Development involves learning and change throughout the lifespan from birth to death. The lifespan perspective views development as multidimensional, multidirectional, and influenced by biological, social, and individual factors. Developmental theories aim to explain how people change physically, cognitively, and socially over time through various processes like maturation, learning, and social interaction within different contexts. Major theories include psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, and ecological approaches.
This informational slideshow covers all important aspects of cognitive development in infancy, ranging from how a child learns to make sense of the world to how a child learns to produce language.
This informational slideshow covers all important aspects of cognitive development in infancy, ranging from how a child learns to make sense of the world to how a child learns to produce language.
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and p.pdfannammalassociates
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and psychosocial.
Physical development:
Individual growth varies according to genetics, gender, culture and socioeconomic status.
Physical development starts at infancy and can last till late adolescence. It is generally divided
into eight stages being infancy; early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood;
middle age and old age.Specific physical changes occur at each stage of physical development.
Physical development concentrates on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty which
includes developing a control over the body, particularly muscles and physical coordination.
Gross motor skills involves moving the large muscles in the body like the arms and legs,
consciously and deliberately. It also involves balancing and stability with movements like
jumping, skipping, throwing, catching, hopping, kicking, running and galloping.
Fine motor skills involves controlling small muscles in the hands and wrists. This is achieved by
using small objects like handling scissors and writing instruments.Fine motor skills generally
follow gross motor development.
Physical growth at the infancy stage is rapid. Ther weight of the infant generally doubles over a
period of 6 months. The infant grows by 10-12 inches in length( or height) and the the
propartions change over a period of two years. The size of the head also decreases.The
subcortical areas of brain start developing first followed by cortical areas. At birth, the barin
weighs 25% of and adult brain which increases to 80% by puberty.
Physical development at childhood is rapid. By the end of second year, most children can
standup,walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. From ages 4-5 they develop more speed and
agility and posture control. Fine motor skills start developing at this stage.
Physical development at adolescence starts with the beginning of puberty and ends with
adulthood. The physical age ranges from 12-18 years. At puberty distinctive physiological
changes occur, which involve increase in height, weight, sex characteristics, body composition
and internal systems. These changes are influenced by changes in hormone activity (growth
hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens).
Males develop a deeper voice during puberty and females develop breasts and increased hip size
start menstruation.
Physical development at early adulthood is observed at ages 20-40 years. At this period the
physical abilities are at their peak like muscle strength, sensory abilities, cardiac functioning etc.
One also starts aging at this period. Age related changes now varies to a great extent depending
on the biological factors like molecular and cellular changes and also choice of lifestyle. Aging
process starts during early adulthood and is characterized by changes in skin, vision and
reproductive capability. Women reach a menopause
Physical development at middle age is characterized by failing organs and body functions,
wrinled skin, lo.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
Developmental Task by Havighurst in the process of DevelopmentPuneethKumarGB
PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT:
Robert J Havighurst life, concept of developmental task, What is Developmental Task, Characteristics of Developmental Task, Intellectual Contribution, Havighurst identified six major stages in human life covering birth to old age, Sources for Developmental Tasks, Developmental Tasks, Educational implications, Teacher role in Developmental task, Parents role in Developmental task, Conclusion, Reference.
Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Gerontology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all the areas of Gerontology. Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of gerontology.
Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and p.pdfannammalassociates
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and psychosocial.
Physical development:
Individual growth varies according to genetics, gender, culture and socioeconomic status.
Physical development starts at infancy and can last till late adolescence. It is generally divided
into eight stages being infancy; early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood;
middle age and old age.Specific physical changes occur at each stage of physical development.
Physical development concentrates on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty which
includes developing a control over the body, particularly muscles and physical coordination.
Gross motor skills involves moving the large muscles in the body like the arms and legs,
consciously and deliberately. It also involves balancing and stability with movements like
jumping, skipping, throwing, catching, hopping, kicking, running and galloping.
Fine motor skills involves controlling small muscles in the hands and wrists. This is achieved by
using small objects like handling scissors and writing instruments.Fine motor skills generally
follow gross motor development.
