1. The document discusses planning a WCDMA network, including dimensioning the network, estimating coverage and capacity, and accounting for uncertainties.
2. Dimensioning involves initially estimating the number of sites and equipment needed based on factors like traffic load and distribution. Coverage is estimated using link budget calculations and propagation models. Capacity is estimated based on load factor calculations that account for interference.
3. Planning must consider uncertainties from factors like user locations, speeds, and data rates that impact coverage and capacity in real networks. Both static and dynamic simulations are used to optimize the network plan.
The document provides guidelines for 3G radio network planning including coverage parameters for different network environments from dense urban to rural areas. It specifies minimum coverage levels for CPICH RSCP and HSDPA cell radius by area type. The document also includes definitions for classifying different area types and an example of how areas are defined in the Jabotabek region of Indonesia.
The document outlines the procedure for CDMA network design in 5 stages:
1. Preparations including setting design criteria like coverage reliability, capacity, and soft handoff ratios.
2. RF environment analysis involving region clustering, site surveys, competitor analysis, and link budget analysis.
3. Coverage design for outdoor, indoor, and underground areas.
4. Parameter design including pilot assignment and base station dimensioning.
5. Reporting and dimensioning to determine equipment requirements.
This document discusses radio network planning for WCDMA networks. It describes the planning process, which involves initial planning, detailed radio network planning, and network operation and optimization. The initial planning phase involves estimating site density and configurations through radio link budgeting and coverage analysis. Key aspects of WCDMA link budgeting include interference degradation margin, fast fading margin, transmit power increase, and soft handover gain. Detailed planning then refines site locations and configurations based on propagation modeling and traffic forecasts. Network performance is then analyzed and optimized through monitoring key performance indicators.
The document summarizes a final year project on cellular networks done by students at Cellular Pvt. Ltd. in Mumbai. The objectives were to understand mobile telephony, network planning, cell site implementation, and network design through site surveys and drive testing. It describes the GSM network hierarchy and migration from GSM to 3G/HSPA. It also covers concepts like cells, interference problems, and the three parts of network planning and optimization: site survey, drive testing, and optimization.
This document discusses cellular network planning and optimization, specifically for WCDMA radio resource management (RRM). It covers several key topics:
Quality of Service (QoS) in UMTS is achieved through a system of bearers that negotiate bandwidth and latency requirements between network elements. Radio access bearers connect the user equipment to the core network.
RRM functions like admission control, power control, handover control, and packet scheduling work to guarantee QoS, maintain coverage, and optimize cell capacity in WCDMA networks. Power control is a critical RRM mechanism that uses fast and outer loop techniques to control transmission power and mitigate interference.
RADIODIM: a novel radio network capacity planning tool for 2G, 3G, 4GPierre Eisenmann
a novel radio network capacity planning tool for GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, HSPA, LTE. Based on advanced Erlang laws. Takes counters as input. Provide accuracy estimates. Simple and natural work environment. Ideal for radio network budget forecast and for productive day-to-day capacity management.
Adjust antenna tilt and azimuth to optimize coverage and reduce interference based on drive test measurements and network analysis. Record changes made to the site configuration.
The document provides guidelines for 3G radio network planning including coverage parameters for different network environments from dense urban to rural areas. It specifies minimum coverage levels for CPICH RSCP and HSDPA cell radius by area type. The document also includes definitions for classifying different area types and an example of how areas are defined in the Jabotabek region of Indonesia.
The document outlines the procedure for CDMA network design in 5 stages:
1. Preparations including setting design criteria like coverage reliability, capacity, and soft handoff ratios.
2. RF environment analysis involving region clustering, site surveys, competitor analysis, and link budget analysis.
3. Coverage design for outdoor, indoor, and underground areas.
4. Parameter design including pilot assignment and base station dimensioning.
5. Reporting and dimensioning to determine equipment requirements.
This document discusses radio network planning for WCDMA networks. It describes the planning process, which involves initial planning, detailed radio network planning, and network operation and optimization. The initial planning phase involves estimating site density and configurations through radio link budgeting and coverage analysis. Key aspects of WCDMA link budgeting include interference degradation margin, fast fading margin, transmit power increase, and soft handover gain. Detailed planning then refines site locations and configurations based on propagation modeling and traffic forecasts. Network performance is then analyzed and optimized through monitoring key performance indicators.
The document summarizes a final year project on cellular networks done by students at Cellular Pvt. Ltd. in Mumbai. The objectives were to understand mobile telephony, network planning, cell site implementation, and network design through site surveys and drive testing. It describes the GSM network hierarchy and migration from GSM to 3G/HSPA. It also covers concepts like cells, interference problems, and the three parts of network planning and optimization: site survey, drive testing, and optimization.
This document discusses cellular network planning and optimization, specifically for WCDMA radio resource management (RRM). It covers several key topics:
Quality of Service (QoS) in UMTS is achieved through a system of bearers that negotiate bandwidth and latency requirements between network elements. Radio access bearers connect the user equipment to the core network.
RRM functions like admission control, power control, handover control, and packet scheduling work to guarantee QoS, maintain coverage, and optimize cell capacity in WCDMA networks. Power control is a critical RRM mechanism that uses fast and outer loop techniques to control transmission power and mitigate interference.
RADIODIM: a novel radio network capacity planning tool for 2G, 3G, 4GPierre Eisenmann
a novel radio network capacity planning tool for GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, HSPA, LTE. Based on advanced Erlang laws. Takes counters as input. Provide accuracy estimates. Simple and natural work environment. Ideal for radio network budget forecast and for productive day-to-day capacity management.
Adjust antenna tilt and azimuth to optimize coverage and reduce interference based on drive test measurements and network analysis. Record changes made to the site configuration.
The document summarizes key LTE parameters including RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, CQI, PCI, BLER, throughput, latency, tracking area code, timing advance, and transmit power. RSRP measures reference signal power and is used for coverage and path loss calculations. RSRQ measures signal quality near cell edges. SINR measures signal quality accounting for interference and noise. CQI indicates downlink channel quality. PCI identifies cells. BLER indicates block error rate. Latency aims to be less than 10ms for user data and 100ms for control signaling. Timing advance synchronizes uplink transmissions accounting for UE distance from the base station.
This document discusses optimization of networks using drive testing and TEMS software. It provides information on:
1) How drive testing and TEMS can analyze network performance from a subscriber perspective by recording measurement data.
2) The types of information displayed in TEMS windows including cell identity, signal strength, quality, and timing advance measurements.
3) How to use the TEMS software including default tabs, maps, recording properties, and report generation.
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) planning for cellular networks. It addresses the key aspects of RF planning including:
1) Providing adequate coverage and capacity while using spectrum efficiently and minimizing the number of cell sites.
2) Conducting a planning process that involves inputs from customers, coverage and capacity planning, parameter planning, and optimization.
3) Setting objectives for coverage, capacity, network growth, and cost-effective design.
