This is the presentation for a webinar that we recently held, explaining the use of energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and micro-X-ray fluorexcence spectrometry (µ-XRF) in geosciences. You will find lots of interesting applications from this field. If you are interested in viewing a recording of the webinar, please follow this link: https://bruker.webex.com/bruker/lsr.php?AT=pb&SP=EC&rID=65244917&rKey=c8fbbf90d4bab945
Capturing Effective Permeabilities of Field Compaction bandsstvsun
Introduction: Effective permeability of a field compaction band formed in an Aztec sand-stone is computed via a hierarchical lattice Boltzmann/finite element (LB/FE) scheme. As observed in reconstructed 3D images (N. Lenoir, et al., GeoX, 2010), the formation of compaction bands may reduce the number of flow channels and cause a significant portion of pore space become isolated. This isolated pore space is the focus of this study. In particular, we show that (1) isolated pore space is the main cause of the sharp permeability difference inside/outside the compaction band and (2) the speed and accuracy of the multi-scale framework can be significantly improved if the isolated pore space is captured prior to permeability calculations.
Method: The calculation of effective permeability involves three steps. First, the topology of the isolated pore space is captured via a level set evolution scheme (Chunming, Li, et al., IEEE, 2005). The key idea is to obtain the signed distance function and use it to separate the micro-channel from the isolated pore space. As pore-fiuid trapped inside the pore space remains undrained, size of the pore-scale LB simulation can be reduced by neglecting the discrete distribution function inside the isolated pore space. Furthermore, by knowing the topology of the isolated pore space, we eliminate any chance of mistaking an isolated pore space as a flow channel in a representative elementary volume and hence enhance the accuracy of the permeability calculation. Secondly, LB simulation is conducted in a representative elementary volume to compute local permeability. Finally, permeability acquired from the pore-scale LB simulation is extracted as input for the macro-scale Darcy\'s flow problem solved via finite element. Components of the macroscopic effective permeability tensor are then inversely computed from the known homogenized Darcy\'s velocity and pressure fields.
Result: LB simulations and LB/FEM hybrid simulations are both run on images reconstructed from Aztec sandstone specimens inside and outside a field compaction band. The effective permeability computed via both simulations are in agreement. Although the difference on porosity inside/outside compaction band is only about 5%, we observe a dramatic difference on permeability inside/outside compaction band. This change is nevertheless consistent with the increase of proportion of isolated pore space inside the compaction band.
Conclusion: We propose a multi-scale framework to capture the permeability of a field compaction band. Unlike the pore space numerically constructed by randomly distributed disk, real pore space inside field compaction band is narrower and less interconnected. This feature severely limited the number of possible paths pore-fluid can travel in and therefore makes the isolated pore space significant on permeability calculations.
Aula com Exemplos de Aplicações.
Disciplina EMC5732 - Estrutura Cristalina de Solidos (/ Caracterização de Materiais 2), 2011/03, Prof. Ana Maria Maliska
Curso - Engenharia de Materiais
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Capturing Effective Permeabilities of Field Compaction bandsstvsun
Introduction: Effective permeability of a field compaction band formed in an Aztec sand-stone is computed via a hierarchical lattice Boltzmann/finite element (LB/FE) scheme. As observed in reconstructed 3D images (N. Lenoir, et al., GeoX, 2010), the formation of compaction bands may reduce the number of flow channels and cause a significant portion of pore space become isolated. This isolated pore space is the focus of this study. In particular, we show that (1) isolated pore space is the main cause of the sharp permeability difference inside/outside the compaction band and (2) the speed and accuracy of the multi-scale framework can be significantly improved if the isolated pore space is captured prior to permeability calculations.