Physical growth at the infancy stage is rapid. Ther weight of the infant generally doubles over a
period of 6 months. The infant grows by 10-12 inches in length( or height) and the the
propartions change over a period of two years. The size of the head also decreases.The
subcortical areas of brain start developing first followed by cortical areas. At birth, the barin
weighs 25% of and adult brain which increases to 80% by puberty.
Physical development at childhood is rapid. By the end of second year, most children can
standup,walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. From ages 4-5 they develop more speed and
agility and posture control. Fine motor skills start developing at this stage.
Physical development at adolescence starts with the beginning of puberty and ends with
adulthood. The physical age ranges from 12-18 years. At puberty distinctive physiological
changes occur, which involve increase in height, weight, sex characteristics, body composition
and internal systems. These changes are influenced by changes in hormone activity (growth
hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens).
Males develop a deeper voice during puberty and females develop breasts and increased hip size
start menstruation.
Physical development at early adulthood is observed at ages 20-40 years. At this period the
physical abilities are at their peak like muscle strength, sensory abilities, cardiac functioning etc.
One also starts aging at this period. Age related changes now varies to a great extent depending
on the biological factors like molecular and cellular changes and also choice of lifestyle. Aging
process starts during early adulthood and is characterized by changes in skin, vision and
reproductive capability. Women reach a menopause
Physical development at middle age is characterized by failing organs and body functions,
wrinled skin, lo.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
Developmental Task by Havighurst in the process of DevelopmentPuneethKumarGB
PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT:
Robert J Havighurst life, concept of developmental task, What is Developmental Task, Characteristics of Developmental Task, Intellectual Contribution, Havighurst identified six major stages in human life covering birth to old age, Sources for Developmental Tasks, Developmental Tasks, Educational implications, Teacher role in Developmental task, Parents role in Developmental task, Conclusion, Reference.
Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Gerontology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all the areas of Gerontology. Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of gerontology.
Gerontology & Geriatrics: Research strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Let’s back up for a minute…
What is development?
• Learning and change
• Includes growth, but also decline and dying
What is the traditional view of development?
3. The Life-Span Perspective
Life-span perspective
• Developmental change throughout adulthood as well as
during childhood
Human life expectancy
• Maximum life span—upper boundary of the human
life span
Currently regarded as 122 years
• Life expectancy—average number of years that a person
born in a particular year can expect to live
Currently 79 years in the United States
5. The Life-Span Perspective
Characteristics of development according to the
life-span perspective:
• Lifelong
• Multidimensional
• Multidirectional
• Plastic
• Contextual
• Involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
• Constructed through biological, sociocultural, and
individual factors working together
6. Development is contextual
Three types of contextual changes
• Normative age-graded influences
Similar for individuals sharing the same age group
• Normative history-graded influences
Common to people of a particular generation due to historical
circumstances
• Non-normative life events
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an
individual’s life
7. Some contemporary concerns
• Health and well-being
• Parenting and education
• Sociocultural contexts and diversity
• Culture: behavior patterns, beliefs, and other products of a
people that are passed on from generation to generation
• Ethnicity: characteristic based on cultural heritage,
nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language
• Socioeconomic status (SES)
• Gender
8. Some contemporary concerns
• Social policy
• Infant/child mortality rates, children, malnourishment,
impoverished families
• Older adults and the growing number of older adults
• Health-care costs and access to adequate health care
• Social supports available to older adults
9. The Nature of Development
Developmental processes
• Biological processes
• Produce changes in an individual’s physical nature
• Examples: height, weight, and motor skill changes
• Cognitive processes
• Involve changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and
language
• Examples: two-word sentences and solving a puzzle
• Socioemotional processes
• Involve changes in an individual’s relationships with other
people, emotions, and personality
• Examples: smiling in response to interacting with a
playmate
11. The Nature of Development
Two rapidly emerging fields
• Developmental cognitive neuroscience
• Developmental social neuroscience
Periods of development
• Developmental period—a time frame characterized by
certain features
12.
13. The Nature of Development
Of recent interest: emerging adulthood
• Period of transition from adolescence to adulthood
• 18 – 25 years of age
Significance of age
• Is one age in life better than another?
