What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
In this project, we are implementing a tool for calculating number of base stations required to meet LTE network coverage and capacity requirement. Coverage planning includes link budget analysis for calculating MAPL and then determining cell radius using RF propagation models. Capacity planning cares about service models and traffic models for calculating required throughput in the network, In addition, it is concerned with calculating cell throughput.
In this project, we are implementing a tool for calculating number of base stations required to meet LTE network coverage and capacity requirement. Coverage planning includes link budget analysis for calculating MAPL and then determining cell radius using RF propagation models. Capacity planning cares about service models and traffic models for calculating required throughput in the network, In addition, it is concerned with calculating cell throughput.
Radiation pattern of a cell tower antennaNeha Kumar
Radiation Pattern from the cell tower Antenna has been drawn for basic understanding of a radiation pattern.
Page1:
This diagram was mainly used to describe why on a certain building the radiation levels vary from one apartment(say 7th floor) to the apartment above or below (6th and 8th floor) in a building at Khar (West), Mumbai.
The radiation pattern of a cell tower antenna is defined by its lobes. Radiation will be highest from the primary lobes in the horizontal direction. There is also radiation from secondary lobes.As seen in the figure, the readings that will be taken in between the lobes will be much lesser.
As seen the figure, the radiation will also be high vertically downward from the secondary lobes. This is what most mobile operaters hide or are not aware of in India.
Page 2:
Distance is another critical factor. The power density varies by (1/R2), where is R is the distance. People living within 50-300meter radiaus are in the high radiation zone. This data has been taken from a another country outside India. In the US for example, residential areas generally have amplifiers of 1-2 W. However in India, in many places even 100 to 200W of amplifiers are used and their are clusters of antennas from multiple operators on the roof top of several residential and office premises.
Page 3:
Simulated radiation pattern of a cell tower antenna from Prof. Girish kumar, IIT Bombay.
Page 4:
USHA KIRAN BUILDING - several cancer cases
Through the help of the above typical radiation pattern, let’s analyze the news reported in Mid-day, Mumbai dated Jan. 3, 2010, which stated - “Mumbai's swanky Usha Kiran building says the four cancer cases there could be linked to mobile towers installed on the facing Vijay Apartments”. The picture taken from the Usha Kiran building of the several antennas installed on the seventh floor of Vijay Apartments is shown in Fig. pn Page 4. People living in the 6th, 7th and 8th floor in the opposite building will get maximum radiation as they are in the main beam direction. People living on the other floors will receive lesser radiation as beam maxima is reduced considerably as can be observed from vertical radiation pattern. In the horizontal direction again, people living in the front side of the antenna will receive much higher radiation compared to people living in the back side of antenna.
http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/jan...
Recently (as on Jan 2011) two more cancer cases have been reported on the 5th and on the 10th floor.
For RF Optimisation and neighbour verification both Scanner and UE measurements are required simultaneously
Post-Processing tool is required for data analysis
Individual call failures or drops can be analysed with Drive test tools (e.g. Nemo Outdoor) but to get bigger picture, a proper analysis tool is required
Actix or Nemo Analyser can be used for
Data analysis
Create Maps
Create KPI reports
Drive Tests and Propagation Prediction software are the two methods that are used to check the coverage area of a particular wireless system. Generally prediction software is used in conjunction with the radio signal measurements in order to determine an accurate picture of signal propagation. In some cases, field measurements may be needed to be taken in order to calibrate the prediction software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
3. Acceptable Coverage
Forward & Reverse Link Quality
Capacity
To Resolve
To Manage
To Ensure
Engineering Requirement vs.
Available Equipment
Customer Complaints
Pilot Pollution
Cell Overlap / Handoff Regions
1. Network Design Objectives
4. Design Value
Design Criteria
? %
FER
(Frame Error Rate)
? %
GOS
(Blocking Rate)
? %
Coverage
Probability
- Demand for Service Coverage?
- Demand for Service Quality?
- Demand Service Capacity?
- Usable Frequency Bandwidth?
- Service Criteria?
- Call Completion Rate?
- Handoff Success Rate?
Design Objectives
1. Network Design Objectives
5. 5
2. Network Design Procedure
Basic Data Collection &
analysis
Design Criteria Setup
GIS Data Conversion
Preparations
Competition Coverage Measurement
Plan Setup
Region Clustering
Site Survey Plan
Site Acquisition
Site Coverage Simulation
Link Budget Analysis
Base Station Design On the
Map Positioning
Site survey & Field
measurement
Measurement data integration
Path loss calculation
RF Environment Analysis
Outdoor/Underground
Coverage design
In-building and underground
Coverage Design
Pilot Assignment
Paging Capacity & Paging
zone
Handoff neighbor list, etc.
Parameter Design
Required BTS
Required FA
Required CHC / CE
Dimension & Report
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
STAGE 5
6. 6
Target Objective Setup Competitor’s Info. Analysis Sheet Detail Design Criteria
- Service Target Area(In Building/In car) - Traffic & Coverage data
- FER(Frame Error Rate) - Coverage hole(If possible)
- GOS(Grade Of Service)
- Coverage reliability
General Statistic Data for
Design Scope
- Population and Area
- Traffic and BTS info./ GIS MAP
- Telecommunication regulation
Competitor’s Service Information
- Service Area and Quality
(GSM,CDMA)
- BTS Info.(Lon/Lat, Traffic & antenna)
Design Objective
- GOS/FER/Coverage Reliability
- FA capacity
- Cell coverage criteria
- Soft Handoff region ratio, etc.
