The document discusses various tools used for measurement and marking out in fitting practice, including steel rulers, vernier calipers, micrometers, dial caliper gauges, and limit gauges. It explains how to use each tool, read measurements, and check for dimensions being within specified limits.

1. Measurement,
Marking out
&
Fitting Practice

2. STEEL RULER
FEATURES :
– Made from Stainless Steel.
– Size available : 150mm up to 1m.
– For General Measuring Purpose
– Flexible usage
– Easy to use
– Cheapest tools
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3. STEEL RULER
Reading :
in inches.
usually performs in fraction ( eg. 1/8”, 5/16” )
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Imperial Unit ( Inch )
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4. STEEL RULER
Reading :
in millimetre ( mm )
usually performs with decimal point ( eg. 3.2mm)
Metric Unit
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6
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5. ENGINEERS’ STEEL RULES
Measuring Linear Dimension
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6. ENGINEERS’ STEEL RULES
ALLOCATION OF POSITION
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Parallelism ?
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7. ENGINEERS’ STEEL RULES
Internal & External Diameter measure
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8. Engineers’ Steel Rules
ALLOCATION OF POSITION
Diameter ?
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9. Engineers’ Steel Rules
ALLOCATION OF POSITION
Diameter ?
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10. ENGINEERS’ STEEL RULES
Thickness of hair line
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7 8 9
3
0.1 ~ 0.2 mm
Accuracy ?

11. OUTSIDE CALIPERS
Solution of measuring the
“unmeasurable diameter by a ruler “
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12. OUTSIDE CALIPERS
Reading taken with a ruler
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13. OUTSIDE CALIPERS
Reading taken with a ruler
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14. OUTSIDE CALIPERS
Reading taken with a ruler
Diameter
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15. INSIDE CALIPERS
Internal dimension measuring
Reading with a ruler
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16. VERNIER CALIPERS
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17. VERNIER CALIPERS
Internal measurement
inside jaw
Scale
depth finder
Vernier Depth measurement
outside jaw
External measurement
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18. VERNIER CALIPERS
Typical Measuring examples
Inside dimension
Depth
Outside Dimension
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19. VERNIER CALIPERS
Typical Measuring examples
d D
y C
c
x
C=X-(d+D)/2
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20. VERNIER CALIPERS
Typical Measuring examples
d D
y C
x
c
C=X+(d+D)/2
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21. VERNIER READING
49 mm
Scale
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Vernier 50 dividsions
Difference between scale and vernier :
1 - 49 = 1 - 0.98 = 0.02 mm
50
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22. VERNIER READING
0 10
Scale Reading =
0
Vernier
0 1 2
Zero point
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23. VERNIER READING
0 10
Scale
Vernier
0 1 2

24. VERNIER READING
0 10
Scale Reading
= 3.2
Vernier
0 1 2 overlap line
0.2
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25. VERNIER CALIPERS
20 30 40 50 60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
overlap line
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26. VERNIER CALIPERS
20
20 30 40 50 60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
overlap line
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27. VERNIER CALIPERS
20
0.58
20 30 40 50 60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
overlap line
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28. VERNIER READING ACCURACY
length of n divisions
Scale 1
n -1
Accuracy = 1 - n
Vernier n -1 1
= n
n
length of (n - 1) divisions
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29. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
GRADUATED
SCALE – Used in connection
with a surface table
FINE fitted with a carbide
ADJUSTMENT tips for marking the
SCREW lines on the
VERNIER workpiece
SCALE
CARBIDE
TIPPED
SCRIBER
BASE
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30. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

31. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
Check Zero
Surface Plate
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32. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
As a Marking tools
Set to desire height
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33. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

34. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

35. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

36. VERINER HEIGHT GAUGE
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37. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
As a measuring tools
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38. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

39. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
Finding out
the height
of workpiece Dimension
of
workpiece
h
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40. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
Finding out
the height
of step
h = x -y
h
x
y
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41. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
Finding out
the height of hole
center
C=h-d+D/2
Round Rod ( d )
D
C h h-d
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42. MICROMETER
External Micrometer – used for measuring
Workpiece to be measured
external diameter
or thickness.
Anvil Spindle
5
0 1 2 3
0
Thimble
Ratchet
Thimble
Barrel
Frame Lock Nut
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43. MIRCOMETER
5
0 1 2 3
0

44. MICROMETER
5
0 1 2 3
0
Pitch = 0.5 mm
5
0 1 2 3
0
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45. READING A MICROMETER
5
0 5
0
1 mm ( 2 turns of thimber )
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46. READING A MICROMETER
50 dividsions 0.5
each dividsion = 50 = 0.01 mm
5
0 5
0
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47. READING A MICROMETER
6.50
5
0 5
0
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48. READING A MICROMETER
6.50
0.03
5
0 5
0

49. READING A MICROMETER
6.50
0.03
5
0 5
6.53
0
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50. MICROMETER
Internal Miicrometer - used to measuring
internal diameter
or
groove
5
0 1 2 3
0
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51. DIAL CALIPER GAGE
Check Zero point
25 20
30 15
35 10
Dial Caliper
Micrometer

52. DIAL CALIPER GAGE
Checking Undercut dimension
25 20
30 15
35 10
Workpiece

53. LIMIT GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )
Low Limit
Upper limit Snap gauge
Workpiece
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54. LIMIT GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )

55. LIMIT GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )
Dimension is too large to fit requirement
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56. LIMIT GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )

57. LIMIT GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )

58. LIMIT GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )

59. LIMIT GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )
Dimension too small to fit requirement
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60. LIMITS GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )

61. LIMITS GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )

62. LIMIT GAUGE
( SNAP GAUGE )
Dimension fit to requirement
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