Method: The calculation of effective permeability involves three steps. First, the topology of the isolated pore space is captured via a level set evolution scheme (Chunming, Li, et al., IEEE, 2005). The key idea is to obtain the signed distance function and use it to separate the micro-channel from the isolated pore space. As pore-fiuid trapped inside the pore space remains undrained, size of the pore-scale LB simulation can be reduced by neglecting the discrete distribution function inside the isolated pore space. Furthermore, by knowing the topology of the isolated pore space, we eliminate any chance of mistaking an isolated pore space as a flow channel in a representative elementary volume and hence enhance the accuracy of the permeability calculation. Secondly, LB simulation is conducted in a representative elementary volume to compute local permeability. Finally, permeability acquired from the pore-scale LB simulation is extracted as input for the macro-scale Darcy\'s flow problem solved via finite element. Components of the macroscopic effective permeability tensor are then inversely computed from the known homogenized Darcy\'s velocity and pressure fields.
Result: LB simulations and LB/FEM hybrid simulations are both run on images reconstructed from Aztec sandstone specimens inside and outside a field compaction band. The effective permeability computed via both simulations are in agreement. Although the difference on porosity inside/outside compaction band is only about 5%, we observe a dramatic difference on permeability inside/outside compaction band. This change is nevertheless consistent with the increase of proportion of isolated pore space inside the compaction band.
Conclusion: We propose a multi-scale framework to capture the permeability of a field compaction band. Unlike the pore space numerically constructed by randomly distributed disk, real pore space inside field compaction band is narrower and less interconnected. This feature severely limited the number of possible paths pore-fluid can travel in and therefore makes the isolated pore space significant on permeability calculations.
Aula com Exemplos de Aplicações.
Disciplina EMC5732 - Estrutura Cristalina de Solidos (/ Caracterização de Materiais 2), 2011/03, Prof. Ana Maria Maliska
Curso - Engenharia de Materiais
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Plenary lecture - XV B-MRS Meeting - Campinas, SP, Brazil - September, 25 to 29, 2016.
Author: Elvira Fortunato (CENIMAT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal).
Light absorption in Si or Ge nanostructures - GADEST2013Salvo Mirabella
This is the pdf file of the invited presentation I held at GADEST 2013 conference in Oxford, 23rd September.
It shows last results on mechanisms of light absorption in quantum confined semiconductors, such as the role of embedding matrix, quantum well or dots dimensions, quantum dots density. It also presents a preliminary PV cell based on Si:O materials.
References to published works are added.
Present State of Super Resolution Far Field Light Microscopy realized in the Christoph Cremer Lab (December 2011)
Optical Resolution OR (resolvable distance): OR ~ 5 nm (~ 1/100 λexc, from localization precision)
Structural Resolution (imaging capability): ● Mean (2D) distance between individual molecules actually detected: ~ 6 nm ( ~ 1/80 λexc) ● Density of individually detected Molecules : ~ 2,8 • 104/μm2 –
Multicolor- Localization Microscopy: ● 2 – 3 different molecules types ● 3D single Molecule Resolution inside cells (best values): 3D Observation Volume about 1*104 times smaller (i.e. 3D resolution 104 times better) than in conventional Light Microscopy (“Abbe-limit”)
Super Resolution Microscopy with viruses (single molecule imaging)
This presentation aims to separate the fact from the fiction when it comes to nanobubbles. We will explain what exactly a nanobubble is and why there is interest in this area. We will look at some of the standards activity in the area and also some of the characterization challenges associated with measuring nanobubbles. Finally we will look at how three techniques have been applied to measuring nanobubbles based around real data sets and some of the benefits of the different techniques. A narrated recording of this webinar can be accessed at bit.ly/nanobubble
Los días 22 y 23 de junio de 2016 organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un simposio internacional sobre 'Materiales bidimensionales: explorando los límites de la física y la ingeniería'. En colaboración con el Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), científicos de este prestigioso centro de investigación mostraron las propiedades únicas de materiales como el grafeno, de solo un átomo de espesor, y al mismo tiempo más resistente que el acero y mucho más ligero.
Optical properties such as UV/vis spectra and polarizability can be predicted with new features in Materials Studio DMol3 5.5. This presenation provides some background on the implementaiton as well as case studies.