This document outlines the process of cellular network planning and optimization. It discusses collecting radio network data through drive testing, analyzing network performance, and proposing solutions to issues or meet key performance indicators. The objectives of optimization are finding and correcting problems, meeting contract quality criteria, and iterative improvement of overall network quality without degrading other areas. Methodologies proposed include problem analysis, drive testing, simulation, and exporting data to map software to identify solutions.
This document discusses drive testing for mobile networks. It describes the requirements and process for conducting drive tests, including the necessary equipment. It outlines different types of drive tests like routine, problem-specific, and coverage analysis tests. It also discusses the various metrics and measurements that are analyzed from drive test data like signal levels, call quality, handovers, and throughput. Finally, it mentions Neptune and Probe software tools that can be used for real-time and post-analysis of drive test results.
This document compares 2G and 3G cellular networks and their testing using TEMS equipment. It discusses key performance indicators for mobile and stationary testing such as call setup failures, handover failures, signal strength, and data speeds. Parameters tested include serving cells, neighbors, signal levels and quality metrics.
The document discusses LTE network planning procedures which involve gathering information, dimensioning capacity and coverage, and detailed planning. The key steps are:
1. Information gathering involves collecting data on subscriber usage patterns, network inventory, RF features, and coverage areas.
2. Dimensioning is divided into capacity and coverage steps. Capacity dimensioning calculates the number of sites needed based on traffic loads. Coverage dimensioning models uplink and downlink budgets to determine signal strengths and cell radii.
3. Detailed planning uses the results of dimensioning to simulate predictions and finalize parameters like transmission settings and neighbor configurations.
This document provides information about 3G drive testing, including:
1. It describes the steps involved in 3G drive testing and the tools used like software, hardware, and data analysis tools.
2. It explains various 3G network parameters that are analyzed during drive testing like serving cells, active set, neighbors, radio parameters, handovers and more.
3. It includes examples of issues found during drive testing like missing neighbors, poor coverage, and pilot pollution and provides recommendations to address them.
The document discusses the four phases of LTE RF planning:
1. Initial RF link budget uses propagation models to estimate coverage and number of sites needed.
2. Detailed propagation modeling refines site locations and antenna configurations using terrain data.
3. Fine-tuning incorporates drive test data and optimizes parameters like frequency planning.
4. Continuous optimization accommodates changes by collecting ongoing measurement data.
The document discusses UMTS planning and dimensioning processes. It describes:
1) The overall planning process which includes system dimensioning, radio network planning, pre-launch optimization, performance monitoring, and post-launch optimization.
2) The inputs, assumptions, and steps used for air interface dimensioning which includes uplink and downlink link budget analysis to determine coverage requirements and capacity needs.
3) Traffic modelling and load calculation methods to estimate subscriber traffic per cell based on factors like subscriber density, traffic profiles, and cell area.
This document provides an overview of RF planning fundamentals and the planning process. It discusses the key steps in RF planning including capacity planning, coverage planning, parameter planning, and optimization. It also covers topics like power budget preparation, propagation models, antenna fundamentals, and extending cell range. The planning process aims to provide sufficient network capacity and coverage while efficiently using the available spectrum.
3G drive test procedure (SSV) by Md Joynal AbadenMd Joynal Abaden
This document outlines the procedure for performing a 3G SSV (Site Survey Verification) drive test. It describes the objectives of verifying RF design and identifying coverage/quality issues. It lists the necessary drive test tools including laptops, phones, dongles, GPS, and software. It describes performing individual cell verification tests to check performance metrics like RSCP, Ec/No, and HSPA speed on a per-cell basis in static and drive tests. The procedure involves verifying metrics, calls, and data service on each cell sector and checking handovers between cells. The goal is to accept the site once planned coverage and performance are achieved.
The document discusses radio network planning for 2G GSM networks. It covers topics such as coverage analysis, network structure analysis, traffic analysis, base station number decision, base station address planning, location area design, dual-band network design, indoor coverage design, tunnel coverage design, and repeater planning. The goal is to output documents on base station distribution, channel assignment, and cell data to guide the construction of a wireless mobile network based on analysis of coverage, capacity, and quality requirements.
The document discusses various drive test parameters used for measuring the performance of LTE networks, including:
- RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, and RSSI which measure signal strength and quality. RSRP is used for coverage and RSRQ for quality.
- CQI, PCI, BLER and throughput which indicate channel quality, cell identity, error rates and speeds supported. CQI depends on radio conditions while BLER should be low.
- Latency which aims to be lower than 10ms for user data and 100ms for control signals. Timing advance is used to synchronize uplink transmissions and is adjusted based on the UE's distance from the base station.
Wcdma Radio Network Planning And OptimizationPengpeng Song
The document discusses WCDMA radio network planning and optimization, including key topics such as:
1) Fundamentals of WCDMA link budget analysis and radio interface protocol architecture.
2) Radio resource utilization techniques like power control, handover control, and congestion control.
3) Issues of coverage and capacity planning as well as enhancement methods.
4) The process of WCDMA radio network planning including dimensioning, detailed planning, and optimization aspects to address interference.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
Study of self optimization of neighbor cell listing for e nodeb in long term ...Rajib Chakrabarti
This document summarizes Hanan Naeem's thesis on self-optimization of neighbor cell listing (NCL) for eNodeB in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. It provides background on LTE and its design targets of high data rates, low latency, and high spectral efficiency. It discusses the objectives of studying telecom operators' requirements, the concept of self-configuration and self-optimization, and suggesting an NCL self-optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses geographical coordinates and UE measurement reports to determine overlapping cells and manage the NCL through cell addition and deletion in order to improve system performance and throughput.
LTE network planning and analysis tools allow for detailed modeling and prediction of network coverage metrics like RSRP, RSRQ, and RS-SINR. Multiple antenna configurations including MIMO can be modeled to increase coverage and throughput while reducing interference. Monte Carlo traffic simulations statistically model user distribution and traffic to predict cell capacity. The network planning process in Cellular Expert involves preparing project data, designing and analyzing the network through coverage predictions and traffic modeling, planning backhaul connections, and reporting/documentation.
This document discusses WCDMA RF optimization processes, policies, and case studies. It describes the three steps of the WCDMA RF optimization process: single station check, base station group optimization, and whole network optimization. It then discusses common RF problems, analysis, and optimization policies for issues like call drops, discontinuity, and access failures. Finally, it presents five case studies of WCDMA network optimization including issues like handover problems, coverage gaps, high site interference, and neighbor cell list configuration errors.
This document summarizes a presentation on radio network planning for 3G networks. It discusses key concepts in radio network planning like cell configuration, interference management, frequency reuse, and mobile network evolution. It then covers the specific steps in 3G radio network planning, including dimensioning, nominal planning, simulation, and optimization. The document provides examples of link budget calculations and using planning software to simulate network performance and verify the design meets requirements.
This document is a project report on ICI self cancellation techniques in OFDM. It was submitted by 5 students for their BTech degree in electronics and communication engineering. The report contains an introduction, literature review, basics of OFDM including generation/reception and limitations like ICI. It focuses on analyzing ICI and various ICI self cancellation techniques like data conversion schemes. Simulation results show the techniques improve BER and CIR performance over AWGN and Rayleigh channels.
