This document summarizes Session 3 of a web accessibility workshop. It discusses alternative input devices such as alternative keyboards, pointing devices, switches, and on-screen keyboards. It also covers other assistive technologies like braille embossers and displays, screen magnification software, text-to-speech programs, speech recognition, and word processors for individuals with disabilities. Examples and images are provided for many of the assistive technologies.
Learn about the basics of web accessibility: what it is, who it affects, why it matters, and some of the fundamental things you ought to be doing in your pages to make them more accessible.
Usability ≠ Accessibility. An intro to web accessibility for agencies.Kate Horowitz
I often see people mistake usability for accessibility. They are not the same; in fact, often they contract each other. I've put together this guide to better understand accessibility, how it differs from usability, and when accessibility may be right for your client.
Creating Accessible PDFs with Acrobat: Requirements, Implementation, and Eval...3Play Media
In this webinar, the Chief Accessibility Officer of SSB BART Group, Jonathan Avila, will walk you through the requirements for PDF accessibility. He will provide you with implementation and evaluation techniques that you can follow to create accessible documents with Acrobat XI. You'll learn how to provide textual alternatives for visual elements as well as how to use various Acrobat tools that will make accessibility implementation as simple as possible.
In this webinar, Jonathan will cover:
Creation of accessible source documents
Use of proper heading structure and reading order
Textual alternatives for visual elements
Using the Make Accessible Wizard and Accessibility Checker in Acrobat
Using the Touch-up Reading Order and Tags panels
Best practices to maintain and update document creation processes and ensure ongoing accessibility
We all get the WHO or we wouldn’t be here, same with the WHY. This presentation looks at WHAT, WHERE and HOW.
Accessibility is often a lot closer than you realise. Organisations rely on and invest heavily in technology, one of the options being considered in the mix may open up a whole new pool of resourcing options.
This presentation explores how an organisation can quickly and easily include accessibility in their organisational planning. Government departments started with accessible websites, now this is flowing onto NGOs while government departments focus on the next levels of digital accessibility.
When you know the right questions to ask, it isn’t that hard and there are some quick wins organisations can and should be implementing right now. Areas covered in this presentation include:
Technology – it is probably already on the hardware you are using!
Accessible documents – what are they and how can you produce them?
Outsourcing digital – what do you put in your brief?
Websites – internet and intranet – we all know content is king – who owns accessibility
Alternative media – video, social, webinars
Organisational accessibility – it’s not a box to tick, it’s a way of doing business - how do you embed this into an organisation?
Dr Scott Hollier presents a demonstration on how the vast world of online content is experienced for people with disabilities, as well as tools and techniques to help understand the need and importance of web accessibility. This presentation covers a brief history of access, information on user experience, accessibility features available in Windows, Mac, iOS and Android devices and resources for ICT professionals including social media tools, document accessibility advice and WCAG 2.0 at a glance.
• How do individuals with disabilities interact with and use the web? Understanding how assistive technologies work.
• Understanding your legal requirements - Section 508, Section 504, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and other state, U.S., and international laws
• Evaluating web site accessibility - automated tools, user testing, using screen readers, and understanding the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0
Accessibility is not a rare edge case, it is something that concerns all of us. This is an introduction to Web Accessibility for Web Developers, in context of the German BITV and the international WAI Guidelines (mostly WCAG 2.0). It should raise general awareness of accessibility for Web Development, and shows that accessibility is not an extreme hard to implement requirement, but a matter of care and common sense.
How to create accessible websites - WordCamp BostonRachel Cherry
Web accessibility refers to the inclusive practice of removing barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to, websites by people with disabilities. When your website is inaccessible, research shows you could be excluding up to 20 percent of your visitors and customers. When your website is accessible, everyone can consume your information and interact with you and your services. Visually-impaired users can visit your website using a screen reader. Those who can’t use a mouse can navigate your site using a keyboard or other input device. Designing with accessibility in mind will also improve your SEO. Join my workshop to learn more about accessibility, the importance of universal design, and how to create a high-quality user experience that is inclusive and beneficial to all.
Web Accessibility: A Shared ResponsibilityJoseph Dolson
This a presentation prepared for a Montana Web Developer's Meetup in December, 2011. The focus is on collaborating with content providers and employers to share the responsibility for web accessibility.
My slides on the Open University project to develop an accessible, easily embeddable, maintainable multimedia player for student and public facing OU sites. Presentation to the a11yLDN conference, London, 19 September 2012.
http://a11yldn.org.uk
Incorporating accessibility into your software.