Analysis, design, implementation and testing of an optoelectronic system with a high power infared laser diode for cancer therapy using gold nanoparticles. Animal (murine) model.
Plenary lecture - XV B-MRS Meeting - Campinas, SP, Brazil - September, 25 to 29, 2016.
Author: Elvira Fortunato (CENIMAT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal).
Light absorption in Si or Ge nanostructures - GADEST2013Salvo Mirabella
This is the pdf file of the invited presentation I held at GADEST 2013 conference in Oxford, 23rd September.
It shows last results on mechanisms of light absorption in quantum confined semiconductors, such as the role of embedding matrix, quantum well or dots dimensions, quantum dots density. It also presents a preliminary PV cell based on Si:O materials.
References to published works are added.
Present State of Super Resolution Far Field Light Microscopy realized in the Christoph Cremer Lab (December 2011)
Optical Resolution OR (resolvable distance): OR ~ 5 nm (~ 1/100 λexc, from localization precision)
Structural Resolution (imaging capability): ● Mean (2D) distance between individual molecules actually detected: ~ 6 nm ( ~ 1/80 λexc) ● Density of individually detected Molecules : ~ 2,8 • 104/μm2 –
Multicolor- Localization Microscopy: ● 2 – 3 different molecules types ● 3D single Molecule Resolution inside cells (best values): 3D Observation Volume about 1*104 times smaller (i.e. 3D resolution 104 times better) than in conventional Light Microscopy (“Abbe-limit”)
Super Resolution Microscopy with viruses (single molecule imaging)
This presentation aims to separate the fact from the fiction when it comes to nanobubbles. We will explain what exactly a nanobubble is and why there is interest in this area. We will look at some of the standards activity in the area and also some of the characterization challenges associated with measuring nanobubbles. Finally we will look at how three techniques have been applied to measuring nanobubbles based around real data sets and some of the benefits of the different techniques. A narrated recording of this webinar can be accessed at bit.ly/nanobubble
Los días 22 y 23 de junio de 2016 organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un simposio internacional sobre 'Materiales bidimensionales: explorando los límites de la física y la ingeniería'. En colaboración con el Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), científicos de este prestigioso centro de investigación mostraron las propiedades únicas de materiales como el grafeno, de solo un átomo de espesor, y al mismo tiempo más resistente que el acero y mucho más ligero.
Optical properties such as UV/vis spectra and polarizability can be predicted with new features in Materials Studio DMol3 5.5. This presenation provides some background on the implementaiton as well as case studies.
Analysis, design, implementation and testing of an optoelectronic system with a high power infared laser diode for cancer therapy using gold nanoparticles. Animal (murine) model.
characteristics exploration of n ii cuzn nano-composite coated permanent magnetsIJEAB
This paper presents the synthesis of compound using Citrate Precursor Sol- Gel Method and Ball millingfor grinding the compound. X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD) confirmed the formation of single-phase cubic spinel structure. The average crystallite size was calculated using XRD pattern and confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The electromagnetic properties were investigated using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and molar magnetic susceptibility measurements. The magnetic measurements have proved that the entire preparation method has considerable effect in enhancing the magnetic properties of the system. And an application of PMBLDC machine design with ferrite coated permanent magnets having competitive power density and efficiency. The influence of temperature variation on the magnets on the electric machine performance is also observed.
This project targets the development of novel pocket X-ray sources and X-ray direct detectors that will be combined in a distributed network to solve important tasks, for example in the field of security, by ensuring reliable and real-time monitoring of failure sensitive parts in large manufacturing plants or in public transportation.
The miniaturized X-ray sources are based on multi-wall carbon nanotube (CNT) cold electron emitters and advanced microsystems technology. The electron field emission properties of CNTs, with their high current densities, make them prime candidates for cold emitter cathodes. Using CNT cold electron emitters will make it possible to miniaturize the whole X-ray source. Additionally, as opposed to classical thermionic emission, field electron emission of the CNT is voltage-controlled which allows for high modulation frequencies up to GHz level. The X-ray direct detectors in turn are based on crystalline germanium absorption layers grown directly on a CMOS sensor chip yielding high resolution and high sensitivity X-ray detectors. Single photon detection will allow for a significant improvement of contrast for applications in security, health care and nondestructive testing.