The document summarizes key LTE parameters including RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, CQI, PCI, BLER, throughput, latency, tracking area code, timing advance, and transmit power. RSRP measures reference signal power and is used for coverage and path loss calculations. RSRQ measures signal quality near cell edges. SINR measures signal quality accounting for interference and noise. CQI indicates downlink channel quality. PCI identifies cells. BLER indicates block error rate. Latency aims to be less than 10ms for user data and 100ms for control signaling. Timing advance synchronizes uplink transmissions accounting for UE distance from the base station.
This document discusses optimization of networks using drive testing and TEMS software. It provides information on:
1) How drive testing and TEMS can analyze network performance from a subscriber perspective by recording measurement data.
2) The types of information displayed in TEMS windows including cell identity, signal strength, quality, and timing advance measurements.
3) How to use the TEMS software including default tabs, maps, recording properties, and report generation.
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) planning for cellular networks. It addresses the key aspects of RF planning including:
1) Providing adequate coverage and capacity while using spectrum efficiently and minimizing the number of cell sites.
2) Conducting a planning process that involves inputs from customers, coverage and capacity planning, parameter planning, and optimization.
3) Setting objectives for coverage, capacity, network growth, and cost-effective design.
This document outlines the process of cellular network planning and optimization. It discusses collecting radio network data through drive testing, analyzing network performance, and proposing solutions to issues or meet key performance indicators. The objectives of optimization are finding and correcting problems, meeting contract quality criteria, and iterative improvement of overall network quality without degrading other areas. Methodologies proposed include problem analysis, drive testing, simulation, and exporting data to map software to identify solutions.
This document discusses drive testing for mobile networks. It describes the requirements and process for conducting drive tests, including the necessary equipment. It outlines different types of drive tests like routine, problem-specific, and coverage analysis tests. It also discusses the various metrics and measurements that are analyzed from drive test data like signal levels, call quality, handovers, and throughput. Finally, it mentions Neptune and Probe software tools that can be used for real-time and post-analysis of drive test results.
This document compares 2G and 3G cellular networks and their testing using TEMS equipment. It discusses key performance indicators for mobile and stationary testing such as call setup failures, handover failures, signal strength, and data speeds. Parameters tested include serving cells, neighbors, signal levels and quality metrics.
The document discusses LTE network planning procedures which involve gathering information, dimensioning capacity and coverage, and detailed planning. The key steps are:
1. Information gathering involves collecting data on subscriber usage patterns, network inventory, RF features, and coverage areas.
2. Dimensioning is divided into capacity and coverage steps. Capacity dimensioning calculates the number of sites needed based on traffic loads. Coverage dimensioning models uplink and downlink budgets to determine signal strengths and cell radii.
3. Detailed planning uses the results of dimensioning to simulate predictions and finalize parameters like transmission settings and neighbor configurations.
This document provides information about 3G drive testing, including:
1. It describes the steps involved in 3G drive testing and the tools used like software, hardware, and data analysis tools.
2. It explains various 3G network parameters that are analyzed during drive testing like serving cells, active set, neighbors, radio parameters, handovers and more.
3. It includes examples of issues found during drive testing like missing neighbors, poor coverage, and pilot pollution and provides recommendations to address them.
The document discusses the four phases of LTE RF planning:
1. Initial RF link budget uses propagation models to estimate coverage and number of sites needed.
2. Detailed propagation modeling refines site locations and antenna configurations using terrain data.
3. Fine-tuning incorporates drive test data and optimizes parameters like frequency planning.
4. Continuous optimization accommodates changes by collecting ongoing measurement data.
The document discusses UMTS planning and dimensioning processes. It describes:
1) The overall planning process which includes system dimensioning, radio network planning, pre-launch optimization, performance monitoring, and post-launch optimization.
2) The inputs, assumptions, and steps used for air interface dimensioning which includes uplink and downlink link budget analysis to determine coverage requirements and capacity needs.
3) Traffic modelling and load calculation methods to estimate subscriber traffic per cell based on factors like subscriber density, traffic profiles, and cell area.
This document provides an overview of RF planning fundamentals and the planning process. It discusses the key steps in RF planning including capacity planning, coverage planning, parameter planning, and optimization. It also covers topics like power budget preparation, propagation models, antenna fundamentals, and extending cell range. The planning process aims to provide sufficient network capacity and coverage while efficiently using the available spectrum.
3G drive test procedure (SSV) by Md Joynal AbadenMd Joynal Abaden
This document outlines the procedure for performing a 3G SSV (Site Survey Verification) drive test. It describes the objectives of verifying RF design and identifying coverage/quality issues. It lists the necessary drive test tools including laptops, phones, dongles, GPS, and software. It describes performing individual cell verification tests to check performance metrics like RSCP, Ec/No, and HSPA speed on a per-cell basis in static and drive tests. The procedure involves verifying metrics, calls, and data service on each cell sector and checking handovers between cells. The goal is to accept the site once planned coverage and performance are achieved.
The document discusses radio network planning for 2G GSM networks. It covers topics such as coverage analysis, network structure analysis, traffic analysis, base station number decision, base station address planning, location area design, dual-band network design, indoor coverage design, tunnel coverage design, and repeater planning. The goal is to output documents on base station distribution, channel assignment, and cell data to guide the construction of a wireless mobile network based on analysis of coverage, capacity, and quality requirements.
The document discusses various drive test parameters used for measuring the performance of LTE networks, including:
- RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, and RSSI which measure signal strength and quality. RSRP is used for coverage and RSRQ for quality.
- CQI, PCI, BLER and throughput which indicate channel quality, cell identity, error rates and speeds supported. CQI depends on radio conditions while BLER should be low.
- Latency which aims to be lower than 10ms for user data and 100ms for control signals. Timing advance is used to synchronize uplink transmissions and is adjusted based on the UE's distance from the base station.
Wcdma Radio Network Planning And OptimizationPengpeng Song
The document discusses WCDMA radio network planning and optimization, including key topics such as:
1) Fundamentals of WCDMA link budget analysis and radio interface protocol architecture.
2) Radio resource utilization techniques like power control, handover control, and congestion control.
3) Issues of coverage and capacity planning as well as enhancement methods.
4) The process of WCDMA radio network planning including dimensioning, detailed planning, and optimization aspects to address interference.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
Study of self optimization of neighbor cell listing for e nodeb in long term ...Rajib Chakrabarti
This document summarizes Hanan Naeem's thesis on self-optimization of neighbor cell listing (NCL) for eNodeB in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. It provides background on LTE and its design targets of high data rates, low latency, and high spectral efficiency. It discusses the objectives of studying telecom operators' requirements, the concept of self-configuration and self-optimization, and suggesting an NCL self-optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses geographical coordinates and UE measurement reports to determine overlapping cells and manage the NCL through cell addition and deletion in order to improve system performance and throughput.