What does accessibility mean?
Why should we do this?
How we should do this?
What impacts does this have?
In this webinar, we will explore the principles of accessible web design with practical tips you can begin implementing today. Ash Harris, CEO of AKEA Web Solutions, will also dive into how you can implement a long-term strategy for maintaining an accessible website.
A project for social-production of captions (sub-titles) and audio description to improve the accessibility of video and multimedia. Presentation at the RNIB Techshare 2009 conference, ExCeL London in September 2009.
http://maltwiki.org
Co-presented with Wendy Porch, also of the Open University.
IWMW 2003: Web Accessibility debate (Brian Kelly,1)IWMW
First set of slides used by Brian Kelly in debate on "Web accessibility is difficult to implement" at the IWMW 2003 event held at the University of Kent on 11-13 June 2003.
See http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/webmaster-2003/debate/#debate-1
Do the Outcomes Justify the Buzz?: An Assessment of LibGuides at Cornell Univ...Steven Adams
Springshare's LibGuides has inspired significant buzz in the library blogosphere. Touted for its "Web 2.0" functions, attractive interface, and ease of use for librarians, Libguides has transformed the way many libraries build web-based research guides. Cornell and Princeton Universities decided to collaborate on an assessment initiative to discover how these guides are valued on each campus. This study goes beyond the "2.0" dogma to empirically determine if LibGuides lives up to its publicity.
Presented By:
Steven Adams
Princeton University
Angela Horne
Director, Management Library, Cornell University
Learn about the basics of web accessibility: what it is, who it affects, why it matters, and some of the fundamental things you ought to be doing in your pages to make them more accessible.
Usability ≠ Accessibility. An intro to web accessibility for agencies.Kate Horowitz
I often see people mistake usability for accessibility. They are not the same; in fact, often they contract each other. I've put together this guide to better understand accessibility, how it differs from usability, and when accessibility may be right for your client.
Creating Accessible PDFs with Acrobat: Requirements, Implementation, and Eval...3Play Media
In this webinar, the Chief Accessibility Officer of SSB BART Group, Jonathan Avila, will walk you through the requirements for PDF accessibility. He will provide you with implementation and evaluation techniques that you can follow to create accessible documents with Acrobat XI. You'll learn how to provide textual alternatives for visual elements as well as how to use various Acrobat tools that will make accessibility implementation as simple as possible.
In this webinar, Jonathan will cover:
Creation of accessible source documents
Use of proper heading structure and reading order
Textual alternatives for visual elements
Using the Make Accessible Wizard and Accessibility Checker in Acrobat
Using the Touch-up Reading Order and Tags panels
Best practices to maintain and update document creation processes and ensure ongoing accessibility
We all get the WHO or we wouldn’t be here, same with the WHY. This presentation looks at WHAT, WHERE and HOW.
Accessibility is often a lot closer than you realise. Organisations rely on and invest heavily in technology, one of the options being considered in the mix may open up a whole new pool of resourcing options.
This presentation explores how an organisation can quickly and easily include accessibility in their organisational planning. Government departments started with accessible websites, now this is flowing onto NGOs while government departments focus on the next levels of digital accessibility.
When you know the right questions to ask, it isn’t that hard and there are some quick wins organisations can and should be implementing right now. Areas covered in this presentation include:
Technology – it is probably already on the hardware you are using!
Accessible documents – what are they and how can you produce them?
Outsourcing digital – what do you put in your brief?
Websites – internet and intranet – we all know content is king – who owns accessibility
Alternative media – video, social, webinars
Organisational accessibility – it’s not a box to tick, it’s a way of doing business - how do you embed this into an organisation?
Dr Scott Hollier presents a demonstration on how the vast world of online content is experienced for people with disabilities, as well as tools and techniques to help understand the need and importance of web accessibility. This presentation covers a brief history of access, information on user experience, accessibility features available in Windows, Mac, iOS and Android devices and resources for ICT professionals including social media tools, document accessibility advice and WCAG 2.0 at a glance.
• How do individuals with disabilities interact with and use the web? Understanding how assistive technologies work.
• Understanding your legal requirements - Section 508, Section 504, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and other state, U.S., and international laws
• Evaluating web site accessibility - automated tools, user testing, using screen readers, and understanding the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0
Accessibility is not a rare edge case, it is something that concerns all of us. This is an introduction to Web Accessibility for Web Developers, in context of the German BITV and the international WAI Guidelines (mostly WCAG 2.0). It should raise general awareness of accessibility for Web Development, and shows that accessibility is not an extreme hard to implement requirement, but a matter of care and common sense.
