Opportunistic Mycosis are: caused by fungi that cannot infect healthy humans but can
cause serious often fatal mycoses in people whose resistance has been lowered (immunocompromised patients).
Many fungi previously considered non- pathogenic are
now recognized as etiological agents of the
opportunistic fungal infections.
The laboratory must identify and report completely
the presence of all fungi recovered from
immunocompromised patient, since every organism is
a potential pathogen
The highly susceptible groups for opportunistic fungal
infection are
- AIDs patients,
-Leukemic patients,
-individuals on chemotherapy for treatment of cancer,
-alcoholics. The commonest causes of opportunistic mycosis are:
-Candidiasis
- Aspergillosis
- Zygomycosis
-Cryptococosis
-Pneumocystis carn
Candidiasis is a relatively common human infection that can
take form of;
superficial,
mucocutanous or
systemic disease.
Principally it is caused by the three species of the genus candida,
namely,
C.albicans,
C.tropicalis and
C.krusei
Superficial and mucocutaneous candidiasis
It is superficial infections of skin and mucous membranes
Through, oral and vaginal candidiasis
- Oesophageal candidiasis
-Skin lesions of folds, groin, axilla, and interdigital areas
- Napkin eruptions in infants
- Paranychial candidiaiasis
Invasive:
Candidemia: initial stage can be transient if phagocytic
system is intact.
Disseminated or hematogenous candidiasis if phagocytic
system is compromised.
Multi organs can be involved with infection: kidney,
prosthetic heart valves, brain, eye, meninges.
Mortality: 30-40%
Predisposing factors
Diabetes
Immunosupperession
T-cell immunodeficiency disorders
Acquired- immunodeficiency syndrome, (AIDS)
Leukaemias, Lymphomas
Steroid treatments
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Laboratory diagnosis
Superficial or mucocutaneous candidiasis is diagnosed by
finding the fungus in tissue scraping and culture
Systemic candidiasis is difficult to diagnose.
Definitive diagnosis is made by the histopathologic
demonstration of the invasion of tissue by the yeast.
Specimens from surface lesions, mouth, vaginal, sputum,
exudates etc are examined using different methods.
Direct examination
a) KOH
Exposed lesions can usually be easily diagnosed by
clinical appearance together with finding typical budding
yeast cells and pseudohyphae and /or true hyphea in lesion
scrapings treated with KOH.
b) Gram-stain
Gram stain smears show large gram-positive budding yeast cells
with pseudohyphea.
Germ tube test
Candida albicans can be presumptively identified based
on the production of a germ tube
Principle
When incubated with serum at 370C for 1 to 3 hours,
C.albicans will form a germ tube.
Procedure
1. Pipette 0.5 ml of serum into a test tube
2. Inoculate the tube with a small amount of the
organism to be
tested.
Toxoplasma Gondii.
Toxoplasmosis - Congenital Toxoplasmosis
The transition between tachyzoites and bradyzoites.
T.gondii as an Epigenator.
Immune Response Pathway.
Behavior Changer by T.gondii infection.
Opportunistic Mycosis are: caused by fungi that cannot infect healthy humans but can
cause serious often fatal mycoses in people whose resistance has been lowered (immunocompromised patients).
Many fungi previously considered non- pathogenic are
now recognized as etiological agents of the
opportunistic fungal infections.
The laboratory must identify and report completely
the presence of all fungi recovered from
immunocompromised patient, since every organism is
a potential pathogen
The highly susceptible groups for opportunistic fungal
infection are
- AIDs patients,
-Leukemic patients,
-individuals on chemotherapy for treatment of cancer,
-alcoholics. The commonest causes of opportunistic mycosis are:
-Candidiasis
- Aspergillosis
- Zygomycosis
-Cryptococosis
-Pneumocystis carn
Candidiasis is a relatively common human infection that can
take form of;
superficial,
mucocutanous or
systemic disease.
Principally it is caused by the three species of the genus candida,
namely,
C.albicans,
C.tropicalis and
C.krusei
Superficial and mucocutaneous candidiasis
It is superficial infections of skin and mucous membranes
Through, oral and vaginal candidiasis
- Oesophageal candidiasis
-Skin lesions of folds, groin, axilla, and interdigital areas
- Napkin eruptions in infants
- Paranychial candidiaiasis
Invasive:
Candidemia: initial stage can be transient if phagocytic
system is intact.
Disseminated or hematogenous candidiasis if phagocytic
system is compromised.
Multi organs can be involved with infection: kidney,
prosthetic heart valves, brain, eye, meninges.
Mortality: 30-40%
Predisposing factors
Diabetes
Immunosupperession
T-cell immunodeficiency disorders
Acquired- immunodeficiency syndrome, (AIDS)
Leukaemias, Lymphomas
Steroid treatments
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Laboratory diagnosis
Superficial or mucocutaneous candidiasis is diagnosed by
finding the fungus in tissue scraping and culture
Systemic candidiasis is difficult to diagnose.
Definitive diagnosis is made by the histopathologic
demonstration of the invasion of tissue by the yeast.
Specimens from surface lesions, mouth, vaginal, sputum,
exudates etc are examined using different methods.
Direct examination
a) KOH
Exposed lesions can usually be easily diagnosed by
clinical appearance together with finding typical budding
yeast cells and pseudohyphae and /or true hyphea in lesion
scrapings treated with KOH.
b) Gram-stain
Gram stain smears show large gram-positive budding yeast cells
with pseudohyphea.
Germ tube test
Candida albicans can be presumptively identified based
on the production of a germ tube
Principle
When incubated with serum at 370C for 1 to 3 hours,
C.albicans will form a germ tube.
Procedure
1. Pipette 0.5 ml of serum into a test tube
2. Inoculate the tube with a small amount of the
organism to be
tested.
Toxoplasma Gondii.
Toxoplasmosis - Congenital Toxoplasmosis
The transition between tachyzoites and bradyzoites.
T.gondii as an Epigenator.
Immune Response Pathway.
Behavior Changer by T.gondii infection.
Objective :
describe the morphology and structure of Neisseria meningitidis
describe the transmission and clinical features of meningitides
describe the process of development of meningitides
what is the diagnostic test required for Neisseria meningitidis
list the other causes of meningitis and its cfc finding
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Objective :
describe the morphology and structure of Neisseria meningitidis
describe the transmission and clinical features of meningitides
describe the process of development of meningitides
what is the diagnostic test required for Neisseria meningitidis
list the other causes of meningitis and its cfc finding
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
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