General Statistics Data gathering & Analysis
- RF Engineering Scope Analysis
(Area, Population, Building Density, etc)
- Traffic Information(Traffic Distribution analysis)
(Traffic volume, call success/completion rate)
- BTS Information(Lon/Lat, coverage, etc)
Competition company Traffic Volume
and Quality Analysis(If Possible)
- BTS and antenna type, position
- Traffic analysis per each cell/sector
- Overall BTS coverage analysis
Detail Design
Criteria Setup
Required Data/Tool
Main Activity
Accomplishment
Stage 1: Preparations
Overview
7. 7
Setup the Design Criteria
GOS vs. Capacity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% 6.5% 7.0% 7.5% 8.0% 8.5% 9.0% 9.5% 10.0%
GOS
Erlang
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
CapacityIncreaseRatio
Erlang Capacity Increase Ratio
Traffic Model : Soft Blocking Model
BTS Type : 3 Sector
Channel : 84
Maximum User : 33
Sector Load Ratio : 1.5
GOS(Grade of Service), Blocking Probability
Stage 1: Preparations
8. 1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
% FER
MeanOpinionScore
MOS
• PSTN = MOS 4
• CDMA = 3.6 (FER 1%)
MOS Vs. FER Graph (8K Vocoder)
Setup the Design Criteria
Stage 1: Preparations
9. Setup the Design Criteria
Coverage Area and Contour Reliability(FADE MARGIN)
95% Area Reliability 95% Contour Reliability
15% Contour failure
< 10%
< 5%
< 1%
Percent Failure 4-6% Contour failure
< 3%
< 2%
< 1%
Percent Failure
85% contour reliability 97% area reliability
Stage 1: Preparations
10. 10
Setup the Design Criteria
Stage 1: Preparations
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
σ/n
FractionofTotalAreawithSignalabove
Threshold.Fu
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PX0
(R) = 0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
Area Reliability Fu
Contour Reliability
σ = Standard deviation[dB]
n = Path slope
Path Loss varies as 1/rn
,
PX0
(R) = Coverage Probability on area boundary (r = R)
11. 11
Setup the Design Criteria
Stage 1: Preparations
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
Location Probability at Cell Edge
FadeMarginindB
12 dB
11
10
9
8
7
6
Standard
Deviation
Fade Margin -----> 10 dB
12. Setup the Design Criteria
Coverage Area and Contour Reliability(FADE MARGIN)
Item Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
Slow Fading 10 dB 8 dB 8 dB 6 dB
Slow Fading
It follows the log-normal distribution with standard deviation
It depends on a variety of morphology
To obtain the exact slow fading value,
must perform the field measurement which consumes the high cost and time
Stage 1: Preparations
13. 13
Setup the Design Criteria
FA Capacity(based on IS-95A reverse link)
• Limited by Interference From Other users
• Based on minimum required [Eb/It]minimum
• Relationship between [Eb/It]minimum and Number of user N
based on Perfect Power Control, No Thermal Noise, and
Isolated Single Cell
RSN
RS
It
Eb
/)1(
/
−
= 1
/
/ +=
ItEb
RWN
• S: Received signal at the base station(from power controlled mobiles)
• R: Data rate
• W: CDMA Bandwidth(1.2288 Mbps)
• Eb: Bit energy, It: Spectral Density of the total interference
• N: Number of active users
Stage 1: Preparations
14. 14
Setup the Design Criteria
Pole(Maximum) Capacity(based on IS-95A reverse link)
No
W
IoIocvSN
RS
It
Eb
N
N
+
+−
=
)/1()1(
/
)1()1(1 fvN
W
R
It
Eb
W
R
It
Eb
NoW
SN
+−−
=
• Including the effects of Thermal Noise, Voice Activity and other
cell interference
Io
Ioc
f ≡,where
Stage 1: Preparations
15. 15
Setup the Design Criteria
Pole(Maximum) Capacity(based on IS-95A reverse link)
• Pole(Max) Capacity, where required
• Obviously, this capacity can never be exceed in any cell/station
• Pole(Max) Capacity/Sector
1*1*
min)(
max += F
v
It
Eb
R
W
N
1)
3
55.2
(*1*
min)(
secmax/ += F
v
It
Eb
R
W
torN
f
F
+
=
1
1,where
Stage 1: Preparations
16. 16
FA Capacity(based on cdma2000
1x)
)%80%100
max
,()(_
00
=×= ∑∑ ==
S
k k
k
S
k
k
N
N
WhenMbitsMbitsCapacityFA
• Because of difference in required Signal /Noise, Activity and
Transmission velocity in each service
Nmaxk can be defined follows
)
/6.0
1
where,()1
/
(max
IoIoc
FSG
NtEb
FPG
N
kk
k
k
+
=⋅+
⋅
⋅
=
α
• Base station FA capacity of service carrying number of S with
various transmission velocity
Setup the Design Criteria
Stage 1: Preparations
17. 17
Cell Coverage
• Coverage Criteria in CDMA System
- Forward Coverage : Design by the standard of Pilot CH Ec/Io
- Reverse Coverage : Design by the standard of Traffic CH Eb/No
• As higher Ec/Io and Eb/No criteria are arranged, better call
quality can be supplied for customers but more cost is also
expected. Therefore, criteria should be arranged to meet the
customer satisfaction and cost efficiency
Required Ec/Io
Required Eb/No
Forward Coverage
Reverse Coverage
>= -14dB
>= 6dB
Setup the Design Criteria
Stage 1: Preparations
18. 18
Soft Handoff Region Ratio
Soft Handoff Region Ratio
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11
T_ADD (dB)
RegionRatio(%)
2Way Soft Handoff 3Way Soft Handoff Total Soft Handoff
• T_ADD is used to add new Active/Candidate set
• T_DROP is used to reduce the Active pilot
• Because the output power of a mobile station decreases in handoff,
the interference also decreases and the BTS capacity increases.
But required channel resource also increases.
• 30 ~ 40 %
Setup the Design Criteria
Stage 1: Preparations
19. 19
PILOT_INC parameter setting
PN offset reuse distance calculation
PN offset allocation
- PILOT_INC selection
- Distance between the same PN cell sites
- Extra PN offsets for expansion of cell sites or Micro cells
PN Increment and Allocation
Setup the Design Criteria
Stage 1: Preparations
Paging channel Load and Paging zone design
Paging channel load calculation
Paging zone design(1st
, 2nd
Paging zone)
20. 20
Х
Х
Х
Tx/Rx-0 Tx/Rx-1
10λ=3.6m
10λ=3.6m0.3m(MIN)
Competitor - ANT.
Х
Х
Х
0.3m(MIN)
Competitor-ANT.
Space Diversity Polarization Diversity
Single
Site
Joint
Site
Tx/Rx-0
Tx/Rx-1
Tx/Rx-0 Tx/Rx-1
Tx/Rx-0 Tx/Rx-1
• Distance between Antennas
Setup the Design Criteria
Stage 1: Preparations
21. 21
Region
Clustering
Maximum Cell Radius,
Minimum Antenna
Height Calculation
Site Survey and
Field Measurement
Competitor’s Coverage
Analysis
Link Budget
Analysis
Procedure Overview
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
22. 22
1. Site Survey Report
2. Field Measurement Data and Analysis Result
- Measurement Integration & Propagation Modeling
3. Frequency Planning
4. Competitor’s Coverage Analysis Result
MAP DATA
- Digital Map for CellPLAN
- 1:10,000 Traffic Map
Cell Planning Tool
Field Measurement Tool
- Transmitter / Receiver
- Spectrum Analyzer, etc
Competitor’s Coverage
Measurement Tool
- AMPS/CDMA or GSM System
Competitor’s Cell Info.etc.