How to create accessible websites - WordCamp BostonRachel Cherry
Web accessibility refers to the inclusive practice of removing barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to, websites by people with disabilities. When your website is inaccessible, research shows you could be excluding up to 20 percent of your visitors and customers. When your website is accessible, everyone can consume your information and interact with you and your services. Visually-impaired users can visit your website using a screen reader. Those who can’t use a mouse can navigate your site using a keyboard or other input device. Designing with accessibility in mind will also improve your SEO. Join my workshop to learn more about accessibility, the importance of universal design, and how to create a high-quality user experience that is inclusive and beneficial to all.
Web Accessibility: A Shared ResponsibilityJoseph Dolson
This a presentation prepared for a Montana Web Developer's Meetup in December, 2011. The focus is on collaborating with content providers and employers to share the responsibility for web accessibility.
My slides on the Open University project to develop an accessible, easily embeddable, maintainable multimedia player for student and public facing OU sites. Presentation to the a11yLDN conference, London, 19 September 2012.
http://a11yldn.org.uk
Incorporating accessibility into your software.
What does accessibility mean?
Why should we do this?
How we should do this?
What impacts does this have?
In this webinar, we will explore the principles of accessible web design with practical tips you can begin implementing today. Ash Harris, CEO of AKEA Web Solutions, will also dive into how you can implement a long-term strategy for maintaining an accessible website.
A project for social-production of captions (sub-titles) and audio description to improve the accessibility of video and multimedia. Presentation at the RNIB Techshare 2009 conference, ExCeL London in September 2009.
http://maltwiki.org
Co-presented with Wendy Porch, also of the Open University.
IWMW 2003: Web Accessibility debate (Brian Kelly,1)IWMW
First set of slides used by Brian Kelly in debate on "Web accessibility is difficult to implement" at the IWMW 2003 event held at the University of Kent on 11-13 June 2003.
See http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/webmaster-2003/debate/#debate-1
Do the Outcomes Justify the Buzz?: An Assessment of LibGuides at Cornell Univ...Steven Adams
Springshare's LibGuides has inspired significant buzz in the library blogosphere. Touted for its "Web 2.0" functions, attractive interface, and ease of use for librarians, Libguides has transformed the way many libraries build web-based research guides. Cornell and Princeton Universities decided to collaborate on an assessment initiative to discover how these guides are valued on each campus. This study goes beyond the "2.0" dogma to empirically determine if LibGuides lives up to its publicity.
Presented By:
Steven Adams
Princeton University
Angela Horne
Director, Management Library, Cornell University
Копирайтинг для интернет-магазинов. Типы текстов и правила их написания. Как правильно проводить акции в интернет-магазине? Усилители текстов. Как совместить SEO и написание продающих текстов?
Did you know that over 20% of the world’s population has trouble using the web due to accessibility challenges? Have you thought about how accessible your website is to impaired users? Do you and your team know how to test for accessibility?
This lunch 'n learn style webinar will walk you through how to test your online assets for accessibility.
During this webinar Linn Vizard and Heather Moore from the Usability Matters team, will share with you some of the needs this audience has, design considerations geared toward making your website accessible, and how to how to conduct an accessibility focused user test.
I made this with my 3 partners for my CEC marks in 3rd sem of MCA. It includes information about HCI, definition, types, how it works, queries of it etc.
One can get idea easily about HCI after refering this presentation.
Old presentations such as this are interesting to view - this presentation from 2010 makes little reference to the wide use of mobile devices, tablets or ebook readers.
Now your search ends here... BATRA COMPUTER CENTRE provides you the best computer training in Ambala Cantt. We offer you training in courses like Basics of Computer, training in Programming Languages like C & C++, training in Web Designing , training in Web Develoopment, training in SEO and many more...
Integration data models, Learning Layers project meeting in BremenVladimir Tomberg
Report on process of building common semantic core for data from several Learning Layers applications for an integrated solution supported by Social Semantic Server
Слайды к моему короткому выступлению на круглом столе конференции ПрофсоUX в Санкт-Петербурге, 26 апреля 2014 года. Круглый стол был посвещен UX образованию.