LTE network planning and analysis tools allow for detailed modeling and prediction of network coverage metrics like RSRP, RSRQ, and RS-SINR. Multiple antenna configurations including MIMO can be modeled to increase coverage and throughput while reducing interference. Monte Carlo traffic simulations statistically model user distribution and traffic to predict cell capacity. The network planning process in Cellular Expert involves preparing project data, designing and analyzing the network through coverage predictions and traffic modeling, planning backhaul connections, and reporting/documentation.
This document discusses WCDMA RF optimization processes, policies, and case studies. It describes the three steps of the WCDMA RF optimization process: single station check, base station group optimization, and whole network optimization. It then discusses common RF problems, analysis, and optimization policies for issues like call drops, discontinuity, and access failures. Finally, it presents five case studies of WCDMA network optimization including issues like handover problems, coverage gaps, high site interference, and neighbor cell list configuration errors.
This document summarizes a presentation on radio network planning for 3G networks. It discusses key concepts in radio network planning like cell configuration, interference management, frequency reuse, and mobile network evolution. It then covers the specific steps in 3G radio network planning, including dimensioning, nominal planning, simulation, and optimization. The document provides examples of link budget calculations and using planning software to simulate network performance and verify the design meets requirements.
This document is a project report on ICI self cancellation techniques in OFDM. It was submitted by 5 students for their BTech degree in electronics and communication engineering. The report contains an introduction, literature review, basics of OFDM including generation/reception and limitations like ICI. It focuses on analyzing ICI and various ICI self cancellation techniques like data conversion schemes. Simulation results show the techniques improve BER and CIR performance over AWGN and Rayleigh channels.
Radio Resource Management in 3G umts by Pakhtoimran Hedayat
This document discusses various aspects of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) including power control, quality of service, and radio resource management. It describes the use of fast power control techniques like inner loop power control to address the near-far problem in UMTS. It also discusses how radio resource management optimizes power control, handovers, admission control and load balancing to manage interference and provide quality of service guarantees. The document concludes by stating that UMTS optimization relies on techniques like adaptive power control and service degradation descriptors.
1) Wireless communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog cellular to 4G broadband cellular networks, with each generation providing improved data capabilities.
2) Future wireless networks are moving to an all-IP architecture using a combination of technologies like WiFi, WWAN, and WLAN to provide higher speeds and capacity.
3) Key drivers for beyond 4G networks include meeting increasing demand for multimedia services, improving spectrum efficiency, and supporting data rates of 100Mbps for outdoor use and 1Gbps for indoor use.
The document discusses the history and development of 3G mobile communication technology, specifically UMTS. It provides details on:
- The evolution from 1G to 2G mobile networks and the need for 3G to support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- The standardization of UMTS through ETSI and ITU, focusing on the two selected radio transmission technologies - UTRA FDD and TDD.
- The architecture of 3G UMTS networks, including frequency reuse techniques used to maximize capacity within limited spectrum availability.
Sample Project Proposal Template by Fida KarimFida Karim 🇵🇰
Project Proposal template-training on proposal writing and resource mobilization by fida karim (1)
training on proposal writing & resource mobilization ,
Sample Project Proposal Template by Fida Karim,
Sample Proposal Template by Fida Karim
This document provides an overview of UMTS traffic management and mobility management. It describes the UMTS network architecture including nodes like the RNC, SGSN, GGSN and core network elements. It explains concepts like bearers, radio access bearers (RABs), and radio resource connections (RRC). Mobility management procedures are outlined including location registration, location updating, routing area updates, paging, and roaming between home and visitor networks. Databases like the HLR that store subscriber information and support mobility functions are also detailed.
The document describes the 3GPP Release 99 reference architecture for UMTS terrestrial radio access networks (UTRAN). It discusses the key network elements, interfaces, and protocols in UTRAN including the radio network controller (RNC), Node B, Iub interface between Node B and RNC, Iur interface between RNCs, and functions like radio resource management and handover control. It also provides an overview of the protocol stack and interfaces between UTRAN and the core network.
This document provides an overview of the generations of mobile wireless technology from 1G to 4G. It summarizes the key features and drawbacks of each generation. 1G used analog signals for voice calls but had poor voice quality and battery life. 2G introduced digital cellular networks like GSM and allowed SMS and basic data. 3G enabled higher data speeds up to 2Mbps and introduced multimedia services like video calls and streaming. 4G aims to provide speeds over 100Mbps for applications requiring high bandwidth like video streaming. Each generation brings higher speeds and more advanced services but also higher costs for implementing the new infrastructure and devices.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
The document discusses 3G mobile technology. It begins with an overview of 3G and its ability to harness the full power of the internet through high-speed radio transmission. It then covers 3G standards and capabilities like higher bandwidth, improved voice quality and support for multiple simultaneous services. The document also looks at 3G services in Asia, the evolution from 2G networks, applications of 3G technology and drivers for the 3G market. It concludes with a summary of 3G as an opportunity for business, commerce and consumers by bringing mobile and internet sectors together.
The document provides an overview of Huawei's WCDMA RAN10.0, which features enhancements to HSDPA, HSUPA, MBMS, and the RAN architecture. Key highlights include increased peak data rates of up to 14.4Mbps for HSDPA and 5.76Mbps for HSUPA, improved multimedia broadcast services, and features for improving network capacity and transmission efficiency such as CCPIC and IP routing. The RAN10.0 release aims to enable new broadband applications and services for operators.
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
The document discusses different types of handovers in wireless networks. It defines handover as changing the point of connection between a mobile station and base stations. There are three types of handover decisions: network-controlled, mobile-assisted, and mobile-controlled. The document also describes hard handover, soft handover, horizontal handover, and vertical handover. It explains the mechanisms and characteristics of each type of handover.
The document outlines guidelines for formatting a final year project proposal. It includes sections for the project title, student names and roll numbers, main text formatting, headings formatting, figures and tables, and references. Guidelines are provided for font type, size, indentation, spacing, capitalization, and other formatting rules to maintain a consistent structure and appearance.
Had the pleasure to deliver the key note presentation at Informa's 3G, HSPA & LTE Optimization conference in Prague. Great event with many very important presentations.
This document provides guidance on optimizing 3G radio network performance. It begins by discussing network planning best practices and the importance of proper site placement. The document then describes various checks that should be performed to evaluate network health, including alarms, software/parameters, neighbors, cell load, and KPIs. Potential issues that could impact performance are also outlined. The document concludes by listing the top 10 optimization activities that can improve call performance for common issues as well as voice, video, PS, and ISHO-specific problems. Guidance is provided on tools that can be used for optimization, including field measurement tools for drive testing.
The document provides an overview of the Aircel company and its core business activities, which include 2G, 3G, and wireless broadband services. It then discusses the basic architecture of GSM networks, including key components like the base station subsystem (BSS), mobile station (MS), SIM card, and their functions. The BSS is responsible for radio network management and consists of base station controllers (BSC), base transceiver stations (BTS), and transcoder units. The SIM card identifies subscribers and supports authentication, while the MSISDN and IMSI are subscriber identification numbers.