Region clustering
- Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural.
- Drive Survey for region clustering
Site Survey & Field Measurement
- Make the Site Survey list
- Drive Route establishment
- Perform the Field Measurement
Spectrum Clearance Check
(including Site Survey List)
Frequency Planning Review or Setup
- FA Planning
Competitor’s Coverage
Measurement Tool
- AMPS/CDMA or GSM System
Required Data/Tool
Main Activity
Accomplishment
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
23. 23
Region Clustering by the Geographical Configuration
(Flat, Hilly, Mountain)
General Clustering by the Map Data
(Rural, Suburban, Dense, Urban)
Extraction of the Regional Parameter Values such as BAI(Building
Area Index), BSD(Building Size Distribution), BHD(Building Height
Distribution), VI(Vegetation Index) etc., using the Geometry Function
Applying the Extracted Parameters to the Target Area to Achieve
more Detail Region Clustering
Precisely Divided Region Clustering
Region Clustering
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
25. 25
Site Survey and Field Measurement Procedure
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
Planning
1. Selection of target Building
for site survey
2. Scheduling for site survey
and field measurement
3. Planning for Drive route
Site Survey & F.M**
1. Check the test equipment
and visit site(building)
2. Take a a photograph and
fill
out the site survey report
3. Install the transmitter on
the roof of the building
4. Install the receiver in a car
5. Put the transmitter on
6. Start the driving test
7. Perform the Site survey &
field measurement result
analysis
- Path loss analysis
8. Perform the Competitor’s
coverage measurement
Test Equip.* Verification
1. Check the spectrum
analyzer self-generated
noise level & accuracy
2. Setup the Transmitter and
check the output power
level
3. check the Amplifier Gain by
using signal generator and
spectrum analyzer
4. Measurement of Cable loss
- between transmitter and AMP
- between AMP and Antenna
* Equip.: Equipment
** F.M: Field Measurement
26. 26
Site Survey Planning
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
Candidate sites shall be selected in each morphology to represent
the characteristics of that region and then team organization and
scheduling for the site survey and the field measurement shall be
made. And the drive route should be decided based on the main road
and the road condition
make a plan for site surveying & field measuremnt
select a variety of candidate site
organize the team for site surveying
decide the drive route
27. 27
Site Survey Report
4
Date :
Site ID :
Visitor :
Bldg . Address :
Bldg . Height : Steel Tower Height : m
Latitude : Longitude :
Special Comment :
Department store,
Government office,
Competitor site,
Hotel, University,
Above the10th-story bldg .
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg . Bldg . Height :
Major Bldg .:
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
28. 28
Field Measurement
- Test Equipment Verification
Checking of the spectrum analyzer
Self-generated Noise level & accuracy
Setting up the Transmitter and
Checking Tx Output Power level
by using Spectrum Analyzer
Checking the LPA Gain by using Signal
Generator and Spectrum Analyzer
Measurement of Cable Loss
a. Between Transmitter and AMP
b. Between AMP. and Antenna
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
29. 29
Field Measurement
- Drive Test: All road test as possible as can go
FA “A”
(Central Channel# A)
FA “B”
(Central Channel# B)
Team A
Team B
MS_1 MS_2
MS_3 MS_4
10Km
10Km
Site A
Site B
Measurement Radius
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
30. 30
Field Measurement
- Measurement Data Analysis(1)
Perform the Data Gathering and Analysis
Calculate the distance for each measurement point
Calculate the average Rx level for unit area (30m * 30m)
Calculate the average Rx level for distance
Path Loss Calculation
Path Loss = Transmit signal Power – Received signal power [dBm]
Path Loss data is used to perform the Measurement integration to
calculate the exact Propagation model
By using the Cell Planning tool,
It will be easy to perform the MI
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
31. 31
Field Measurement
- Measurement Data Analysis(2)
Propagation
Prediction Model
Measurement Data
Signal Strength
Distance
Propagation
Prediction Model
Measurement Data
δ
Signal Strength
Distance
-δ
MEASUREMENT INTEGRATION(MI)
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
32. 32
Competitor’s Coverage Measurement / Analysis
Collecting Information about the Specification of the
Competitor’s System
• The site location
• The height of the building and the tower
• Antenna type
• The direction and the angle of the antenna
• Control channel number and the output power by each sector
Measuring the Service Quality
• GPS data(altitude & logitude)
• Cell ID (best sever / neighbor cell)
• Rx power (best sever / neighbor cell)
• BCCH (best sever / neighbor cell)
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
33. 33
Link Budget Analysis
OBJECTIVES OF LBA
To estimate the Maximum Allowable Path Loss for the
Reverse Link
To estimate Maximum Allowable Path Loss for the Pilot, Sync, and
Paging Channels, including the appropriate path imbalance
To compute the required percentages of Base Station transmit
power for the Pilot, Sync, Paging and Traffic Channel
To estimate cell coverage and count
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
34. 34
Link Budget Analysis(Reverse Link)
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
Reverse Link
MAPL
LBA
Operating Parameters:
System % Loading, SHO gain
Subscriber Parameters:
Maximum Power
Cable loss
Antenna Gain
Noise Figure
Noise Figure
BS Parameters:
Antenna Gain
Losses
Voice Activity & Reuse Factor
Technology Parameters:
Bandwidth, Data Rate ( Proc. Gain)
Required Eb/It
Propagation Parameters:
Fade Margin, Penetration Loss
35. 35
Link Budget Table(Example: SKTelecom)
Uni t Val ue Remar k
Fr equency MHz 877 Cust omer
Bandwi dt h MHz 1. 2288 Spec.
Dat a Rat e bps 9600 Cust omer
Pr ocessi ng Gai n dB 21 Cal cul at ed
%Loadi ng % 50%Cust omer
Requi r ed Ar ea Rel i abi l i t y % 95%Cust omer
Mor hpol ogy Cl ass D. Ur ban Ur ban S. Ur ban Rur al Open Remar k
At Mobi l e St at i on ( TX)
Mobi l e Tx Power dBm 23. 0 23. 0 23. 0 23. 0 23. 0 Spec. ( Cl assI I I )
Ant enna Gai n dBi 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 Cust omer
Body Loss dB 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 Cust omer
At Base St at i on ( RX)
Noi se Densi t y( KT) dBm/ Hz - 174. 0 - 174. 0 - 174. 0 - 174. 0 - 174. 0 Spec.
