The document discusses the major parts of an operating system. It describes the kernel as handling tasks like loading applications into memory, scheduling processes, and managing memory, files, and data security. It also discusses device drivers that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware, and the user interface that users interact with, such as graphical user interfaces with icons, pointers, windows, menus and desktops. Modes like protected mode and supervisor mode are described as well as how programs are executed with operating system services. Interrupts and how they allow the operating system to interact with events are covered, along with operating system security features like access control and authentication.
Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software.It may or not be programmable, depending on the application.technology development and use of an internet of things to upgrade to next version of embedded systems.
This presentation was in respect to present operating system as product , as it tells about the general operating systems and how it started and how they are projected as product to market.
Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software.It may or not be programmable, depending on the application.technology development and use of an internet of things to upgrade to next version of embedded systems.
This presentation was in respect to present operating system as product , as it tells about the general operating systems and how it started and how they are projected as product to market.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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2. Major Parts of Operating System
• The parts of an operating system all exist in
order to make the different parts of a
computer work together.
• All user software needs to go through the
operating system in order to use any of the
hardware, whether it be as simple as a mouse
or keyboard or as complex as an Internet part.
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3. Kernel
• This has the task of loading the application into memory.
• Making sure they do not interfere with one another and
allowing them to share use of the CPU efficiently.
• The kennel also handles file storage to and from secondary
storage devices such as hard disk and optical drives.
• In other words the kernel handles
• Loading/unloading application from memory.
• Scheduling tasks to run on the CPU.
• Memory management.
• File management.
• Data security.
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5. Device Drivers
• Every piece of hardware that makes up the
computer or connected to it.
• Will have a device driver that allows the
operating system to control and communicate
with it.
• There could be hundreds of devices drivers
pre-installed with the operating system, and
the right one for that particular computer set-
up is loaded on boot-up.
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6. Device Drivers
• The exact detail of which device driver is needed by the
operating system is kept in a file- in window the file is called
is called ''registry' and in Linux the details will be stored as a
number of 'configuration files'.
• Makers of printers, graphic tablets, scanner, digital cameras
and so on, will normally provide device drivers for each
make of operating system.
• A device driver for window xp is different from the device
driver of Linux this is why if u remove an operating system
such as vista from a hard disk and install Linux instead, u
will need to make sure u have all the correct drivers
available for each piece of hardware.
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8. User interface
(Graphic User Interface)
• This part of operating system that user will see on
screen (via the device driver) and reacting to your
key presses and other inputs.
• The user interface could be the basic command line
interface, as u might find on a server, or it might be a
full blown Graphical User Interface (GUI) such as
perhaps gnome on lunix, window vista, or xp.
• Graphical user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows
and the one used by the Apple Macintosh, feature the
following basic components:
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10. Pointer
• A symbol that appears on the display screen and
that you move to select objects and commands.
• Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled
arrow.
• Text processing applications, however, use an I-
beam pointer that is shaped like a capital I.
• The pointer is controlled by a pointing device
such as a mouse, trackball, joysticks, touchpad’s,
and light pens.
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12. Icons
• Small pictures that represent commands, files,
or windows.
• By moving the pointer to the icon and
pressing a mouse button, you can execute a
command or convert the icon into a window.
• You can also move the icons around the
display screen as if they were real objects on
your desk.
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14. Desktop
• The area on the display screen where icons
are grouped is often referred to as the
desktop because the icons are intended to
represent real objects on a real desktop.
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15. Windows
• You can divide the screen into different areas. In
each window, you can run a different program or
display a different information You can move
windows around the display screen, and change
their shape and size at will.
• Menus: Most graphical user interfaces let you
execute commands by selecting a choice from a
menu.
• Folders: Graphical representation of a directory.
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16. Modes
• Modern CPUs support multiple modes of
operation. CPUs with this capability use at least
two modes:
• Protected mode and supervisor mode.
• The supervisor mode is used by the operating
system's kernel for low level tasks that need
unrestricted access to hardware, such as
controlling how memory is written and erased,
and communication with devices like graphics
cards.
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17. Modes
• Protected mode, in contrast, is used for almost
everything else.
• Applications operate within protected mode, and
can only use hardware by communicating with
the kernel, which controls everything in
supervisor mode.
• CPUs might have other modes similar to
protected mode as well, such as the virtual
modes in order to emulate older processor types,
such as 16-bit processors on a 32-bit one, or 32-
bit processors on a 64-bit one
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18. Program execution
• The operating system provides an interface between an
application program and the computer hardware, so that
an application program can interact with the hardware only
by obeying rules and procedures programmed into the
operating system.
• The operating system is also a set of services which simplify
development and execution of application programs.
• Executing an application program involves the creation of a
process by the operating system kernel which assigns
memory space and other resources, establishes a priority
for the process in multi-tasking systems, loads program
binary code into memory, and initiates execution of the
application program which then interacts with the user and
with hardware devices
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20. Interrupts
• Interrupts are central to operating systems, as
they provide an efficient way for the operating
system to interact with and react to its
environment.
• The alternative — having the operating system
"watch" the various sources of input for events
(polling) that require action — can be found in
older systems with very small stacks (50 or 60
bytes) but are unusual in modern systems with
large stacks. Interrupt-based programming is
directly supported by most modern CPUs.
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21. Interrupts
• Interrupts provide a computer with a way of
automatically saving local register contexts,
and running specific code in response to
events.
• Even very basic computers support hardware
interrupts, and allow the programmer to
specify code which may be run when that
event takes place.
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22. Interrupts
• When an interrupt is received, the computer's
hardware automatically suspends whatever
program is currently running, saves its status, and
runs computer code previously associated with
the interrupt; this is analogous to placing a
bookmark in a book in response to a phone call.
• In modern operating systems, interrupts are
handled by the operating system's kernel.
Interrupts may come from either the computer's
hardware or from the running program.
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25. Security
• A computer being secure depends on a
number of technologies working properly.
• A modern operating system provides access to
a number of resources, which are available to
software running on the system, and to
external devices like networks via the kernel.
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26. Security
• The operating system must be capable of
distinguishing between requests which should be
allowed to be processed, and others which
should not be processed. While some systems
may simply distinguish between "privileged" and
"non-privileged", systems commonly have a form
of requester identity, such as a user name.
• To establish identity there may be a process of
authentication.
• Often a username must be quoted, and each
username may have a password
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