2. Aluminium
Indirect carbothermic reduction
can be carried out using carbon and
Al2O3,
which forms an intermediate Al4C3 and
this can further yield aluminium metal at
a temperature of 1900–2000 °C.
it requires less energy and yields less
CO2 than the Hall-Héroult process.
4. The fire burns on the grate at (G), and the
flames, passing over the bridge at (E), are
deflected down ward by the low sloping
roof of the furnace, and pass directly over
the surface of the charge in the bed of the
furnace at (B), finally escaping through
the throat (F) into the chimney.
Can change alumina to aluminium.
Using less energy than molten electrolyte
process.
6. Cont..
The aluminum trichlorid precipitate is pu
rified by dissolution and re-precipitation.
The final product is calcined to form
alumina
the alumina so produced has a higher
purity than alumina produced from
bauxite by the Bayer process.
7. Lithium
Fusion method
powdered silicate mineral is fused with CaCO3 and
the fused mass is extracted with HCl and filtered.
The filtrate contains chlorides Li, Al, Ca, Na and K
whereas silicon is removed as insoluble residue.
The filtrate is evaporated to dryness and the
residue is extracted with pyridine in which only
LiCl dissolves.
Pyridine is distilled off while LiCl is left behind.
8. LiCl then undergoes the electrolysis
prosess to obtain pure lithium metals.
LiCI++ ↑ Li+ + CI-
At cathode: Li+ + e- → Li
At anode : 2CI- - 2e- → CI2
9. Lithium extraction can be improve by
adding new method.
analytical Methods
The pegmatite rocks as well as the
mineral products were analyzed by
chemical (ICP-OES and XRF), optical and
mineralogical analysis (XRD).
10. Electrodynamic Fragmentation
The introduction of a electrodynamic
fragmentation process allows the selective
liberation of pegmatite minerals via high
voltage pulses.
During electrodynamic fragmentation shock
waves travel through a solid submerged in
water.
The high selectivity of the fragmentation is
achieved through high tensile stress in the
areas of grain boundaries, inclusions or
composite interfaces, causing the material to
predominantly break at these boundaries.
11. A: Polished section of a typical
pegmatite piece. B: spodumene crystals
separated after electrodynamic
fragmentation. C: feldspar crystals
separated after electrodynamic
fragmentation; D: quartz crystals
separated after electrodynamic
fragmentation.
A B C D
12. Increase the variety of final product.
Decreasing the usage of energy to grind
material that are not needed.
