This documents will cover basic LTE principles along with some brief impression about LTE features. Additionally, LTE Link Budget, LTE Coverage & Capacity Planning and Cell Radius calculation methodology have been depicted comprehensively in this document.
This documents will cover basic LTE principles along with some brief impression about LTE features. Additionally, LTE Link Budget, LTE Coverage & Capacity Planning and Cell Radius calculation methodology have been depicted comprehensively in this document.
• -How the channel concept is used on the radio interface
• -Different burst formats in the radio interface
• -The hierarchical frame structure
• -The content sent in different logical channels
• -The mapping of the logical channels
• -Superframe and Hyperframe
• -MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
• INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
• TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
• LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
• CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
• BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
• PIN management
• -How the channel concept is used on the radio interface
• -Different burst formats in the radio interface
• -The hierarchical frame structure
• -The content sent in different logical channels
• -The mapping of the logical channels
• -Superframe and Hyperframe
• -MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
• INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
• TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
• LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)
• CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
• BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE (BSIC)
• PIN management
One of the main challenges faced by the developing (3GPP-LTE-Advanced) standard is providing high throughput at the cell edge.
One solution to improve coverage is the use of fixed relays.
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
4. Lee’s model and other empirical models
Ploss = PR1 + g10log(d / d1) + n10 log( f / f0) - a0
PR1 is the reference loss at d1(normally 1 mile)
(e.g. -84dBm in a city like Tokyo and -49dBm for
open areas)
g depends on the type of terrain
(value between 2 and 4)
n is between 2 and 3
6. for co-channel interference C/Ic=9 Db
for adjacent (200 kHz) interference C/Ia1=-9 dB
for adjacent (400 kHz) interference C/Ia2=-41 dB
for adjacent (600 kHz) interference C/Ia3=-49 dB
7. GSM cell are basically geographical area
Covered by radio frequencies of BTS antennas
The hypothetical shape of a GSM cell is a Hexagon.
Two types of GSM cell
Omni directional
Sector cell
9. An omni-directional cell (or omnicell) is served by a
BTS with an antenna which transmits equally in all
directions (360 degrees).
BTS
10. A sector cell is the area of coverage from an antenna,
which transmits, in a given direction only. For example,
this may be equal to 120 degrees or 180 degrees of an
equivalent omni- directional cell. One BTS can serve one
of these sector cells with a collection of BTS’s at a site
serving more than one, leading to terms such as two-
sectored sites and more commonly, three-sectored sites.
Typically, omni-directional cells are used to gain
coverage, whereas sector cells are used to gain capacity.
12. • The frequency reuse concept is to use same frequency channel
with another cell within the same GSM cell cluster.
• Since cells are more or less close to each other there is not perfect
solution.
• Cells will always interfere with each other even if they are not
immediate neighbors.
• How many cells must we consider when we do our planning?
how many closest neighbors do we have?
• The frequency re-use patterns recommended for GSM are the 4/12
and the 3/9 pattern.
13. The only (almost) noise we have to consider comes from interfering
base stations.
If we want to reduce interference from neighbors we need to increase
the D/R ratio.
If D = R sqr(3k) then sqr(3k) should be big, that is increase k!
If we need a C/I ratio of 18dB then we need k > 6.
In GSM networks a frequency reuse pattern with k = 3, 7 or 12.
In the 900-band, which is 2x25MHz wide, we can have 124 carriers.
If these are divided into groups of 12 frequencies we can have 10
groups.
One cell can thus be covered by 10 carriers.
Each carrier can have 8 connections thus a
maximum of 80 calls in an area covered by a cell.
15. D = (i2 + ij + j2)½2Rcos 30°
D = (i2 + ij + j2)½ (3) ½ R
Number of cells in the
re-use pattern
N = i2 + ij + j2
i in (1,2,3,4 …..)
j in (0,1,2,3,4 …..)
D/R = (3N)½
17. Average Voice activity is around 50%
DTX is a feature that allows to be transmitted only when
there is something to be transmitted
Uses VAD (Voice Activity Detector)
It safes on battery power
Improves the overall network quality by reducing
unnecessary interference
18. This enable the BTS and the Mobile to transmit
only the power necessary for effective communications
Power Control Commands are via the SACCH
This improves the battery live of Mobile Phones
And it improve the overall network quality by reducing
unnecessary interference
19. Number of frequencies equal to number of transceiivers
Controller
Call 1
Controller
Call 2
Controller
Call 3
Controller
Call 4
Tx and Rx on
f0
Tx and Rx on
f1
Tx and Rx on
f2
Tx and Rx on
f3
C
O
M
B
I
N
E
R
f2 f3 f0 f1
f3 f0 f1 f2
f1 f2 f3 f0
f0 f1 f2 f3
20. Number of frequencies more or equal to number of transceiivers
Controller
Call 1
Controller
Call 2
Controller
Call 3
Controller
Call 4
Tx and Rx
hopping
Tx and Rx
hopping
Tx and Rx
hopping
Tx and Rx
hopping
f2 f3 f0 f1
f3 f0 f1 f2
f1 f2 f3 f0
f0 f1 f2 f3
21. Raleigh fading is frequency dependent
Diversity: combining two or more uncorrelated versions of the
same signal
For “conventional” frequency diversity the info is sent on two
different frequencies at the same time.
To be uncorrelated the two frequencies should be more than
1/(multi-path spread), where the multi-path spread is dependent on
the environment.
For urban areas the frequencies should be more than 600kHz apart
22. Review interleaving
If one timeslot gets completely lost during transmission
1/8 of two speech frames are lost.
At the receiver the speech frames are de-interleaved
The channel coding can recover from the 12.5% BER.
Interleaving and Channel Coding is part and parcel of
the GSM standard - it works even without hopping.
23. Extent of Interference diversity depends on:
Interference load (DTX and Power Control)
Frequency reuse: low re-use -> low gain;
dependent on area type.
Number of Frequencies (less -> less gain)
Cyclic or Random
Interference diversity gain reached with 25%
load, 12 frequencies in Urban area with
random hopping is 2.5dB - mostly it is less.
24. Use separate frequency blocks for TCH and BCCH
BCCH frequency channel must be Always On No
hopping over BCCH.
Plan TCH layer:
MAL : Mobile radio frequency channel Allocation List
HSN: Hopping sequence number
MAIO: Mobile Allocation Index Offset
MAI: Mobile Allocation Index
25. Why a BCCH block?
Identifying the source of interference
Re-evaluation of the neighbor list
For collecting data for a measurement based plan
Optimum size?
Where a change in a BCCH carrier will on average
make the same difference as a change in a TCH carrier
in the optimized plan
26. Block Size BCCH =
Total Number of Carriers Available/(Average Traffic on TCH layer per
cell/8)*Scaling (DTX.PC) + 1