This document provides a summary of a 6-month training program at Telcocrats Pvt. Limited for network planning. It includes an introduction to topics covered like GSM, evolution of mobile networks, network architecture, frequency spectrum, and projects involving drive testing and network planning/optimization using Atoll software. The training focused on gathering information to plan network rollouts, estimating costs, and optimizing existing networks based on customer usage and key performance indicators. Hands-on experience was gained in using industry tools for tasks like coverage modeling, capacity planning, interference analysis, and optimization.
This document discusses resource allocation and quality of service (QoS) for cellular communications systems operating in congested environments. It proposes designing radio resource allocation (RRA) mechanisms that can optimize for meeting different traffic types' bit rate requirements while accounting for their elasticity behaviors. The author proves that relaxing real-time traffic utilities into a sigmoidal form leads to a convex optimization problem, allowing for efficient resource allocation. Large-scale simulations are performed to test the RRA mechanisms under realistic channel conditions and network deployments.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring base station subsystems in EGPRS networks. It introduces EGPRS technology and defines KPI groups for traffic, availability, accessibility, and quality. Laboratory measurements were conducted to examine which BSS KPIs best reflect network performance and end-user experience by comparing application throughput to KPI values. The results showed that RLC throughput accurately described FTP throughput under different radio conditions. Multiple KPIs should be used to analyze radio link quality as one KPI cannot fully capture end-user experience.
WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology where user data is multiplied by pseudo-random codes to spread it across a wide bandwidth. This processing gain allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously while maintaining sufficient signal to interference ratios. Power control is used to ensure each user transmits with the minimum necessary power level to reduce interference. Admission control and power control work together to manage system capacity and maintain quality of service as user numbers and noise levels change.
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Sandeep Sharma is seeking a position in RF optimization or technical services with a reputable telecom organization. He has over 2 years of experience in RF optimization and technical services. Currently working as an RF engineer for Samsung, his responsibilities include network performance analysis, parameter optimization, drive test analysis, and troubleshooting. He has a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication and is proficient with various RF tools and software.
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This internship report summarizes work on the "Telenor Myanmar" project, which aimed to provide network optimization services. Key activities included analyzing network performance metrics for 2G and 3G sites, preparing acceptance reports for site clusters, and performing cluster optimization. Additional work involved analyzing failure reports for value-added services, introducing transport layer concepts, and evaluating physical link aggregation using modeling tools. The internship provided valuable insights into telecommunications network architecture and industry practices.
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This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
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Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
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The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
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2. Outline of the lecture
• Purpose of planning process.
• Peculiarities of 3G network.
• Dimensioning.
• Soft capacity.
• Capacity and coverage planning.
• Dynamic simulations.
3. Planning
• Planning should meet current standards and demands and also comply with future
requirements.
• Uncertainty of future traffic growth and service needs.
• High bit rate services require knowledge of coverage and capacity enhancements methods.
• Real constraints
– Coexistence and co-operation of 2G and 3G for old operators.
– Environmental constraints for new operators.
• Network planning depends not only on the coverage but also on load.
Objectives of Radio network planning
• Capacity:
– To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking and delay.
• Coverage:
– To obtain the ability of the network ensure the availability of the service in the entire service area.
• Quality:
– Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide the required QoS.
• Costs:
– To enable an economical network implementation when the service is established and a controlled
network expansion during the life cycle of the network.
4. What is new
Multiservice environment:
• Highly sophisticated radio interface.
– Bit rates from 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s,
also variable rate.
• Cell coverage and service design for
multiple services:
– different bit rate
– different QoS requirements.
• Various radio link coding/throughput
adaptation schemes.
• Interference averaging mechanisms:
– need for maximum isolation between
cells.
• “Best effort” provision of packet data.
• Intralayer handovers
Air interface:
• Capacity and coverage coupled.
• Fast power control.
• Planning a soft handover overhead.
• Cell dominance and isolation
• Vulnerability to external interference
2G and 3G:
• Coexistence of 2G 3G sites.
• Handover between 2G and 3G
systems.
• Service continuity between 2G and
3G.
5. Radio network planning process
DIMENSIONING
Network
Configuration
and
Dimensioning
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality, and
capacity,
per services
Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
Prediction
Site
acquisition
Coverge
optimisation
Capacity Requirements
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features
Externernal Interface
Analysis
Identification
Adaptation
Parameter
Planning
Network
Optimisation
Handover
stategies
Area/Cell
specific
Other
RRM
Maximum
loading
Statistical
eprformance
analysis
Survey
measurements
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
O & MPLANNING and IMPLEMENTATION
Using information from 2G networks New issues in 3G planning
6. Capacity estimation in a CDMA
cell
- + + + + + =
- + + + + =
+ + - + + =
=
-
=
=
-
=
=
-
=
ÊÊ
ÊÊ
ÊÊ
P
CIR K k j
k
K
j
N
P
CIR K k j
k
K
j
N
P
CIR k j
k
K
j
N
P P P
P P P
P P P
j
j
K
j
0 0
0
1 0
0
0 0
1 0 0
1
1
1
0 0 0
1
1
1
0 0 1 0
1
1
1
0
0
0
,
,
,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
...
...
...
h
h
h
M
7. Impact of uncertainties to the capacity in
the cell
• Location of users in the cell
– depending where users are located in
the cell they get different interference
from other cells and capacity varies
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
P
s,i
[dBm]
Number of users per cell = 50
min distance
uniform distribution
max distance
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
x 10
−3
Distance from BS [m]
CIR
• Speed of users
– target CIR function of speed
– conditions in the cell vary with users movements
• Data rates
– n times voice datarate corresponds to n users transmitting from that location. (“high
nonuniformity”)
0 .3
1 .2
Soft Capacity
• surrounding cells lightly loaded
• less interference to the heavily loaded cell
• capacity to heavily loaded cell can be
increased
8. Conditions for planning
Conditions
• capacity not constant
• separate analysis for UL/DL
• joint coverage/capacity analysis
• HO areas and levels affect directly system
capacity
• basic shared resource is power
Objective parameters
• coverage
• capacity (blocking)
• good link quality (BER, FER)
• throughput delay, for packet services
Methods
• preplanned during network planning process
• real time radio resource management
• real time power control
Network planning
Resource reservation for handling expected traffic without congestion.
– load per cell/sector, handover areas
Sets allowable “power budget” available for services
– load higher than expected
– load “badly” distributed
– implements statistical multiplexing
Estimates average power/load, variations
of it are taken care in run time by RRM
– maximal allowed load versus average load load
power
9. Planning methods
• Preparation phase.
– Defining coverage and capacity objectives.
– Selection of network planning strategies.
– Initial design and operation parameters.
• Initial dimensioning.
– First and most rapid evaluation of the network elements count and capacity of these elements.
– Offered traffic estimation.
– Joint capacity coverage estimation.
• Detailed planning.