Noi se Fi gur e( F) dB 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 Vendor Spec.
Noi se Bandwi dt h dB 60. 9 60. 9 60. 9 60. 9 60. 9 Spec.
Noi se( KTBF) dBm - 108. 1 - 108. 1 - 108. 1 - 108. 1 - 108. 1 Cal cul at ed
Requi r ed Eb/ Nt dB 6. 0 6. 0 6. 0 6. 0 7. 0 Vendor Spec. f or 1%FER
Loadi ng Cor r ect i on ( 1- x) dB 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0
Sensi t i vi t y dBm - 123. 2 - 123. 2 - 123. 2 - 123. 2 - 122. 2 Cal cul at ed
Recei ve Ant enna Gai n dBi 18. 0 18. 0 14. 1 14. 1 14. 1 Cust omer
Cabl e & Di pl exer Loss dB 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 Cust omer
SHO Gai n dB 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 Cust omer
At Radi o Channel
Sl ow Fadi ng dB 10. 0 8. 0 8. 0 6. 0 3. 0 Cust omer
At t en. Fact or of Pr opagat i on dB/ dec 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 Cal cul at ed
S. F/ A. F 2. 9 2. 3 2. 3 1. 7 0. 9 Cal cul at ed
Fade Mar gi n dB 11. 0 8. 5 8. 5 6. 0 3. 5 Cal cul at ed
At Ser vi ce Condi t i on
Requi r ed Cont our Rel i abi l i t y % 87. 0 86. 0 86. 0 83. 0 75. 0 Cal cul at ed
Penet r at i on Loss ( i n car ) dB 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 Cust omer
Penet r at i on Loss ( i n bui l di ng) dB 18. 0 15. 0 10. 0 10. 0 10. 0 Cust omer
Out put
Max. Al l ow. PL ( on st r eet ) dB 150. 2 152. 7 148. 8 151. 3 152. 8 Cal cul at ed
Max. Al l ow. PL ( i n car ) dB 145. 2 147. 7 143. 8 146. 3 147. 8 Cal cul at ed
Max. Al l ow. PL ( i n bui l di ng) dB 132. 2 137. 7 138. 8 141. 3 142. 8 Cal cul at ed
MS Ant enna Hei ght 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5
BS Ant enna Hegi ht 21. 0 25. 0 30. 0 45. 0 45. 0
Max. Al l ow. Di st ance( on st r eet ) km 6. 2 8. 0 6. 9 10. 2 11. 3 Cal cul at ed
Max. Al l ow. Di st ance( i n car ) km 4. 5 5. 8 4. 9 7. 3 8. 1 Cal cul at ed
Max. Al l ow. Di st ance( i n bui l di ng) km 1. 97 3. 0 3. 6 5. 2 5. 8 Cal cul at ed
Stage 2: RF Environment Analysis
36. 36
• Outputs
- Sites location
- Antenna type
- Antenna tower height
- Antenna orientation / tilt
- O/H Output power
- Candidate site location
- Site acquisition report
- Coverage Plot
- Recommendation on
next candidate sites
• Considering Factors
- Maximum cell radius
- Traffic distribution
- Competitor’s coverage
Designing on
the Map
Finding-out
Sites Location and
Initial Parameter Value
Site Acquisition
Coverage
Simulation
Coverage Design Procedure
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅰ
37. 37
Design on the Map result CellPLAN simulation Plot Equp. Type Decision(Initial)
- Anchor site position result - Initial coverage design map - Initial Capacity analysis
- Cell site Position(Morphology) FWD Ec/Io, REV Eb/Nt Plot - Traffic estimation per cell site
H/O region analysis plot
Mobile ERP Plot
MAP DATA
- Digital Map for CellPLAN
- 1:10,000 Traffic Map
CellPLAN Tool
- SKTelecom Design Tool
- Initial coverage simulation)
Map Info S/W
- Design on the Map(Note PC based)
LBA Result
- Maximum cell radius
- Minimum antenna height
- Minimum cell site no
Design on the Map with MAP INFO Tool
- Anchor site selection
(In Dense Urban area, high traffic density)
- Site positioning through the anchor site
CellPLAN Coverage Simulation
- Initial Coverage design by using
CellPLAN Tool(FWD/REV Coverage)
- Initial Capacity analysis based on
the traffic prediction
Equip. Type Decision(Initial)
- BTS, Small BTS, pico BTS
- Fiber optic Micro cell
- RF Repeater
Required Data/Tool
Main Activity
Accomplishment
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅰ
38. 38
Design on the MAP
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅰ
Coverage design consists of designing on the map, site acquisition
and coverage simulation. Especially, site acquisition and coverage
simulation is verified and modified repeatedly to achieve optimal
coverage design(Iterative)
Cell site location is decided on the map by means of using the
maximum cell radius, competitor’s site location and the result of the
coverage analysis with consideration of estimated traffic in future
Initial Coverage Simulation
After designing on the map, it must qualify the cell site location
through the coverage simulation by using RF planning Tool(In case
of SKTelecom, there is a cell planning tool named CellPLAN)
- Forward / Reverse Coverage simulation
- Soft handoff region, etc
39. 39
Existing Network Traffic Analysis Procedure
PEG Data Collection
and Validity Check
Site/Sector’s Representative
Carried Traffic and
Blocking Rate Calculation
• PEG count data collection for 2 Weeks
• Abnormal data deletion (Beyond the limit of Avg Traffic ± 50%)
- Too small traffic by an obstacle of BTS
- Excessive traffic by PEG counting errors
• Representative Carried Traffic
= Avg Carried Traffic + 1.28 * Std
(Range of 90% reliability)
• Blocking rate calculating for each sector and site
• Offered Traffic = Carried Traffic
* (1+Blocking Rate)Site/Sector’s Offered
Traffic Calculation
Traffic Distribution Analysis
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅰ
40. 40
• Divide total area into unit area(Aij)
• Decide weighting factor each unit
area (Wij)
• Σ Wij = 1
Traffic Distribution
1
2
3
j
n
1 2 3 i m
Wij
W11 W12 W13
W21 W22 W23
W32 W33W31
Wnm
Traffic Weighting Map(Mobile Telecom Introduction Stage)
- Traffic Volume
- Population Density
- Land Usage Shape
- Resident Living Standard
Traffic Distribution Analysis
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅰ
41. 41
• Divide total area into unit area(Aij)
• Calculate occurred traffic each
BTS/Sector
• Distribute traffic uniformly within
BTS/Sector coverage
• Decide weighting factor each unit
area (Wij) ( Σ Wij = 1)
• Distribute the traffic of target year
to unit area with weighting factor
Coverage Design and
Dimensioning
1
2
3
j
n
1 2 3 i m
Wij
Site B Site D
W11 W12 W13
W21 W22 W23
W32 W33W31
Wnm
Site C
Traffic Weighting Map(Competitor In Service)
• Additional Factor to be
Considered
• BTS / Sector Traffic
Traffic Distribution Analysis
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅰ
42. 42