A short slideshow about different areas of application of magneto-optical sensor systems to visualize magnetic fields’ areal distribution in real time.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Webinar Geosciences 2012
1. X-ray Expeditions into Geosciences
and Mining
Geosciences Applications of EDS and µ-XRF
Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin
Webinar, April25th, 2012
Innovation with Integrity
2. Webinar Overview
Part I
Advanced EDS analysis options for geoscience applications
using SDD on SEM
Part II
Geological applications of the M4 TORNADO µ-XRF spectrometer
3. Advanced EDS Analysis Options for
Geoscience Applications using SDD
Dr. Tobias Salge, EDS Application Scientist,
Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin
4. QUANTAX EDS system for
SEM, EPMA and TEM
State-of-the-art XFlash® silicon drift detectors (SDD)
• Energy resolution 121 eV (FWHM Mn Kα)
• Best energy resolution range up to 100 kcps
• Multi detector option
03.05.2012 4
5. Overview
• Fast, high resolution mapping
Display of small features
• Spectrum imaging
Improved element identification
Quantitative analysis of REE by peak deconvolution
Modal analysis
• Computer-controlled SEM
High resolution at the macroscale
Particle search using feature analysis
• Application examples
Earth and planetary samples
Core samples of impactites at the K-Pg boundary
Mining samples focussing on REE, iron oxides
03.05.2012 5
6. K-Pg boundary
Asteroid impact and mass extinction
Chicxulub impact structure
• ~Ø 180 km, ~65 Ma
• Target rock:
silicate basement,
3 km sediments
• Release of
SOx, CO2, H2O
Chicxulub
crater
Yax-1
UNAM-7
Image of NASA Worldwind
OPD leg 207 (4000 km from crater)
03.05.2012 6
7. K-Pg transition at OPD leg 207
2 cm ejecta spherule deposit
Schulte et al. 2009
Thin section
03.05.2012 7
8. ODP leg 207, High-resolution map
4072x3072 pixel, 30 min, 500 kcps
Schulte et al. 2010,
Science, 327, 1214-1218
Dolomite spherule
with layered clay shell
indicates impact-induced
mechanical and thermal
stress.
03.05.2012 8
12. Element Identification
Maximum Pixel Spectrum vs. Sum Spectrum
• Synthetic spectrum of highest
count level found in each
spectrum channel
• Detection of trace elements
present in one pixel
MaxPixSpec reveals the presence of
200 µm Th, La, Ce, …
Granite
03.05.2012 12
13. Element Identification
Maximum Pixel Spectrum vs. Sum Spectrum
• Synthetic spectrum of highest
count level found in each
spectrum channel
• Detection of elements present
in a few pixels only
wt.%
Monazite
(La, Ce, Nd, Pr…)PO4
MaxPixSpec reveals the presence of
Ce 200 µm Th, La, Ce, …
Granite
03.05.2012 13
14. How far can we take peak deconvolution?
Diagenetic monazite concretion
03.05.2012 14
15. How far can we take peak deconvolution?
Diagenetic monazite concretion
Peak intensity map Area spectra
La Gd
300 µm
Intensity map and area spectra display zonation.
03.05.2012 15
16. How far can we take peak deconvolution?
Diagenetic monazite concretion
Peak intensity map Area spectra
Gd
300 µm
Overlapping element lines lead to wrong display
of element distribution.
