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Quality and Characteristics of Water
- 1. U N I T 2 Quality Of Water
- 4. Surface Sources Underground Sources 1) Impurities present- Inorganic (silt,clay), organic ( Plants, Dead organic materials and animals,algae 2) Generally soft and less corrosive 3) Contaminated due to entry of sewage 4) Turbidity is more 1) Impurities present- Dissolved salts, minerals and gases 2) Generally hard due to dissolved salts of Ca and Mg 3) Less contaminated due to percolation 4) Turbidity is less Sources of Water
- 5. Surface Sources Underground Sources 1) pH ranges between 6.5 to 7.5 2) Hardness ranges between 30 to 150 mg/l 1) pH is more than 7 2) Hardness ranges between 100 to 600 mg/l Sources of Water
- 6. Impurities in Water Water either from surface source or underground source contains number of impurities in varying amounts 1) Suspended Impurities 2) Colloidal Impurities 3) Dissolved Impurities
- 8. Purpose 1) To check the quality of water for selecting water source 2) To decide outline of treatment process 3) To determine chemical and bacteriological pollution of water 4) To check up the quality achieved during various phases and adjust the optimum dose of chemicals to be used in the treatment 5) To check up the final quality of water
- 9. Classification of Analysis or Examination of Water(Characteristics of Water)
- 10. Characteristics of Water 1) Physical Characteristics 2) Chemical Characteristics 3) Biological Characteristics
- 12. Physical Water Quality Parameters (Physical Characteristics )
- 13. 1) Turbidity Extent to which light is absorbed or scattered by suspended particle Measurement of Turbidity- 1) Turbidity Rod 2) Turbidimeters / Turbidity Meters Disinfection of Turbid water- Difficult Turbidity is an important indicator of amount of suspended impurities in water which can have negative effects on aquatic life
- 16. Baylis Turbidimeter Accuracy- 0 to 2 ppm
- 17. Nephelometers Permissible Limits of Turbidity for Drinking Water Accuracy- Less than 1 NTU
- 18. 2) Colour Dissolved Organic Matter from decaying vegetation or some inorganic materials such as colored soil, excessive growth of algae and aquatic microrganisms Presence is not objectionable from health point of view but from aesthetic and psychological point of view
- 19. Maximum Permissible Limit for Domestic Supplies is 25mg/l Tintometers Nessler Tubes
- 20. 3) Taste and Odour Presence of Dissolved gases, organic matter, mineral substances ,phenols , oily substances For drinking purposes – must not contain any undesirable taste and odour , may contain carcinogenic substances For Drinking water supplies TON allowed between 1 to 3
- 21. 4) Temperature No practical significance For Water Supply temperature should be between 1 °C to 25 °C is desirable
- 22. 5) Suspended Solids Inorganic Particles like silt, clay, oil greases and organic impurities like plant fibers, algae etc Suspended Solids Corresponds to non-filterable solids which are retained on filter
- 23. Chemical Water Quality Parameters (Chemical Characteristics )
- 24. 1) Total Dissolved Solids 2) pH Expressed as Negative Logarithm of Hydrogen Ion Concentration pH=-LOG 10[H+] Acceptable Range- 6.5-8.5
- 25. 3) Alkalinity It is ability of water to neutralize acids Three Types- 1) Carbonate 2) Bicarbonate and 3) Hydroxide Important both for Fish and Aquatic Life , Imparts bitter taste, Corrosion of pipes 1) Health Drinking Limits- 200mg/l 2) Maximum Permissible Limits -600mg/l
- 26. 4) Hardness Prevents formation of sufficient leather or foam Two Types- 1) Temporary 2) Permanent Hard Waters are undesirable because they may lead to greater soap consumption, scaling of boilers, causing corrosion and incrustation of pipes, making food tasteless 1) Acceptable Limits- 300mg/l 2) Cause for Rejection -600mg/l 3) Permissible Limit for Public Water Supplies-75-115 mg/l
- 27. 5) Chloride Content Leaching of marine sedimentary deposits, pollution from sea water, industrial and domestic waste Determined By Mohr's Method The presence of Chloride in High Quantity represents Pollution 1) Acceptable Limits- 200mg/l 2) Cause for Rejection -600mg/l 3) Permissible Limit for Public Water Supplies- 250mg/l250 mg/l
- 28. 6) Nitrogen Content Sr.No. Type Indication Permissible Limit 1) Free Ammonia Indicates recent pollution 0.15 2) Organic Ammonia Indicates Quantity of Nitrogen before decomposition has started 0.30 3) Nitrite Indicates partly decomposed condition 0 4) Nitrate Indicates fully decomposed condition 45
- 29. 7) Phosphorus Not Toxic and does not cause any health hazard But Indirectly Phosphorus – Threat to water Quality because, 1) It Facilitates Growth of Aquatic Plants , 2) It interferes with water treatment process such as coagulation Acceptable Limits- 0.2 mg/l 8)Fluorides Acceptable Limit- up to 1 mg/l & greater than 1.5 mg/l is cause for rejection 9)Pesticides 10)Phenol Acceptable Limit- 0.001mg/l
- 30. 11) Metals 1) Toxic Type-Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cyanide, Lead and Mercury 2) Non Toxic Type Metals- Ca,K,Mn,Zn, Fe 12) Dissolved Gases 1) CH4- it is explosive in nature and causes green house effect 2) H2S- it produces bad taste and smell to the water 3) CO2- its presence indicates biological activities & makes water corrosive 4) O2- Aquatic Life 13) BOD 14)COD
- 31. Biological Water Quality Parameters (Biological Characteristics )
- 32. 15) Membrane Filtration 16) MPN(Most Probable Number)
- 34. Objectives of Treatment of Water 1) To make water odor free and tasty 2) To make it colorless 3) To make water safe for drinking and domestic purpose 4) To make it free from all the objectionable impurities present in suspended, colloidal and dissolved form 5) To make the water suitable for a variety of industrial processes
- 35. Layouts and Components of Water Treatment Plant