Site Acquisition result CellPLAN simulation Result Plot Antenna azimuth & Tilt Degree
- Detail Cell site position - Forward Coverage Plot
- No. of Site Acquisition - Reverse Coverage Plot Initial Overhead Power setup
- Cell site type Decision (Including FMC & RF Repeater)
(BTS, FMC, RF Repeater)
MAP DATA
- Digital Map for CellPLAN
- 1:10,000 Traffic Map
CellPLAN Tool
- SKTelecom Design Tool
- Detail coverage simulation
(Iterative coverage Simulation)
Result of Design on the MAP
- Anchor site position result
- each site position, etc
Site Acquisition & Simulation(Iterative)
- Search area ring setup for each cell site
(SAR: one of fourth area per cell radius)
- Making the candidate site list survey
- Visit the candidate site
Site Acquisition & Simulation(Iterative)
- Check the cell site qualification
(LOS, Building Rent or room, etc)
- Antenna azimuth & tilt degree decision
CellPLAN Simulation
(Iterative & Detail)
- Forward Ec/Io plo
- Reverse Eb/Nt plot
- H/O Region analysis plot
- Mobile ERP plot, etc
Required Data/Tool
Main Activity
Accomplishment
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅱ
43. 43
Site Acquisition
Site Acquisition Procedure
Pre-visit Analysis and
Rank Candidate Sites
All Sites
Unacceptable
Visit Sites
Perform and Evaluate
Drive Test
Notify Real Estate
Visit Search Area
Revise Objectives
Redesign System
Release SAMs for Site
Search
YES
NO
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅱ
44. 44
Site Acquisition
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅱ
Pre-visit analysis and rank the candidate sites
The first of the site acquisition is to identify multiple candidates
for each site location, evaluate them on various criteria and rank
them accordingly. This procedure results in identification of the
best suited candidates for all sites. If all the candidates for any site
are rejected for any reason(s), alternatives have to be found, or the
objectives revised and candidates reevaluated, and,if all else fails,
redesign the system/partial system.
The ranking of the candidate is done in two steps
- A preliminary ranking and visit to the top three
candidates,followed by the final ranking. Approval is then given to
up to three Candidates and the first site that passes the drive test,
if required, is accepted.
45. 45
Site Acquisition
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅱ
Select the Anchor Sites(initial design stage)
Anchor sites dictates the overall RF network design. They
determine the rest of the search rings. Generate an initial cell site
layout, starting with anchor cells and using the preferred/desired
locations and the pre-qualified site candidates.
Setup the Search Area Ring
Search rings define the areas where a need for antenna
placement has been determined. Search rings are not precise cell
site locations.
Prepare a list of candidates to visit
Since it is not possible, nor necessary, to visit all the candidate sites,
the top two or three candidates from the first part of the ranking matrix
are to be visited. Since a site cannot be acquired unti11 it is visited, it is in
the interest of speedy acquisition that the best potential candidates be
visited
46. 46
Site Acquisition
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅱ
Site Visit Activities
CHECK LOCATION DATA, using the maps or GPS. And record it
CHECK OBSTRUCTIONS in all directions, e.g. tall building,
unobstructed line of sight for microwave propagation, airports,
other antennas, AM stations, etc.
ORIENT THE ANTENNA using a compass. Getting an orientation
degree is important to evaluate the coverage effectiveness of this
site
TAKE MEASUREMENT of distance between equipment shelter
and antennas (cable run), dimensions of the equipment shelter
and compared to the dimensions of the vendor equipment.
TAKE PICTURES to document intervening structures/unusual
topography of the site.
47. 47
Site Acquisition
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅱ
Redesign of the system
In the event that all sites initially recommended by Real Estate
are unacceptable, reevaluation of rejected sites is not feasible and
no alternatives can be identified, the recourse is to revise
objectives and redesign the system if needed. This process is
initiated by forwarding the Redesign Request to RF Engineering,
identifying the reason(s) why this situation arose, and, upfront,
making some suggestions or issues to bear in mind while
redesigning the system. This facilitates a successful redesign, with
less chances of again yielding unacceptable candidates.
48. 48
Coverage Simulation
• Measurement Integration
• Forward Link Analysis
- RSSI
- Pilot Ec/Io
- Soft Handoff
•Reverse Link Analysis
- Mobile ERP
- Traffic Eb/Nt
• GIS DB
- Terrain
- Morphology
- Vector
- Building
• Propagation Prediction Model
• Field Measurement Data
• Cell Site Parameters
• Traffic Distribution
CDMA Cellular
Wireless Network
Analysis
Personal Computer
Window 95
CellPLAN
CellPLAN Structure
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅱ
49. 49
Stage 3: Coverage Design Ⅱ
Coverage Simulation
Main Activities
Forward Coverage Analysis
Forward Pilot Ec/Io Plot
Forward Pilot Best Server plot
Forward Pilot Eb/Nt plot
Reverse Coverage Analysis
Reverse Traffic Eb/Nt plot
Reverse Mobile ERP Plot
Soft Handoff region ratio and Analysis
CDMA Forward/Reverse Link Coverage Analysis
2D/3D profile for LOS check, etc
50. 50
PN Offset Allocation Result Paging zone Decision H/O Neighbor list simulation
- PILOT_INC Decision - Paging channel capacity calc. - make the H/O neighbor list
- PN Offset Reuse Distance Calculation - Paging zone decision
- Cell site PN Offset Allocation BTS O/H Power Simulation
Design Criteria
- PILOT Assignment
- Soft Handoff Region ratio
- Paging channel capacity
- Paging zone
Cell Plan Tool
- Handoff simulation
- coverage simulation, etc
PN Offset Allocation
- PILOT_INC Calculation
(Lower/Upper Limit)
- PN Offset Reuse Distance Calculation
- Base Station PN Offset Allocation
Paging Zone Decision
- Paging Channel Capacity Calc.