– Detailed coverage capacity estimation.
– Iterative coverage analysis.
– Planning for codes and powers.
• Optimisation.
– Setting the parameters
• Soft handover.
• Power control.
• Verification of the static simulator with the dynamic simulator.
– Test of the static simulator with simulator where the users actual movements are modelled.
10. A strategy for dimensioning
Plan for adequate load and number of sites.
• Enable optimised site selection.
• Avoid adding new sites too soon.
• Allow better utilisation of spectrum.
Recommended load factor 30- 70 %
1. Initial phase:
Acquire only part of sites and use coverage
extension techniques to fill the gap.
Network expansion:
• Add more sites.
• Add more sectors / carriers to existing sites.
2. Initial phase:
Acquire sites but install part of BSS equipment.
• Allow traffic concentration at RNC level.
• Install less sectors and and less BS.
Network expansion:
• Add more BS/HW/sectors/carriers.
2G operator:
Re-using the infrastructure (Lover cost):
+ Transmission network.
+ Sites (masts, buildings, power supplies,…).
Challenges
- Sufficient coverage for all services.
- Intersystem handover not seamless.
Green-field operator:
Radio network implementation from
scratch.
Renting infrastructure from other operators.
+ Less limitations easier implementations
- Higher Cost.
11. Dimensioning
• Initial planning
– first rapid evaluation of the network element count as well as associated
capacity of those elements.
• Radio access
– Estimate the sites density.
– Site configuration.
• Activities
– Link budget and coverage analysis.
– Capacity estimation.
– Estimation of the BS hardware and sites, RNCs and equipments at
different interfaces. Estimation of Iur,Iub,Iu transmission capacities.
– Cell size estimation.
• Needed
– Service distribution.
– Traffic density.
– Traffic growth estimation.
– QoS estimation.
12. Dimensioning process
Link Budget calculation
max. allowed path loss
Cell range calclation
max. cell range in each area
Capacity estimation
nr. sites, total traffic
Equipment
requirement
nr BS, equipments
Load Factor
calculation
Equipment specific input
- ms power class
- ms sensitivity
...
Environment specific input
- propagation environment
- Antennae higth
...
Service specific input
- blocking rate
- traffic peak
...
Radio link specific input:
- Data rate
- Eb/Io
...
Interference
margin
max. traffic per
computing unit
13. WCDMA cell range
• Estimation of the maximum allowed propagation loss in a cell.
• Radio Link budget calculation.
– Summing together gains and degradations in radio path.
– Interference margin.
– Slow fading margin.
– Power control headroom.
• After choosing the cell range the coverage area can be calculated using
propagation models
– Okumura-Hata, Walfisch-Ikegami, … .
• The coverage area for one cell is a hexagonal configuration estimated from:
coverage area.
maximum cell range, accounting the fact that sectored cells are not hexagonal.
Constant accounting for the sectors.
2
S K r= ⋅
S
K
r
Site configuration Omni 2-sectored 3-sectored 6-sectored
Value of K 2.6 1.3 1.95 2.6
14. 12.2 kbps voice service (120 km/h, in car)
Transmitter (mobile)
Max. mobile transmission power [W] 0.125
As above in [dBm] 21 a
Mobile antenna gain [dBi] 0 b
Cable/Body loss [dB] 3 c
Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power 18 d=a+b-c
Receiver BS
Thermal noise density [dBm/Hz] -174 e
Base station recever noise figure [dB 5 f
Receiver noise density [dBm/Hz] -169 g=e+f
Receiver noise power [dBm] -103.2 h=g+10*log10(3840000)
Interference margin [dB] 3 i
Receiver interference power [dBm] -103.2 j=10*log10(10^((h+1)/10)-10^(h/10
Total effective noise + interference [d -100.2 k=10*log10(10^(h/10)+10^(j/10))
Processing gain [dB] 25 l=10*log10(3840/12.2)
Required Eb/No [dB] 5 m
Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -120.2 n=m-l+k
Base station antenna gain [dBi] 18 o
Cable loss in the base station [dB] 2 p
Fast fading margin [dB] 0 q
Max. path loss [dB] 154.2 r=d-n+o-p-q
Coverage probability [%] 95
Log normal fading constant [dB] 7
Propagation model exponent 3.52
Log normal fading margin [dB] 7.3 s
Soft handover gain [dB], multi-cell 3 t
In-car loss [dB] 8 u
Allowed propagation loss for cell ran 141.9 v=r-s+t-u
Example of a
WCDMA RLB
15. Load factor uplink
, 1, ,k k
k n
k own k oth k own k own
P PW W
k K
R I P I N R I P i I N
ρ
= ≥ =
− + + − + ⋅ +
K
( )1 1k k k k k k
k own
R R R
P i I N
W W W
ρ ρ ρ
+ = + +
( )
1 1
1 , 1, ,
1 1
k own
k k k k
P i I N k K
W W
R Rρ ρ
= + ⋅ + =
+ +
⋅ ⋅
K
Interference degradation margin: describes the amount of increase of the interference
due to the multiple access. It is reserved in the link budget.
Can be calculated as the noise rise: the ratio of the total received power to the noise
power: 1
_
1
total
N UL
I
Noise rise
P η
= =
−
ULηWhere is load factor.
Assume that MS k use s bit rate , target is and WCDMA chip rate is .kR 0
bE
I kρ W
The inequality must be hold for all the users and ca be solved for minimum received
signal power (sensitivity) for all the users.
16. ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
n n n
n
n
n
K K KN
k k
k k k k
k k k k
K
k
K
k k
k
k
K
k
k k
P i P N
W W
R R
N i
W
R
P i
i
W
R
ρ ρ
ρ
ρ
= = = =
=
=
=
= + ⋅ + ⋅
+ +
⋅ ⋅
⋅ +
+
⋅ ⇒ ⋅ + =
− +
+
⋅
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
∑
∑
∑
1
nK
own k
k
I P
=
= ∑
Load factor uplink (2)
Interference in the own cell is calculated by summing over all the users signal powers in
the cell.
17. Load factor uplink (3)
( )
1
1
1
1
nK
UL
k
k k
i
W
R
η
ρ
=
= +
+
⋅
∑Uplink loading is defined as:
By including also effect of sectorisation (sectorisation gain , number of sectors ),
and voice activity .
1
1
1
1
nK
s
UL k
k
k k
N
i
W
R
η ν
ξ
ρ
=
= +
+
⋅
∑
ξ sN
ν
Noise rise in uplink
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
load [ kbit/s]
Noiserise[dB]
i=0
i=0.65
18. Load Factor Downlink
( )
1 1,
1
I N
i i i mi
DL i
i n ni
n m
R LP
W LP
ρ ν
η α
= =
≠
= − +
∑ ∑
miLP
1,
N
mi
DL
n ni
n m
LP
i
LP=
≠
= ∑
( )1010log 1L η= −
The interference degradation margin in downlink to be taken into account in the link
budget due to a certain loading is
The downlink loading is estimated based on
is a link loss from the serving BS M to MS I,
is the link loss from another BS N, to MS I,
is the transmit requirement for MS I, including soft HO combining gain an
the average power rise due to the fast power control,
number of BS,
number of connections in a sector,
orthogonality factor.