03.05.2012 16
17. How far can we take peak deconvolution?
Diagenetic monazite concretion
Quantitative map wt.% Deconvolution result
>5.1
4.7
3.5
2.4
1.2
Gd
300 µm 0.0
• Overlapping peaks can be deconvolved
• Quantitative map displays correct element distribution
03.05.2012 17
18. How far can we take peak deconvolution?
Diagenetic monazite concretion
Line scan (wt.%) extracted from quantitative map:
• Concentration of Gd, Sm, Nd within the core
• Sequential incorporation of LREE
• La dominating the outermost rim
03.05.2012 18
19. Modal analysis
Chemical phase mapping UNAM-7
Core: UNAM-7 381.4 m Microcrystalline breccia matrix
Matrix
Anh
Matrix
Matrix
1 cm
BSE 80 µm
Salge et al. 2007
03.05.2012 19
20. Modal analysis
Chemical phase mapping UNAM-7
Core: UNAM-7 381.4 m Autophase result
Matrix
Anh
Matrix
Matrix
1 cm
80 µm
Salge et al. 2008
03.05.2012 20
21. Modal analysis
Chemical phase mapping UNAM-7
Core: UNAM-7 381.4 m Modal content
Matrix Phase Area fraction (%)
Anhydrite 51.8
Anh Dolomite 30.6
Calcite 14.9
K-feldspar 1.0
Matrix Celestine 0.7
Na-feldspar 0.5
Matrix
1 cm
80 µm
Salge et al. 2008
03.05.2012 21
23. High resolution at the macroscale Yax-1
140 megapixel map
Yax-1 core: Unit 5 861.72m
Melt rock
1 cm Matrix
Composite of 276 maps
• 2 µm pixel resolution
• 11,906 x 11,595 pixel
• ICR: 450,000 cps
• 20 kV, 18 nA, 18 h
(4 min per single map)
5 mm
Nelson et al. (in press, available online at GCA)
03.05.2012 23
24. High resolution at the macroscale Yax-1
140 megapixel map
Yax-1 core: Unit 5 861.72m
Next image
Melt rock
1 cm Matrix
Composite of 276 maps
• 2 µm pixel resolution
• 11,906 x 11,595 pixel
• ICR: 450,000 cps
• 20 kV, 18 nA, 18 h
(4 min per single map)
5 mm
Nelson et al. (in print, available online at GCA)
03.05.2012 24
25. K-metasomatism Yax-1
Multiple fracturing events
1 mm
Impact melt
Matrix
Matrix
Impact melt
• Crystallized impact melt material with
hydrothermal overprint.
• Multiple fracturing events due to interaction
of hot fluids with solidified melts.
03.05.2012 25
26. Particle detection and classification
Feature analysis
1. Particle detection
2. Chemistry:
Chemical classification
3. Review:
Reclassification
03.05.2012 26
35. Iron oxides
Fast quantification using a standard
Haematite Fe2O3 and Magnetite Fe3O4 Haematite Fe2O3
• Standard-based quantification is Expected Mean s
N=10
required to obtain highest accuracy. (at.-%) (at.-%) (±at.-%)
O 60.0 60.0 0.5
• Haematite was used for reference. Fe 40.0 40.0 0.5
• Using high count rates, iron oxides can Magnetite Fe3O4
be discriminated in a short time.