- Paging Zone Decision
Handoff Neighbor List Simulation
- Handoff neighbor list
BTS Overhead Power Simulation
Required Data/Tool
Main Activity
Accomplishment
Stage 4: Parameter Design
51. 51
- PN offset allocation
- Paging zone
- Handoff neighbor list
- Overhead power
• Use coverage design result and design criteria
• Design results are used the initial operation value of system
parameters
• Adjust the system parameters according to optimization after
system in-service
• Designed parameters
Parameter Design
Stage 4: Parameter Design
52. 52
Parameter Design (Pilot offset allocation)
Stage 4: Parameter Design
Lower Limit for
PILOT_INC
No interference Condition between δ1 and δ2
1. To prevent the presence of a pilot signal with
a different PN offset in the active search window
due to a large differential delay
2. To prevent the presence of a pilot signal with
an undesired PN offset in the neighbor search
window due to a large differential delay
ri : Cell radius
δi : Pilot PN Phase offset
τi : Time delay between Cell site and Mobile station
SA
: active search window size (one sided)
SN
: neighbor search window size(one sided)
PILOT Interference between sites
p1
p2
Interference
p
r1 chips
r2 chips
PN Offset = δ2 chips
PN Offset = δ1 chips
53. 53
δ1
δ2
α1+τ1 δ2 +τ2
sA
Cell Tx PN timing
Mobile Rx
PN timing
Active Search
WindowEarliest arriving
multipath of a pilot
Condition 1
(δ2 + τ2) - (δ1 + τ1) >SA
δ12 = δ2 - δ1 > SA
+ max{τ1 - τ2}
max{τ1 - τ2} = r1
δ1+τ0 δ2 +τ0
sN
Mobile Rx
PN timing
Earliest arriving
multipath of a pilot
Condition 2
δ0+τ0 δ1+τ1
δ2 +τ2
sA
sN
Neighbor Search
Window
δ2 + τ0 - SN
> δ1 + τ0 + SN
δ12 = δ2 - δ1 > 2SN
δ12 = δ2 - δ1 > max{SA
+ r1, 2SN
}
δ12 = PILOT_INC * 64
PILOT_INC * 64 > 2 SN
(
SN >
SA
,SN
> r1)
sN
sN
Parameter Design (Pilot offset allocation)
Stage 4: Parameter Design
54. 54
Pilot PN Offset Reuse
Pi : cell site Tx Power
di : Distance between Cell site and MS
γi : Pathloss exponent
di : Distance between cell sites
T : Threshold value
Parameter Design (Pilot offset allocation)
Stage 4: Parameter Design
PILOT PN OFFSET REUSE
Cell 3
r3 chips
Cell 1
r1 chips
Phase Offset = δ1 chips Phase Offset = δ1 chips
Cell 2
r2 chips
D chips
Phase Offset = δ2 chips
No interference Condition between δ1 and δ2
1. To prevent undesired finger output for the pilot
signal from distant reuse cell
2. To guarantee the absence of the undesired finger
output for the pilot signal from distant reuse cell
3. To prevent indistinguish ability of sectors with the
same offset in other’s neighbor search window
55. 55
Condition 1
D > 6.8r
Condition 2
If d1=r1, d3=D-r1 (Worst case)
e
d
d
P
P b
T •
−
>
)(
1
3
3
1 31
ξξ
γ
β
γ
ξξ
1
)(
3
1
1
311
••+>
−
e
P
Pr
b
TD
β
τ3 - τ1 >SA
If τ1=r1, τ3=D-r1
D > 2r + SA
Condition 3
To distinguish the cell1, cell 3 at the cell 2, must keep
the distance above 2r2 + s2N
In case of straight line of three cell sites(worst case)
D > 2(2r2 + s2N
)
Equal size sells & Power
γ = 3.84, T = 19dB
8dB stdev for the shadow fading
D > MAX(condition1, condition2, condition3)
> MAX(condition1, condition3)
Reuse Distance
Parameter Design (Pilot offset allocation)
Stage 4: Parameter Design
56. 56
Parameter Design (Paging channel analysis)
Stage 4: Parameter Design
General Assumption
Numerical
Value
General Assumption
Numerical
Value
a. Paging Channel Capacity 9600 bps j. System Parameter Message 264 bits
b. Maximum allowable utilization 0.9(90%) k. Access Parameter Message 184 bits
c. Paging Strategy(No. of users) 2 l. Neighbor List Message 216 bits
d. Termination Rate 0.35 m. CDMA Channel List Message 88 bits
e. Busy Rate 0.03 n. Extended System Parameter Message 112 bits
f. BHCA per Subscriber 2 o. Channel Assignment Message 144 bits
g. Number of Sectors per MSC ----- p. Order Message
h. General Page 136 bits
Voice Mail Service
q. Voice Mail Notification 720 bits
i. Overhead Message I=j+k+l+m+n
Short Message Service
r. Data Burst Message(x: No. of
character) 7x+380 bits
s._DONE Message 72 bits
Assumption & Paging channel MSG Lengths
57. 57
Parameter Design (Paging channel analysis)
1 Pagi ng Capaci t y Anal ysi s Tabl e
2 Si ze
3 Number Of Users 200000 Subscri bers
4 Number of power Up/ Down per day 5
5 Ti mer based Regi st rat i on peri od paramet er 64 Ti me Based Regi st rat i on Peri od
6 TI mer based Regi st rat i on peri od val ue - Second 5242. 88
I F(POWER(2, (C5/ 4))*0. 08= 0. 08, 0, POWER(2, (C5/ 4))*0. 08) :
Typi cal Val ue of Reg. Peri od
7 Anot her Regi st rat i on 0 Zone-based Reg. Et c
8
9 Number of Zones 1 1 z
10 Number of BTS per Zone 24. 00
11 Number of Sect ors per BTS 3
12 Number of BTS i n Syst em 24
13 Sect ors i n Syst em 72 C11*C12
14 Regi st rat i on
15 Tot al Regi st rat i on i n t he Syst emper Day 5295898
C3*(C4*2+3600*24/ C6+C7) : Power On/ Of f , Ti me Based, Zone
based r
16 Concent rat i on rat e of BHCA 0. 098
Stage 4: Parameter Design
58. 58
Parameter Design (H/O neighbor list)
Stage 4: Parameter Design
• make the H/O neighbor list by using CellPLAN tool.