• Age and happiness
• In the U.S., adults are happier as they age
• Psychological well-being increases after age 50
• Older adults report having more positive emotional
experiences than younger adults
14. The Nature of Development
Conceptions of age
• Chronological age—number of years since birth
• Biological age—age in terms of biological health
• Psychological age—adaptive capacities compared with
others of the same chronological age
• Social age—connectedness with others and the social
roles that individuals adopt
16. Theories of Development:
Psychoanalytic Theories
Psychoanalytic theories
• Describe development as primarily unconscious and
heavily influenced by emotions
• Stress that early experiences with parents deeply shape
development
Freud’s stages of psychosexual development
• Five stages
• Adult personality is determined by how
we resolve conflicts between sources of
pleasure at each stage and the demands
of reality
17. Freudian Stages
Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage
Infant’s pleasure
centers on the
mouth.
Child’s pleasure
focuses on the
anus.
Child’s pleasure
focuses on the
genitals.
Child represses
sexual interest and
develops social and
intellectual skills.
A time of sexual
reawakening;
source of sexual
pleasure becomes
someone outside
the family.
Birth to 1½
Years
1½ to 3 Years 3 to 6 Years 6 Years to
Puberty
Puberty Onward
18. Theories of Development:
Psychoanalytic Theories
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
• Primary motivation for human behavior is social and
reflects a desire to affiliate with other people
• Developmental change occurs throughout the life span
• Emphasized the importance of both early and later
experiences
• Eight stages, representing eight key crises that must be
resolved
19. Erikson’s Eight Life-Span
Stages
Erikson’s
Stages
Developmental
Period
Integrity
versus despair
Late adulthood
(60s onward)
Generativity
versus
stagnation
Middle adulthood
(40s, 50s)
Intimacy
versus
isolation
Early adulthood
(20s, 30s)
Identity versus
identity
confusion
Adolescence (10
to 20 years)
Industry
versus
inferiority
Middle and late
childhood
(elementary
school years, 6
years to puberty)
Initiative
versus guilt
Early childhood
(preschool years,
3 to 5 years)
Autonomy
versus shame
and doubt
Infancy (1 to 3
years)
Trust versus
mistrust
Infancy (first
year)
20. Theories of Development
Evaluation of psychoanalytic theories
• Stress the importance of the unconscious
• Criticized for a lack of scientific support, an emphasis on
sexual underpinnings, and a negative image of people,
lack of cultural considerations
21. Theories of Development:
Cognitive Theories
Cognitive theories emphasize conscious thought
• Three important theories:
• Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory
• Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
• Information-processing theory
22. Theories of Development:
Cognitive Theories
Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory
• Four stages
• Children actively construct their understanding of
the world
• Two key processes: organization and adaptation
• Each age-related stage consists of a distinct way of
thinking
• Child’s cognition is qualitatively different in one stage
compared with another
24. Theories of Development:
Cognitive Theories
Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
• Children actively construct knowledge about the world
• Culture and social interaction play a greater role
• Social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers is
necessary for cognitive development
Information-processing theory
• Individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and
strategize about it
• Development is gradual rather than stage-like, allowing
them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and
skills
26. Theories of Development
Evaluating cognitive theories
• Noted for an emphasis on the active construction of
understanding
• Criticized for insufficient attention to individual variation
27. Theories of Development
Behavioral and social cognitive theories
• Development is observable behavior that we can learn
through experience with the environment
• Emphasize continuity in development
• Two significant versions:
• Skinner’s operant conditioning
• Bandura’s social cognitive theory
28. Theories of Development:
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
Skinner’s operant conditioning
• Consequences of a behavior produce changes in
the probability of the behavior’s occurrence
• Rewards and punishments shape behavior
Bandura’s social cognitive theory
• Development is shaped through observational learning
• Model of learning and development includes three
elements: behavior, the person/cognition, and the
environment
30. Theories of Development:
Ethological Theory
Ethological theory
• Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution,
and characterized by critical or sensitive periods
• Presence or absence of certain experiences during specific time
frames has a long-lasting influence
Konrad Lorenz
• European zoologist who studied the behavior of
greylag geese
• Imprinting: rapid, innate learning involving attachment to the
first moving object seen
• Imprinting takes place in a critical period
31. Theories of Development:
Ethological Theory
John Bowlby
• Applied ethological theory to human development
• Studied attachment to caregivers
• Attachment over the first year of life has important
consequences throughout the life span
• Secure attachment predicts optimal development in
childhood and adulthood
• Attachment should occur in a sensitive period
33. Theories of Development:
Ecological Theory
Ecological theory
• Emphasizes environmental factors on development
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
• Development reflects the influence of several
environmental systems
• Microsystem
• Mesosystem
• Exosystem
• Macrosystem
• Chronosystem
34.