Harnessing the Potential of Accessibility Standards and Responsive Web Design Practices to Achieve Learning Interoperability on the Level of the User Interface
Presentation in ICWL 2013, Kenting, Taiwan
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
2. Today Workshop
1. Presentation of the Homework;
2. Alternative Input Devices;
3. Other Assistive Products;
4. Assistive Technology in different OS;
5. Homework Assignment 3
Web Accessibility
Workshop
2
3. 1. PRESENTATION OF HOMEWORK
Please be prepared to share your experience!
3
Web Accessibility
Workshop
5. Alternative Keyboards
• Featuring larger- or smaller-than-standard
keys or keyboards, alternative key
configurations, and keyboards for use with
one hand.
5
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
12. Foot Pedals
• Foot pedals can allow to designate which key
each pedal represents;
• Pedal can be used instead of keys one
commonly has trouble with, such as shift, ctrl
or space;
• Foot pedals can be purchased individually or
in sets of two or three.
12
Web Accessibility
Workshop
14. Electronic Pointing Devices
• Electronic pointing devices used to control the
cursor on the screen without use of hands.
Devices used include:
Ultrasound,
Infrared beams,
Eye movements,
Nerve signals,
Brain waves
14
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
18. Typing a Text at On-Screen Keyboard
with Brain Waves
18
Web Accessibility
Workshop
19. Joysticks
• Joysticks —
manipulated by hand,
feet, chin, etc. and used
to control the cursor on
screen.
19
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
21. Touch Screens
• Touch screens — allow direct selection or
activation of the computer by touching the
screen, making it easier to select an option
directly rather than through a mouse
movement or keyboard;
• Touch screens are either built into the
computer monitor or can be added onto a
computer monitor.
21
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
23. Sip-and-Puff systems
• Sip-and-Puff or Sip 'n'
Puff (SNP) technology is
a method used to send
signals to a device using
air pressure by
"sipping" (inhaling) or
"puffing" (exhaling) on a
straw, tube or "wand
23
Web Accessibility
Workshop
24. 3. OTHER ASSISTIVE PRODUCTS
Assistive Technologies
24
Web Accessibility
Workshop
25. Braille Embossers
• Braille embossers transfer computer
generated text into embossed Braille output;
• Braille translation programs convert text
scanned-in or generated via standard word
processing programs into Braille, which can be
printed on the embosser
25
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
27. Keyboard Filters
• Keyboard filters are typing aids such as word
prediction utilities and add-on spelling
checkers that reduce the required number of
keystrokes;
• Keyboard filters enable users to quickly access
the letters they need and to avoid
inadvertently selecting keys they don't want
27
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
29. Link to Other On-Screen Keyboards
• https://touch-base.com/documentation/
Virtual%20Keyboards.htm
29
Web Accessibility
Workshop
30. Light Signaler Alerts
• Light signaler alerts monitor computer sounds
and alert the computer user with light signals;
• This is useful when a computer user can not
hear computer sounds or is not directly in
front of the computer screen;
• As an example, a light can flash alerting the
user when a new e-mail message has arrived
or a computer command has completed
30
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
32. On-Screen Keyboards
• On-screen keyboards provide an image of a
standard or modified keyboard on the computer
screen that allows the user to select keys with a
mouse, touch screen, trackball, joystick, switch,
or electronic pointing device;
• On-screen keyboards often have a scanning
option that highlights individual keys that can be
selected by the user;
• On-screen keyboards are helpful for individuals
who are not able to use a standard keyboard due
to dexterity or mobility difficulties.
32
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
34. Single Switch Access to iPad
Using Switch Control
34
Web Accessibility
Workshop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH540kuBDwo
35. Reading Tools and
Learning Disabilities Programs
• Reading tools and learning disabilities
programs include software and hardware designed to
make text-based materials more accessible for people
who have difficulty with reading;
• Options can include scanning, reformatting, navigating,
or speaking text out loud;
• These programs are helpful for those who have
difficulty seeing or manipulating conventional print
materials; people who are developing new literacy
skills or who are learning English as a foreign language;
and people who comprehend better when they hear
and see text highlighted simultaneously
35
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
37. Refreshable Braille Displays
• Refreshable Braille displays provide tactile output of
information represented on the computer screen;
• A Braille "cell" is composed of a series of dots. The
pattern of the dots and various combinations of the
cells are used in place of letters.