(Maximum List: 20 EA / Cell Site)
• 1st
, 2nd
Cluster analysis(1,2 tier analysis)
• Search Window Size decision
- Active Search Window Size
- Neighbor Search Window Size
- Remaining Search Window Size
59. 59
Yearly based Dimensioning result
- Required BTS no. - Required FA no.
- Required CHC no.
- Required channel element no.)
Marketing Demand Analysis
- Subscriber forecasting
- MOU(Minute of Usage)
- Traffic prediction
Equipment Type
- capacity per equipment
- coverage per equipment
Cell site traffic
Distribution analysis
Engineering sheet Drawing Up
- FA growth calculation
- Channel Card quantity
- Channel element quantity
Engineering sheet Drawing Up for
yearly based dimensioning
- No. of Required FA
- No. of Required Channel Element
- No. of Required CHC(Channel Card)
Required Data/Tool
Main Activity
Accomplishment
Stage 5: Dimensioning
60. 60
Dimensioning Procedure
Design Criteria
- MAX. CE per FA
- MIN. CC
- GOS(Blocking Rate)
Estimated Traffic
- Carried Traffic
- Soft Handoff Traffic
Cell Site Configuration
- Channel Card Type
- BTS Type
FA Dimension
BTS Dimensioning
Loading
Calculation
Module
Required CE Calculate
Required CE
Calculation
Module
Required CC CalculateCE per CC
Stage 5: Dimensioning
61. 61
Predicted Traffic Calculation by Subscriber’s
MOU Analysis
• Total Traffic and Traffic per Sub. Calculation
- Erlang / Sub. = MOU per Sub. / ACDM * BHDR / MH
- Total Erlang = Erlang / Sub. * Total Estimated Sub.
BHDR : Busy Hour Day Ratio
ACDM : Average Calling Days per Month(Use 26 or 27 days)
MH : Minutes per Hours(60 Minute)
• The Required BTS by the year
• The Required FA No.
• The Required CE and CHC calculation
Engineering Sheet Drawing up
Stage 5: Dimensioning
The grade-of-service(GOS) performance measures include area coverage probability and blocking. The area coverage probability is related to the quality of network planning and the network capacity. Blocking is based on the available resources. Area coverage reliability can also be defined by outage. Outage occurs when the network is not able to provide the specified quality of service. If the system is coverage limited, outage can be defined as the probability when path loss and shadowing exceed the difference between the maximum transmitted power and the required received signal level. Network Design Procedure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3.6 3.6 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1 FER vs MOS Table No meaning understood with reasonable effort 1 Bad Considerable effort required 2 Poor Moderate effort required 3 Fair No appreciable effort required 4 Good No effort required 5 Excellent Listening Effort Scale Score Quality Scale MOS Quality Rating In general, the MOS rating of a speech coder decrease with decreasing bit rate Network Design Procedure
Item D.Urban Urban Suburban Rural Open Contour Reliability 87 % 86 % 86 % 83 % 75 % It is clear that due to random effects of shadowing, some locations within a coverage area will be below a particular desired received signal threshold. It is often useful to compute how the boundary of coverage relates to the percent of area covered within the boundary % Reliability To define % reliability of the signal strength, one needs the probability distribution of the signal strength Contour(Edge) Reliability is the probability that the received signal at any point along the cell boundary is above a specified threshold Area Reliability is the probability that the received signal at any point within the cell boundary is above a specified threshold Calculate the cell area reliability and cell contour(edge) reliability through the relation of fading and propagation exponent To satisfy the 95% coverage area reliability Network Design Procedure
The above graph is a reproduction of fraction of total area with signal above threshold? n is the power loss value for the local mean in r -n . x 0 is the threshold. σ. is the log-normal standard deviation. Fu is the fractional useful service area probability. The mean value of the signal strength is assumed to behave as: in dB where α is a constant depending on transmitter power, antenna heights and gains, and ... where _ n 10 b e 2 10 log Reference: Theodore S. Rappaport “ Wireless Communications Principles & Practice” Network Design Procedure
The above graph is a reproduction of fraction of total area with signal above threshold? n is the power loss value for the local mean in r -n . x 0 is the threshold. σ. is the log-normal standard deviation. Fu is the fractional useful service area probability. The mean value of the signal strength is assumed to behave as: in dB where α is a constant depending on transmitter power, antenna heights and gains, and ... where _ n 10 b e 2 10 log Reference: Theodore S. Rappaport “ Wireless Communications Principles & Practice” Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Other assumption Constant number of users in the cell and use of same Eb/It For all the users in the cell Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
The maximum number of mobiles that can be supported on the forward link of a CDMA system is different from the maximum number that can be supported on the reverse link. Normally, the capacity of a CDMA system depends on the reverse link capacity. The forward link capacity is governed by the total transmitted power of the cell site and its distribution to traffic channels and other overhead channels including the pilot, sync, paging channels. If the power amplifier cannot provide enough power to the forward traffic channel, system capacity may become forward link limited. Soft handoffs improves the capacity of the reverse link; however, they also affect the capacity of the forward link -- the forward capacity is reduced by the number and types of soft handoffs Network Design Procedure
Maximum subscribers and parameters for each service Maximum FA Capacity Network Design Procedure
Example) Maximum Cell Radius Calculation Assumption) BTS Antenna Height: 30 m, Mobile Antenna Height: 1.5m Propagation Model: Hata Model Basic measurement Data: Vietnam Hochiminh Items Coverage Class DU U SU Rural Open MAPL (dB) On Street 147.2 149.7 145.8 148.3 149.8 In Car 142.2 144.7 140.8 143.3 144.8 In BldG. 129.2 134.7 135.8 138.3 139.8 Coverage (Km) On Street 3.96 4.67 6.90 27.26 28.20 In Car 2.85 3.37 4.97 19.66 21.71 In BldG. 1.22 1.75 3.58 14.18 15.65 * Bldg. : Building DU: Dense Urban, U: Urban, SU: Suburban. Network Design Procedure
Proper Handoff region is required for smooth handoff in the CDMA system. Too much handoff region requires too much resources but too little handoff region makes call quality degradation or frequent call drop. T_ADD and T_DROP are the parameter to decide handoff region. T_ADD is used to add new active/candidate set and T_DROP is used to reduce the active pilot. Because the output power of a mobile station decreases in handoff region. The interference also decreases and the BTS capacity increase. But required channel resource also increases Network Design Procedure
In a CDMA System, a Paging Channel conveys information from base station to mobile stations. There are three major types of call-processing-related message. The first is an overhead message. It contains information required for call setup (for example, system parameter message, access parameter message, neighbor list message, channel list messages, and extended system parameter messages) and is updated periodically to ensure a successful call setup. The second is a page message (or general page message). The page message is used to page the mobile. The page message is sent when a mobile switching center (MSC) receives a call/service request for a mobile. Depending on the paging strategy, the page messages may be sent to a large area through the paging channel on all sectors. The third type is a channel assignment message and order message. These messages are important for interacting with a mobile to complete a call/service setup. The base station usually sends these messages only to a small area(a few sectors) during the call/service setup Network Design Procedure
