1. The document discusses 5 major diseases of sugarcane: red rot, whip smut, pokkah boeng, ratoon stunting, and grassy shoot. It describes the symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycles, and management strategies for each disease.
2. The diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, or phytoplasmas. They can be soil-borne or transmitted by insects or planting material. Disease management involves using disease-free seedcane and resistant varieties as well as sanitation, hot water treatment, and chemicals.
3. Understanding the diseases affecting sug
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
Brown spot is a fungal disease that infects the coleoptile, leaves, leaf sheath, panicle branches, glumes, and spikelets. Its most observable damage are the numerous big spots on the leaves which can kill the whole leaf. When infection occurs in the seed, unfilled grains or spotted or discolored seeds are formed.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
Brown spot is a fungal disease that infects the coleoptile, leaves, leaf sheath, panicle branches, glumes, and spikelets. Its most observable damage are the numerous big spots on the leaves which can kill the whole leaf. When infection occurs in the seed, unfilled grains or spotted or discolored seeds are formed.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Diseases of Sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum)
Dr. Shivam Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Plant Pathology
School of Agriculture, LPU
3. Important diseases of sugarcane
1. Red rot: Colletotrichum falcatum
2. Whip smut: Ustilago scitaminea
3. Pokkah Boeng: Fusarium moniliformae
4. Ratoon stunting: Clavibacter xyli
5. Grassy shoot: Phytoplasma
4. 1. Red rot
Causal organism: Colletotrichum falcatum
Perfect stage: Glomerella tucumanensis
Symptoms
• Typical symptoms of red rot are observed in the
internodes of a stalk by splitting it longitudinally.
• The presence of cross-wise white patches are the
important diagnostic character of the disease.
• The diseased cane also emits acidic-sour smell. As the
disease advances, the stalk becomes hollow and
covered with white mycelial growth.
• The pathogen also produces tiny reddish lesions on the
upper surface of leaves with dark dots in the centre.
5.
6. Pathogen
• The pathogen produces specialized structures known as
acervuli, which support profuse sporulation.
• Conidiophores are closely packed inside the acervulus,
which are short, hyaline and single celled.
• Spores (conidia) are hyaline (clear), oblong, single-celled
and produced in a slimy matrix.
• Fungus also produces large number of globose and dark
brown to black perithecia with a papillate ostiole.
7.
8.
9.
10. Survival and Spread
• They rely heavily on water, particularly rainfall,
for dissemination.
• The fungus is sett-borne and also persists in the soil
on the diseased clumps and stubbles.
Favourable Conditions
• Successive ratoon cropping.
• Water logged conditions and injuries caused by
insects.
11. Management
• Use disease free setts.
• Hot water treatment at 52˚C for 10 mins.
• Use of resistant varieties viz., Co 86032, Co 86249,
CoSi 95071, CoG 93076, CoC 22, CoSi 6 and CoG 5.
• Cut ends and setts should be dipped in 1% Bordeaux
mixture.
• Use fungitoxic chemicals like Bavistan, Benomyl,
Topsin and Aretan @0.1% for 18 min. at 52ºC for
dipping setts.
12. 2. Whip smut
Causal organism: Ustilago scitaminea
(Syn. Sporisorium scitamineum)
Symptoms
• Affected plants are stunted and the central shoot is
replaced by a long whip like, dusty black structure,
several feet in length.
• In early stages this structure is covered by a thin
silvery white film, which rupture exposing the mass of
dense, black dust.
13.
14. Pathogen
• The fungal mycelium spores are echinulate, light brown
and spherical, measuring 6.5 – 8.5 µ in diameter.
• They germinate readily in water, producing 2-3 celled
promycelia.
• Sporidia arise terminally or laterally and are hyaline,
thin walled, single celled and elliptical to linear.
15. Disease cycle
• Teliospores may survive in the soil for long periods, upto
10 years.
• The smut spores and dormant mycelium also present in
or on the infected setts.