N=10 Expected Mean s
(at.-%) (at.-%) (±at.-%)
O 57.1 56.9 1.0
Fe 42.9 43.1 1.0
Count rate (In/Out): 900/675 kcps EDX detector: XFlash® 5040 QUAD
Time reference/sample: 120/30 ms HV: 15 kV
Counts per spectrum: 20000 – 25000 Current: 142.6 nA
03.05.2012 35
36. Spectrum imaging of iron oxides
Advanced analysis options
BSE image of iron ore pellet Area spectra
Silicate
Haematite Magnetite
03.05.2012 36
37. Spectrum Imaging of Iron Oxides
Autophase
Autophase result
Class Area fraction (%)
Magnetite 86.3
Haematite 9.2
Silicate 3.3
Unassigned 1.2
Total 100.0
Magnetite / Haematite = 9.4
03.05.2012 37
38. Classification of iron oxides
Feature analysis
BSE image of iron ore pellet 15 kV, ~450 kcps, 0.5 s
Magnetite Haematite
Ti-Haematite Ti-Magnetite
03.05.2012 38
39. Quantification with hybrid method
Standardless with reference for Fe and O
Class Count Area fraction (%)
Ti-Magnetite 2 0,1
Magnetite 540 79,7
Ti-Haematite 2 0,1
Haematite 57 8,3
Quartz 3 0,6
Olivine 11 1,6
Na-feldspar 4 5,6
Alumosilicate 3 0,1
Calcium pyroxene 1 0,1
Apatite 2 2,1
Calcium carbonate 2 0,3
Unclassified 26 1,4
All 653 100,0
Magnetite / Haematite = 9.6 (Autophase 9.4)
03.05.2012 39
40. Summary
• State-of-the-art XFlash® SDD technology enables fast mapping
• Spectrum imaging significantly enhances EDS analysis
• Deconvolution is an important tool for element identification
and quantification
• Computer-controlled acquisition provides high resolution at the
macroscale
• Feature analysis combines morphological and chemical classification
• Hybrid method combines standardless and standard-based
quantification
03.05.2012 40
41. Geological Applications of the
M4 TORNADO µ-XRF Spectrometer
Dr. Roald Tagle, µ-XRF Application Scientist,
Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin
42. A technological alliance
From electron to X-ray excitation
µ-XRF ARTAX EDS QUANTAX
High speed µ-XRF spectrometer
03.05.2012 42
44. The M4 TORNADO
Focusing X-rays with a polycapillary lens
Focusing X-rays
23 µm for 17,5 keV
10 mm
Poly-capillary lens collects large angle of
tube radiation and concentrates it into a
small spot on the sample
03.05.2012 44
45. The M4 TORNADO
Instrument specifications
Key Features
• High brilliance X-ray source with
small spot
• Video microscope for sample
positioning with 10X and 100X
magnification
• SDD technology offering high
count rate capability in
combination with optimum
energy resolution
• Large vacuum chamber,
SDD 30 mm2, 20 mbar in 120 s
<145 eV FWHM
• Powerful high speed servo
motors, for samples up to 5 kg
03.05.2012 45
46. Comparison µ-XRF & electron excitation
High sensitivity for heavy elements
• Spectra of NIST 612 with approx. 500 ppm of more than 20 elements,
EPMA (blue) and µ-XRF (red)
• Different excitation probability, therefore higher sensitivity for heavy elements
03.05.2012 46
47. Features and applications examples of
the M4 Tornado in geology
• Qualitative and quantitative analyses of large samples, up to
30 X 15 cm and 5 kg, without previous preparation
Element distribution in sediments (K/Pg-boundary)
Documenting thin sections (large area scan)
Composition of the unique Dermbach meteorite
(HyperMap quantification)
• Quantitative analysis for mayor and trace elements, down to
the low ppm range
Composition of volcanic glasses
03.05.2012 47
48. K-Pg boundary
Asteroid impact and mass extinction
Chicxulub impact structure
• ~Ø 180 km, ~65 Ma
• Target rock:
silicate basement,
3 km sediments
Chicxulub
crater
Yax-1
UNAM-7
Image of NASA Worldwind
Raton Basin continental K/Pg sites
03.05.2012 48
49. Scan of the Cretaceous / Paleogene
boundary in Raton Basin US
Optimized for
Overview measurement trace elements
Pg
K
Ni/Si Cr/Si Zr/Si
Ca Al Cr Cr
5 mm
03.05.2012 49
50. Scanning thin sections
Document thin sections or samples Conditions:
in a short time e.g. ~ 30 minutes per 35 keV 800 µA,
section up to 18 at the same time! 5 ms per pixel
100 µm step size
Results can
be saved in
independent
files.
03.05.2012 50
52. Qualitative and quantitative analysis
of the unique Dermbach iron meteorite
The Dermbach meteorite was found in Germany in 1924.The Fe-Ni phase contains
one of the highest Ni-concentrations described in literature
Conditions:
50 keV 200 µA,
5 ms per pixel
60 µm step size
974 x 883 Pixel
2 h measuring
time
The HyperMap feature allows an optimal “data mining”!