The antenna, as s subsystem including antenna and feed, transmits or Receives radio waves. Its basic function is to couple electromagnetic(EM) energy between free space and a guiding device such as a transmission line, coaxial cable, or waveguide. In wireless communication systems, the antenna is one of the most critical components; it can either enhance or constrain system performance Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Preparations Vehicle for Field measurement( above 7 person, VAN) DC-AC Inverter for supplying the power to the measurement tool Field measurement tool subsidiary - Antenna, RF coaxial cable - Power Supply and power extension cable - Power meter(Digital or Analog), etc Network Design Procedure
Region Clustering General region clustering is ambiguous and depends on the cultural difference and the subjective decision. Therefore, the quantitative clustering should be used to prevent the ambiguity generated from the simple qualitative clustering. Residential (Apartment) Distance: under 40m Road width: above 3m Under 5 F Suburban Shopping area Industrial area Distance: under 30m Road width: above 3m 5 ~ 10 F Urban characteristics Avg Bldg. Distance & road width Bldg. Height (Floors) Morphology Shopping area Distance: under 20m Road width: above 12m Above 10 F Dense Urban Residential (1~2F house) Distance: under 100m Under 3 F Rural - - Plain field Open Network Design Procedure
Building Size Distribution (BSD) The mean and the standard deviation of BSD are generally utilized. The small standard deviation means that building size in a region is almost same Building Area Index (BAI) BAI indicates the distribution of the space occupied by the buildings Building Height Distribution (BHD) The mean and the standard deviation are used to find the average and the variance of the building height in a region Vegetation Index (VI) VI means the distribution of the space occupied by the forest and the park in a region Network Design Procedure
Site Survey & Field Measurement Site is selected to represent each area and then site survey & field measurement is practiced. By means of analyzing the result of the site survey and the field measurement, wave propagation loss can be calculated by each area and shall be used as the basic data in designing a network on the map. The field measurement data shall be used as input data into MI (Measurement Integration) to correct the propagation model in the CellPLAN tool Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Fill out the measured cable loss to know the exact Tx power Item Input Signal Power AMP. Gain Cable Loss --- Value --- --- --- --- Network Design Procedure
Drive Test Objectives The objectives of a drive test are to evaluate a candidate on coverage, handoff and interference at various locations and determining the acceptability of the candidate with regards to these objectives. Driving test is to measure the strength of the received signal in each point of the test path made in the Planning stage. To make the efficient measurement, the transmitter of each site is made to transmit the signal in the different frequenc y. Network Design Procedure
Time Longitude Latitude Rx Power Ec/Io --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Example) Measurement data format Must know the transmitter position to calculate the exact distance between transmitter and each measurement point (write the transmitter position to Site survey report) Network Design Procedure
Measurement Integration [Reference Model] Hata Model] Hata Model was developed through driving test in ToKyo of Japan, it needs to be adjusted to the geographic situation of a target area. In measurement integration, the difference between the signal strength from the propagation prediction model and the measurement data(Path Loss data) should be reflected on the adjustment of the propagation model Network Design Procedure
Competitor’s coverage Analysis Information related with the existing service provider’s cell site such as cell site location and height & azimuth of its antenna, etc should be collected as one of the reference data and the field measurement for GSM(competitor’s service) should be performed to gather the service quality information and to find out the service trouble area. All the result shall be used as the basic data to make a cell design on a map and decide the location of the cell sites. Network Design Procedure
Link Budget Analysis Link budget analysis is the process to calculate the maximum allowable path loss to meet the objective service quality. It shall be used as basic data to get the maximum radius of the cell site In case of CDMA system, the maximum allowable path loss is more controlled by the reverse link than by the forward link. Therefore, the maximum allowable path loss should be calculated in the Maximum output power of the mobile station by the link budget analysis. And the forward channel power should be adjusted to meet the maximum allowable path loss by the forward link budget analysis Network Design Procedure
Subscriber Parameter(Mobile Station) Peak Power, Cable Loss, Antenna Gain, Noise Figure Base Station Parameter Noise Figure, Antenna Gain, Losses Operating Parameter System % Loading and Soft Handoff Gain Voice Activity & Reuse efficiency factors Technology Parameter Bandwidth, Data rate(Processing Gain) Required Eb/Nt Propagation Parameter Fade Margin, Penetration Losses Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
A rule of thumb is to use on-fourth of the cell site radius as a search ring radius. However, it may be more accurate to consider potential revenue and the voice quality desired. For example, in areas with high traffic, the search ring radius would be smaller since you are concerned both with traffic capacity and voice quality. In farmland area, the search ring radius may be larger since the main concern is coverage Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
We use ninety percent paging channel capacity to be the maximum allowable paging channel utilization, which is indicated in above. We reserve the remaining 10% to accommodate potential burst paging traffic. The paging channel occupancy for each message is then calculated as a fraction of the maximum allowable paging channel capacity. In other words, if the calculated occupancy is 20%, it means that 20% of the 90% physical channel capacity will be needed to transport the message Network Design Procedure
Network Design Procedure
Parameter Range Recommendation Range SRCH_WIN_A (Active/Candidate) 0 ~ 15 5 ~ 7 SRCH_WIN_N (Neighbor) 0 ~ 15 7 ~ 13 SRCH_WIN_A (Remaining) 0 ~ 15 7 ~ 13 during optimization 0 after optimization SRCH_WIN_R = 0 This prevents the mobiles form wasting time searching for pilots that cannot be used for handoff The mobile uses three search window parameters when searching for pilots: SRCH_WIN_A: used when searching for active set and candidates set pilots SRCH_WIN_N: used when searching for neighbor set pilots SRCH_WIN_R: used when searching for remaining set pilots Network Design Procedure