• The primary spread of the disease is through diseased
seed-pieces (setts) and also present in soil, which cause
soil-borne infection.
• The secondary spread in the field is mainly through the
smut spores developed in the whips, aided by air currents.
18. 3. Pokkah boeng
Causal organism: Fusarium moniliforme or
F. andiyazi or F. sachhari or F. subglutinans
Symptoms
The general symptoms of Pokkah boeng are mainly of
three types:
1. Chlorotic Phase: The earliest symptom is a chlorotic
condition towards the base of the young leaves and
occasionally on the other parts of the leaf blades.
Frequently, a pronounced wrinkling, twisting and
shortening of the leaves accompanied the malformation or
distortion of the young leaves.
First reported from Java in 1896.
19. 2. Acute Phase or Top-Rot Phase: The most advanced
and serious stage is a top rot phase.
• The young spindles are killed and the entire top dies.
• Leaf infection sometimes continued to downward and
penetrates in the stalk.
• Later, the entire base of the spindle and even growing
point showed a malformation of leaves, pronounced
wrinkling, twisting and rotting of spindle leaves.
• Red specks and stripes also developed.
3. Knife-cut Phase: It is characterized by one or two or
even more transverse cuts in the rind of the stalk /stem
in such a uniform manner as if, the tissues are removed
with a sharp knife.
23. Survival and spread
This is an air-borne disease and primarily transmitted
through the air-currents and secondary transmission is
through the infected setts, irrigation water, splashed
rains and soil.
Favourable conditions
20-30°C temperature and the average relative humidity
higher than 70 to 80% with a cloudy weather, drizzling
rains favors the growth of pathogen.
24. Management
• Removal of plant debris.
• Use of resistant varieties.
• Spraying of different fungicides like
Bavistin (0.1%) or Blitox (0.2%) or
Copper oxychloride or Dithane M-45
(0.3%).
25. 4. Ratoon stunting
Causal organism: Clavibacter xyli
(Syn. Leifsonia xyli)
Symptoms
• The affected plants are stunted, the stunting being most
severe in stubble and ratoon crops.
• In infected stocks, the presence of pin head like
orange coloured dots of bacteria on the internal soft
tissue in the nodal region.
• The setts taken from diseased plants germinate poorly
and the few shoots that are emerged grow very slowly.
26.
27. Etiology
• Colonies on semi-solid media are circular with
entire margins, convex and non-pigmented.
• They are small, thin and rod shaped.
• Non-motile.
• Gram-positive.
28. Management
• Planting of healthy and disease free seed cane.
• Growing resistant varieties.
• Hot water treatment of the seed cane @51°C
for 2-3 hours.
• Chemical disinfectants that may be used on
cane cutting knives includes, Lysol, Dettol,
ethanol, Mirrol and Roccal.
29. 5. Grassy shoot
Causal organism: Phytoplasma (MLO)
Symptoms
• Initial symptom appears in the young crop of 3-4
months age as thin papery white young leaves at the
top of the cane.
• Later, white or yellow tillers appear in large number
below these leaves (profuse tillering).
• The cane becomes stunted with reduced internodal
length with axillary bud sprouting.
• Cane formation rarely occurs.
30.
31. Etiology
• Two types of bodies are seen in ultrathin sections of
phloem cells of infected plants.
• The spherical bodies of 300-400 nm diameter
and filamentous bodies of 30-53 nm diameter.
Disease cycle
• The primary spread of the phytoplasma is through
diseased setts and cutting knifes.
• The pathogen is transmitted secondarily by
aphids viz., Rhopalosiphum maydis, Melanaphis
sacchari and M. idiosacchari.
• Sorghum and maize serves as natural collateral hosts.
32. Management
• Eradication of diseased parts as soon as symptoms
are seen.
• Avoid selection of setts from diseased area.
• Pre-treating the healthy setts with hot water @52°C
for 1 hour before planting
• Treating them with hot air @54°C for 8 hours.
• Spraying the crop twice a month with insecticides.
• Application of tetracyclin.