of the bed has reduced to 97.992 kg. This weight
reduction is equal to 7.4% base model weight
We identified concentrated stress and low stress zones in lathe bed by
conducting structural analysis. We achieved linear stress distribution at
concentrated stress zones after lathe bed design modification
We conformed that modified Lathe bed CAD model is not deviating with base
Lathe bed CAD model in terms of vibrational damping capacity by conducting
modal analysis for 6 modes (Natural Frequencies). There is no much variation
in modal analysis results
Through these structural and modal analysis results, we can conclude that
modified model is best in terms of weight, stresses and damping capacity