35. So, why do we care?
• Why do we care about developmental theories?
• What can they tell us?
36. Here’s why…
• They can help us order our thinking
• They can help us make sense out of processes,
events, and situations
• They can provide red flags
37. Let’s test this out…
• Short case study
• Lucas is almost four years old and lives with his mom and
dad in a house in the country. His father is a truck driver
and spends 5 days a week on the road while his mother
stays at home. Their house is surrounded by woods on one
side and a cornfield on the other. They have neighbors but
only on one side and across the street. They also have
many pets, two dogs, three cats, and some fish. Lucas was
born at 40 weeks and has not had any major health issues.
Lucas is presently the only child but that will be changing
in a few months, as his mother is pregnant and due at the
end of July. He loves trains, animals, ice tea, and being
inside and outside of his house. He does not like the word
“No” and is having a tough time adjusting to his mom’s
attempts to add structure into their lives as her due date
approaches.
38. What do we know?
• Take out a notebook or type out the following:
• Name
• Age
• Birth
• Family composition
• SES?
• Behavior?
39. What might our theorists say?
• Why is Lucas struggling with the idea of the new
baby?
• Psychoanalytic
• Cognitive
• Behavioral and Social Cognitive
• Ethological
• Ecological
40. What helps you the most?
• Eclectic?
• Can look to different theorists for different answers
• No single theory explains the complexity of life-span
development
• Each theory has furthered understanding of the factors that
shape development
• Rather than a strict following of a single approach, an
eclectic theoretical orientation selects from each theory
whatever is considered best in it
• There is not necessarily a single correct theory!
• You will find those who disagree, however!
41. Theories of Development
An eclectic theoretical orientation
• No single theory explains the complexity of life-span
development
• Each theory has furthered understanding of the factors
that shape development
• Rather than a strict following of a single approach, an
eclectic theoretical orientation selects from each theory
whatever is considered best in it
Editor's Notes
Extensive change from birth to adolescence
Little or no change during adulthood
Decline in old age
What do these mean to you as of now?
Individuals respond to and act on contexts, including their biological makeup; physical environment; cognitive processes; and social, historical, and cultural contexts. Within the contextual view, the following three sources influence development:
What are some concerns you can think of for each area?
Social policy
Government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
What does this show you?
Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary scientific field devoted to understanding psychological processes and their neurological bases in the developing organism. It examines how the mind changes as children grow up, interrelations between that and how the brain is changing, and environmental and biological influences on the developing mind and brain.
Developmental cognitive neuroscience is at the boundaries of neuroscience (behavioral, systems, & cognitive neuroscience), psychology (developmental, cognitive, & biobehavioral/ physiological psychology), developmental science (which includes sociology, anthropology, & biology in addition to psychology & neuroscience), cognitive science (which includes computer science, philosophy, dynamical systems, & linguistics in addition to psychology), and even includes socio-emotional development and developmental aspects of social neuroscience and affective neuroscience.
Dev. Social neuroscience: Our efforts have focused largely on identifying the developmental mechanism underlying different routes of social cognition and social emotions while also focusing on the development of social interaction and decision making
Why might older adults be happier? Maybe some of our answers to the M&M questions from Monday give us a clue.
We’ll start by considering theories of development
Think Freud…what pop culture refs come to mind?
Also substages within
Lorenz demonstrated how incubator-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within what he called a "critical period" between 13–16 hours shortly after hatching. For example, the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself (to be more specific, on his wading boots), and he is often depicted being followed by a gaggle of geese who had imprinted on him. Lorenz also found that the geese could imprint on inanimate objects. In one notable experiment, they followed a box placed on a model train in circles around the track.[2] Filial imprinting is not restricted to non-human animals that are able to follow their parents, however.