N
I
0
bE
Iiρ
iα
niLP
The other to own cell interference in downlink
The total BS transmit power estimation considers multiple communication links with
average from the serving BS.( )miLP
19. Receiver sensitivity estimation
• In RLB the receiver noise level over WCDMA carrier is calculated.
• The required 3)2 contains the processing gain and the loss due to the loading.
• The required signal power:
signal power,
background noise.
• In some cases the noise/interference level is further corrected by applying a
term that accounts for man made noise.
0rP SNR N W= ⋅ ⋅
0N W⋅
rP
( )1
R
SNR
W
ρ
η
= ⋅
⋅ −
20. Spectrum efficiency
Uplink
• rx_Eb/Io is a function of required BER target and multipath channel model.
• Macro diversity combining gain can be seen as having lower rx_Eb/Io when
the MS is having links with multiple cells.
• Inter cell interference i is a function of antennae pattern, sector configuration
and path loss index.
Downlink
• tx_Eb/Io is function of required BER target and multipath channel model.
• Macro diversity combining gain can be seen as having lover tx_Eb/Io when
MS is having radio links with multiple cells.
• Orthogonality factor is a function of the multipath channel model at the given
location.
• Planners have to select the sites so that the other to own cell interference i is
minimised.
– Cell should cover only what is suppose to cover.
21. Coverage improvement
• Coverage limited by UL due to the lower transmit power of MS.
• Adding more sites.
• Higher gain antennas.
• RX diversity methods.
• Better RX -sensitivity.
• Antennae bearing and tilting.
• Multi-user detection.
Capacity improvement
• DL capacity is considered more important than UL, asymmetric traffic.
– Due to the less multipath microcell capacity better than macrocell.
• Adding frequencies.
• Adding cells.
• Sectorisation.
• Transmit diversity.
• Lower bit rate codecs.
• Multibeam antennas.
22. RNC Dimensioning
• The whole network area divided into regions each handled by a single RNC.
• RNC dimensioning: provide the number of RNCs needed to support the estimated traffic.
• For uniform load distribution the amount of RNCs:
RNC limited by:
• Maximum number of cells:
NUM#ELLS number of cells in the area to be dimensioned, CELLS2.#Åmaximum number of cells, FILLRATE
margin used to back off from the maximum capacity.
• Maximum number of BS:
NUM43S number of BS in the area to be dimensioned, BTS2.#Åmaximum number of BSs that can be
connected to one RNC, FILLRATE margin used to back off from the maximum capacity.
• Maximum Iub throughput:
TP2.#Åmaximum Iub capacity, FILLRATE margin used to back off from it, NUM3UBS the expected number
simultaneously active subscribers.
• Amount of type of interfaces (STm-1, E1).
1
numCells
numRNCs
cellsRNC fillrate
=
⋅
3
voiceTP CSdataTP PSdataTP
numRNCs
tpRNC fillrate
+ +
=
⋅
2
numBTSs
numRNCs
btsRNC fillrate
=
⋅
( )
( )
( )
1
1
/ 1
voice voice
CSdata CSdata
PSdata
voiceTP voiceErl bitrte SHO
CSdataTP CSdataErl bitrate SHO
PSdtaTP avePSdata PSoverhead SHO
= ⋅ +
= ⋅ +
= ⋅ +
23. RNC dimensioning (2)
• Supported traffic (upper limit of RNC processing).
– Planned equipment capacity of the network, upper limit.
– For data services each cell should be planned for maximum capacity
• too much capacity across the network. RNC is able to offer maximum capacity in every
cell but that is highly un-probable demand.
• Required traffic (lower limit of RNC processing).
– Actual traffic need in the network, base on the operator prediction.
– RNC can support mean traffic demand.
– No room for dynamic variations.
• RNC transmission interface Iub.
– For N sites the total capacity for the Iub transmission must be greater than N times
the capacity of a site.
• RNC blocking principle.
– RNC dimensioned based on assumed blocking.
– Peak traffic never seen by the RNC: Erlangs per BS can be converted into physical
channels per BS.
– NRT traffic can be divided with (
ÅBACKOFF?FROM?MAX?DATA?THROUGHPUT).
• Dimensioning RNC based on the actual subscribers traffic in area.
24. Soft blocking
• Soft capacity only for real time services.
• Hard Blocking
– The capacity limited by the amount of hardware.
• Call admission based on number of channel elements.
– If all BS channel elements are busy, the next call comes to the cell is blocked.
– The cell capacity can be obtained from the Erlang B model.
• Soft blocking
– The capacity limited by the amount of interference in the air interference.
• Call admission based on QoS control
• There is always more than enough BS channel elements.
– A new call is admitted by slightly degrading QoS of all existing calls.
– The capacity can be calculated from Erlang B formula. (too pessimistic).
• The total channel pool larger than the average number of channels.
– The assumptions of 2% of blocking. In average 2% of users experience bad quality
during the call. (Bad quality for voice 2%, bad quality for data 10%).
25. Soft capacity
• Soft capacity is given by the interference sharing.
• The less interference coming from neighbouring cells the more channels are available in
the middle cells.
• The capacity can be borrowed from the adjacent cells.
– With a low number of channels per cell
• A low blocking probability for high bit rate real time users is achieved by dimensioning average load in
the cell to be low.
– Extra capacity available in the neighbouring cells.
• At any given moment it is unlikely that all the neighbouring cells are fully loaded at the same time.
• Soft capacity: the increase of Erlang capacity with soft blocking compared to that with
hard blocking with the same maximum number of channels per cell.
Algorithm for estimation:
• Calculate the number of channels per cell, N, in the equally loaded case, based on the
uplink load factor.
• Multiply total number of channels by I to obtain the total pool in the soft blocking case.
• Calculate the maximum offered traffic from the Erlang B formula.
• Divide the Erlang capacity by I
1
Erlang capacity with soft blocking
SoftCapacity
Erlang capacity withhard blocking
= −
26. Dimensioning for Voice and Data
• Cell load factor
• Mixing different traffic types creates better statistical multiplexing:
– Dimensioning for the worst case load is normally not needed if resource pool is large enough.
– Delay intensive traffic can be used to fill the gaps in loading, using dynamic scheduling and
buffering.
• Minimum cell throughput for NRT data should be planned for busy hour loading in
order to maintain some QoS.
• By filling the capacity not used by RT traffic we increase loading and in effect go after
the free capacity used for soft capacity, cell dimensioning becomes more complex.
