II Jornada del Grup de Nutrició de Farmacèutics d’Hospital de Catalunya Microbiota, prebióticos y probióticos: De la teoría a la práctica

2. Guarner & Malagelada, Lancet 2003

3. Heinzmann et al, J Proteome Res 2012

4. http://www.hmdb.ca
Fluid Total
Microbial
origin
% Microbial origin
Blood 3158 104 3,3
Saliva 1233 59 4,8
Urine 1976 102 5,2
CSF 450 36 8,0
Breast milk 120 10 8,3
Bile 18 5 27,8
Number of Metabolites Detected in Human Fluids

5. Gene Catalogue of the Human Gut Microbiome
Li et al, Nat Biotech 2014
# of genes
Average gene set per individual 590,384
Common (>50% of individuals) 294,110

6. Calado A et al. The effect of flaxseed in breast cancer: a literature review. Front Nutr 2018

7. Rienks et al, Nutrients 2017

8. Tang et al, NEJM 2013

9. F
F
FAE
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue structures are strategically situated in relation to
the greatest concentration of microbiota
• Peyer’s patches:
distal ileum (nos. 100-250)
• Isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs):
large bowel (nos. ~ 30 000)
Brandtzaeg, Immunological Investigations 2010

10. Decision making in the adaptive (acquired) immune system is
instructed by the microbial impact on APCs and T cells
CD4
TCR
APC
CD4
Th1, Th17
Treg
Foxp3+
Th2
TNF-a, IFN-g IL-17
IL-10
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
CD4
CD4
+
–
–
–
–
PRR
Foreign antigen
(Ag)
Naive T-cell
activation
Cytokines
+
TGF-b
Signatures via pattern
recognition receptors
(PRRs): TLRs & NLRs
(NOD+LRR)
Ligation
MHC II
T
+
By Per Brandtzaeg in Guarner et al, Nature Clin Practice 2006

11. Gut microbes modulate response to
immunotherapy in melanoma patients
Gopalakrishnan et al, Science 2017

12. Gut microbes modulate response to
immunotherapy in melanoma patients
Gopalakrishnan et al, Science 2017

13. Gut microbes modulate response to
Immunotherapy against epithelial tumors
Routy et al, Science 2017

14. Disorders associated with altered composition of the gut microbiota:
• Nutrition-related disorders (obesity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome)
• Inflammatory bowel diseases (UC and CD)
• Caeliac disease
• Recurrent diarrhoea by C. diff
• Functional bowel disorders
• Systemic complications of decompensated liver disease
• Colo-rectal cancer
• Certain allergies
• Certain mental and neuro-developmental conditions, such as autism spectrum
disorders
Loss of microbial richness is a common
feature of chronic non-communicable
disease of modern society

15. Blaser MJ, Science 2016

16. Hviid et al, Gut 2011

17. Stark et al, Gut 2018

18. Cao et al, Gut 2017

19. Palleja et al, Nat Microbiol 2018
Recovery of Human Gut Microbiome after Antibiotic Exposure
Oral vancomycin, gentamicin and meropenem from D0 to D4

20. Palleja et al, Nat Microbiol 2018
Different Recovery Capacities between Strains
Oral vancomycin, gentamicin and meropenem from D0 to D4

21. Le Chatellier et al, Nature 2013
Dysbiosis:
Rupture of the symbiotic balance
between microbiota and host

22. Oxygen as a driver of gut dysbiosis. Rivera-Chávez et al. Free Radic Biol

23. McDonald et al, mSystems 2018
Plants in diet associated with microbiome composition

24. McDonald et al, mSystems 2018
Diversity of plants in diet associated with microbiome composition

25. Zhernakova et al, Science 2016

26. Zhao et al, Science 2018
Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate
type 2 diabetes

27. Zhao et al, Science 2018
Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate
type 2 diabetes

28. Bimuno GOS versus low FODMAPs diet
in patients with FGD complaining of excessive gas:
experimental design
prebiotic GOS + balanced diet
placebo + low-FODMAPs diet
treatment period (4 wk)basal period follow-up (2 wk)
habitual diet habitual diet
Huaman et al, Gastroenterology 2018

29. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5flatulence pain distension borborygmi bloating
10
0
PREBIOTIC GROUP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 50
10
flatulence pain distension borborygmi bloating
LOW FODMAPs GROUP
Digestive symptoms
pre-treatment
Huaman et al, Gastroenterology 2018

30. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5flatulence pain distension borborygmi bloating
*
**
10
0
PREBIOTIC GROUP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5
*
*
*
**
0
10
flatulence pain distension borboriymi bloating
LOW FODMAPs GROUP
Digestive symptoms
pre-treatment treatment
Huaman et al, Gastroenterology 2018

31. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5flatulence pain distension borborygmi bloating
*
**
* * *
10
0
PREBIOTIC GROUP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5
*
*
*
**
+
+
+*
*
*
0
10
flatulence pain distension borboriymi bloating
LOW FODMAPs GROUP
Digestive symptoms
pre-treatment treatment post-treatment
Huaman et al, Gastroenterology 2018

32. Number of daytime anal gas evacuation
* p<0.05 vs pre-treatment
0
5
10
15
20
1 2 3
*
*
20
0
pre treatment post
LOW FODMAPs GROUP
0
5
10
15
20
1 2 3pre treatment post
20
0
PREBIOTIC GROUPPREBIOTIC GROUP
Huaman et al, Gastroenterology 2018

33. Changes in luminal bacteria during treatment
Huaman et al, Gastroenterology 2018

34. Functional gut symptoms: treatment strategies
microbiota
RESTRICTED BENEFICIAL
INACTIVITY ADAPTATION
COMPETENCEDYSBIOSIS/ATROPHY
SUBSTRATES IN DIET
Huaman et al, Gastroenterology 2018