Not only compositional overview for recognition of characteristic areas
but also quantification of selected regions
Bartoschewitz et al (2012). LPSC. Abs 1292
03.05.2012 52
53. Qualitative and quantitative analysis
of the unique Dermbach iron meteorite
Fe Co Ni Cu
Ni-low 1 70.2 1.11 28.5 0.22
Ni-low 2 65.0 1.08 33.6 0.29
Ni-high 1 58.8 0.96 40.4 0.44
Ni-high 2 55.8 0.95 42.7 0.48
Results
• The high Ni concentrations were
confirmed. A strong fractionation of the
Fe-Ni-metal with a low-Ni rim could be
found in the sample
• The Ni increase correlates with the Cu
increase in the Fe-Ni metal
03.05.2012 53
54. Quantitative analysis of major and trace
elements in volcanic glass
The quantification was
performed using the
M4 standardless
quantification routine.
35 kV, 750 µA, 60 s
Al/Ti/Cu-filter
Ga ~20 ppm
Sr from 30 to 120 ppm
03.05.2012 54
55. Summary
• Unique speed and performance in the determination of the element
distribution in large sample with measurement times per pixel of 0.3 ms
and up to 4 Million pixels in a single HyperMap
• High spatial resolution down to 25 µm X-ray spot size, motors steps of 4
µm
• Optimal for the analysis of inhomogeneous samples, due to better
identification of the representative location of interest
• Non-destructive, fast analysis of large samples without preparation,
including solid, powder or liquid samples
• Qualitative and quantitative analysis of all elements from Na upwards, due
to vacuum chamber, detection limit for heavy trace elements in the low
ppm range
• Standardless Fundamental Parameter quantification with type calibration
option
• Powerful software with multiple tools for optimal data mining
03.05.2012 55
56. Natural History Museum of Natural Institute of Universidad
Museum London History, HU Berlin Meteoritics, Nacional Autónoma
University of de México
A. Kearsley D. Stöffler, P. Claeys, New Mexico
L. Hecht J. Urrutia-
H. Newsom Fucugauchi
Institute for Geozentrum International Ocean Drilling
Planetology, Nordbayern Continental Scientific Program
WWU Münster Drilling Program
P. Schulte
A. Deutsch
03.05.2012 56
62. Feature analysis
Baddeleyite (ZrO2) at lunar meteorite
Automated particle search
• Binarization of BSE image
(Grayscale thresholds: 180-255)
• Morphological filtering
(>3µm lengths, >2 µm widths)
• Chemical classification
(Zr >55 wt.%%) 2 mm
Composite BSE image of Dhofar 287A (9x5 mm)
03.05.2012 63
63. Feature analysis
Baddeleyite (ZrO2) at lunar meteorite
Automated particle search
• Binarization of BSE image
(Grayscale thresholds: 180-255)
• Morphological filtering
(>3µm lengths, >2 µm widths)
• Chemical classification
(Zr >55 wt.%%) 2 mm
Composite BSE image of Dhofar 287A (9x5 mm)
• 90 images scanned
• 997 grains analyzed
in 86 min
• 11 baddeleyite grains
were detected
6 µm
03.05.2012 64
64. Measurement on a fish fossil from
Solnhofen limestone
Conditions
50 keV 600 µA
1618x462 pixels
40 ms per pixel
40 µm step size
10h meas. Time
747516 single
spectra
Mosaic image of the sample
Total x-ray intensity
03.05.2012 65
65. Measurement on a fish fossil from
Solnhofen limestone
Fe P 1 cm
03.05.2012 66
66. M4 TORNADO
High-end µ-XRF spectrometer
Complete instrument Additional options
• Second tube with
collimator e.g. W-anode
for optimal detection
heavy elements in trace
concentration like Ag, Cd
580 mm
or Pd.
• Second detector for
faster data acquisition
03.05.2012 67