Admission control
Admission control methods
• admit if possible
• threshold based systems
Prediction of the interference increase
• average bit rate of traffic source
• behaviour of traffic source
• environmental parameters
– expected average CIR
– spatial variability
Estimates power increase for UL/DL when new
connection is admitted
Load
max. planned load
Extra capacity
nominal capacity
(demand)
Time of day
27. Detailed planning
initialisation
phase
combined UL/DL
iteration
post processing
phase
global
initialisation
END
post
processing
graphical
outputs
coverage
analyses
downlink
iteration step
uplink
iteration step
initialise
iteration
Creating a plan,
Loading maps
Reporting
Neighbour cell
generation
Quality of Service
Analyses
WCDMA calculations
Model tuning
Importing
measurements
Link loss calculation
Importing/generating
and refining traffic
lauyers
Defining service
requirements
Importing/creating and
editing sites adn cells
Workflow of a RNP tool
28. Input data preparation
• Digital map.
– for coverage prediction.
– totpoligical data (terrain), morphological data (terrain type), building location and height.
– Resolution: urban areas ÅM, rural areas
ÅM.
• Plan.
– logical concept combining various items.
• digital map, map properties, target plan area, selected radio access technology, input parameters, antenna
models.
• Antenna editor.
– logical concept containing antenna radiation pattern, antenna gain, frequency band.
• Propagation model editor.
– Different planning areas with different characteristics.
– For each area type many propagation models can be prepared.
– tuning based on field measurements.
• BTS types and site/cell templates
– Defaults for the network element parameters and ability to change it.
– Example BTS parameter template:
• maximum number of wideband signal processors.
• maximum number of channel units.
• noise figure.
• Tx/Rx diversity types.
29. Planning
• Importing sites.
– Utilisation of 2G networks.
• Editing sites and cells.
– Adding and modifying sites manually.
• Defining service requirements and traffic modelling.
– Bit rate and bearer service type assigned to each service.
– For NRT need for average call size retransmission rate.
– Traffic forecast.
• Propagation model tuning.
– Matching the default propagation models to the measurements.
– Tuning functions per cell basis.
• Link loss calculation.
– The signal level at each location in the service area is evaluated, it depends on
• Network configuration (sites, cells, antennas). Propagation model. Calculation area. Link loss
parameters. Cable and indoor loss. Line-of-sigth settings. Clutter type correction. Topgraphic
corrections. Diffractions.
• Optimising dominance.
– Interference and capacity analysis.
– Locating best servers in each location in the service area.
– Target to have clear dominance areas.
Bearer service
definition
Traffic
modeling
mobile list
generation
WCDMA
calculation
30. Iterative traffic planning process
• Verification of the initial dimensioning.
• Because of the reuse 1, in the interference calculations also interference from
other cells should be taken into account.
• Analysis of one snapshot.
– For quickly finding the interference map of the service area.
– Locate users randomly into network.
– Assume power control and evaluate the 3)2Åfor all the users.
– Simple analysis with few iterations.
– Exhaustive study with all the parameters.
• Monte-Carlo simulation.
– Finding average over many snapshots: average, minimum, maximum, std.
– Averages over mobile locations.
– Iterations are described by:
• Number of iterations.
• Maximum calculation time.
• Mobile list generation.
• General calculation settings.
31. Example of WCDMA analysis
• Reporting:
– Raster plots from the selected area.
– Network element configuration and parameter setting.
– Various graphs and trends.
– Customised operator specific trends.
UL RX
levels
UL
Iteration
Active set
sizes
Outage
After DL
Traffic After
DL
Best Server
DL
SHO area
Best Server
UL
Outage
after UL
Traffic after
UL
Covergae
pilot Ec/Io
Covrage
pilot Ec/Io
Throughput
DL
Ec/Io
Coverage
UL
Cell loading
Throughput
UL
Cell TX
powers
per link
DL
Iteration
32. Uplink iteration step
• Allocate MS transmit powers so that
the interference levels and BS
sensitivities converge.
• Transmit power of MS should fulfil
required receiver Eb/Io in BS.
– Min Rx level in BS.
– Required Eb/Io in uplink.
– Interference situation.
– Antennae gain cable and other losses.
• The power calculation loop is
repeated until powers converge.
• Mobiles exceeding the limit power
– Attempt inter-frequency handover.
– Are put into outage.
• Best server in UL and DL is selected.
Initialisation
calculate adjusted MS TX powers,
check MSs for outage
Connect MSs to best server,
calculate neede MS TxPower and
SHO gains
Evaluate UL break criterion
check UL loading and possibly move
MSs to new other carrier of outage
Calculate new coverage threshold
set oldThreshold to the default/new
coverage threshold
calculate new i=ioth/Iown
DL iteration step
post processing
END
convergence
check hard blocking and possibly
take links out if too few HW
resources
noconvergence
33. Downlink iteration step
• Allocation of P-CPICH powers.
• Transmit power of BS should fulfil
required receiver Eb/Io in MS.
• The initial Tx powers are assigned
iteratively.
• The target CIR
• The actual CIR
• The planning tool evaluates the actual
CIR and compares it to the Target CIR
( )1 ,1
N
nk nk
nk k n nk oth n k
P LPC
I P LP I Nα=
=
− ⋅ + +
∑
0
arg
b
t et
E N
CIR
W R
=
Global Initialisation
calculate target C/I’s
calculate initial TX powers for all
links
determine the SHO connections
calculate the received Perch levels
and determine the best server in DL
allocate the CPICH powers
Initialise deltaCIold
post processing
END
calculate the MS senisitivities
Adjust TX powers of each remaining
link accordingly to deltaCI
check UL and DL break criteria
calculate the SHO diversity
combining gains; adjust the required
change to C/I
check CPICH ec/Io
calciulate the C/I for each connection
calculate C/I for each MS
update deltaCIold
fulfilled
UL iteration stepInitialise iterations
34. Coverage analysis
UL DCH Coverage
• Whether an additional mobile having certain bit rate could be served.
• The transmit power need for the MS is calculated and compared to the maximum
allowed:
( )
0
,
1 1
TX MS
N LP
P
W
R
ν η
ρν
=
− +
( )
tx N
n
k AS k tot k ms
R W
P
LP I I N
ρ
β
α∈
≥
− +
∑
DL DCH Coverage
• Pixel by pixel is checked whether an additional mobile having certain bit rate could be
served. Concentration on the power limits per radio link.
• The transmit power need for supporting the link is calculated and compared to the
maximum allowed:
DL CPICH Coverage
• Pixel by pixel is checked whether the P-CPICH channel can be listened.
, _ _ 0
1
CPICH
numBSs
TX i i adjacent channel CI
i
P LP
CPICH
P LP I N
=
=
+ +∑
35. Dynamic simulation
• Complexity prohibit the usage in actual network planning.
• Is used to verify the planning made by other tools.
• Can consider:
– power control.
– soft handover.
– packet scheduling.
• Good for benchmarking Radio Resource Management.
• Statistic can coverage:
– Bad quality calls: Calls with average frame error rate exceeding the threshold.
– Dropped calls: Consecutive frame errors exceed the threshold.
– Power outage: Power requirement exceeds the available Tx power.
Conclusions
• Cell level results are in good agreement with both, dynamic and static results.
• The outage areas are in the same locations if investigated with different
simulations.