• Refreshable Braille displays mechanically lift small
rounded plastic or metal pins as needed to form Braille
characters. The user reads the Braille letters with his or
her fingers, and then, after a line is read, can refresh
the display to read the next line
37
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
39. Screen Enlargers
• Screen enlargers, or screen magnifiers, work
like a magnifying glass for the computer by
enlarging a portion of the screen which can
increase legibility and make it easier to see
items on the computer;
• Some screen enlargers allow a person to zoom
in and out on a particular area of the screen
39
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
41. Screen Readers
• Screen readers are used to verbalize, or "speak,"
everything on the screen including text, graphics,
control buttons, and menus into a computerized
voice that is spoken aloud;
• In essence, a screen reader transforms a graphic
user interface (GUI) into an audio interface;
• Screen readers are essential for computer users
who are blind
41
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
42. Several Screen Readers &
Text-to-Speech Applications
• Balabolka link (Windows) 40$
• JAWS link (Windows) 895$
• NVDA link (Windows) Free
• Kurzweil1000 and 3000 link (Windows, Mac)
995$-1395$
• Windows narrator, free with OS
• Mac OS VoiceOver, free with OS
• List of other resources link
42
Web Accessibility
Workshop
43. Speech Recognition
• Speech recognition or voice recognition
programs, allow people to give commands and
enter data using their voices rather than a mouse
or keyboard;
• Voice recognition systems use a microphone
attached to the computer, which can be used to
create text documents such as letters or e-mail
messages, browse the Internet, and navigate
among applications and menus by voice
43
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
46. Text-to-Speech (TTS)
• Text-to-Speech (TTS) or speech
synthesizers receive information going to the
screen in the form of letters, numbers, and
punctuation marks, and then "speak" it out loud
in a computerized voice;
• Using speech synthesizers allows computer users
who are blind or who have learning difficulties to
hear what they are typing and also provide a
spoken voice for individuals who can not
communicate orally, but can communicate their
thoughts through typing
46
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
47. Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking is one of
the most famous people
using speech synthesis to
communicate
47
Web Accessibility
Workshop
48. Overview of a Typical TTS System
48
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Image source: en.wikipedia.org
49. Talking and Large-Print
Word Processors
• Talking and large-print word processors are
software programs that use speech
synthesizers to provide auditory feedback of
what is typed;
• Large-print word processors allow the user to
view everything in large text without added
screen enlargement
49
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
51. TTY/TDD conversion modems
• TTY/TDD (TeleTYpewriter/Telecommunications
Device for the Deaf) conversion modems are
connected between computers and
telephones to allow an individual to type a
message on a computer and send it to a
TTY/TDD telephone or other Baudot code
equipped device.
51
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Source: microsoft.com
80. Screen Readers Testing (a)
• To better understand a goal of the task
please read an article Testing with Screen
Readers here:
http://webaim.org/articles/screenreader_tes
ting/
80
Web Accessibility
Workshop
81. Screen Readers Testing (b)
• Implement the Screen Reader activity described
in one of the three exercises on your choice and
platform availability:
• Using JAWS to Evaluate Web Accessibility (link) if
you use Windows; or
• Using NVDA to Evaluate Web Accessibility (link) if
you use Windows; or
• Using VoiceOver to Evaluate Web Accessibility
(link) if you use Mac OS
81
Web Accessibility
Workshop
82. Screen Readers Testing (c)
• Each activity contains of a guide, tasks and three samples for Screen
Reader :
1. Sample page with images;
2. Sample page with tables;
3. Sample page with forms.
• NB! Links to all three samples are included into the descriptions
of the activities! Please follow the links provided above!
• Reflect your experience in a report – what was difficult for you?
How long time you spent on these tasks? What developer should
know about assistive technology?
• Upload your report to Google Drive folder
82
Web Accessibility
Workshop
Editor's Notes
Specially designed for computer users with disabilities, wishing to use the BigKeys Keyboards. Made from high grade crystal-clear acrylic, models are available for the BigKeys Plus and BigKeys LX. In particular, users with motor skills difficulties or upper limb disorder will find the BigKeys Keyguard very helpful in aiming their finger at the right key, and giving some support to the hand. The polished rounded holes guide the finger to the correct keys and provide support while the correct key is located.
The Forte portable word processor was designed by teachers to build keyboarding skills, develop writing skills and ultimately, develop digital fluency. In order for students to accelerate their writing skills, they must first master the keyboard, then they must have quick and easy access to digital writing tools. The more often students write digitally, the better and more fluent their writing becomes.
Handwriting and spelling challenges sharply reduce the joy, the quality and the quantity of student written work.
It’s a hardship that can be overcome. No student should have to struggle with a pen or pencil in order toexpress themselves on paper. The Fusion,the Forte and the Writer were designed byeducators like you, to assist and supportthe struggling writer.