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Reforming American Society
The Perfectibility
of Man
Second Great Awakening
• Calvinism &
Predestination =
obsolete
• New movement –
“You can go to
Heaven”

Most Likely
to Sell
Religion
Charles Grandison Finney

Class of
African American Church
• Slaves heard of this
democratic god
• In North camp
meetings were open
to all
Richard Allen
Bethel African Church
African Methodist
Episcopal Church
Developed into
community center
Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism
Philosophical and literary movement

I The rounded world is fair to see,
was on:
Focusas much affected by the faint hum of a
Ninemosquito making mystery: and
times folded on living
• Emphasis in its invisible a
Though baffled through my apartment
Simple Life
unimaginable tourseers cannot impart at
Thesimple life,
secret when I was sitting with
earliest dawn, of its laboring heart, door and
Nature
Throb thine with could be by any trumpet
windows open, as INature's throbbing
celebrating truth
breast,
Personal imagination
that ever sang of fame. It was Homer's
Andfound in from east to west.
all is clear nature &
requiem; itself an Iliad and Odyssey in the air,
“Perfectibility of Man” form within
Spirit its own wrath and
singing that lurks each wanderings. There
personal of
Beckons to spiritemotion and
was Waldo Emerson its kin;
Ralphsomething cosmical about it; a standing
Self-kindled till forbidden, of the
advertisement, every atom glows everlasting
imagination
And hints the future which it owes.
vigor and fertility of the world.
Henry David Thoreau – Walden –
Civil Disobedience
Unitarianism
• William Ellery
Channing –
“Christianity was the
perfection of human
nature”
• Focus on reason –
not emotion like
revivalists –support
form educated &
wealthy
• George Ripley –
Brook Farm

Utopia!
This is Hyde Park, MA
Shakers
• Followers of Ann Lee
• Shared goods
• men & women
equal?!?
• Refused to fight
• Do not marry
• No kids…
Prisons & the Mentally Ill
• Dorothea Dix
• Focus on
rehabilitation
• MA & 9 southern
states
• Moved mentally
ill out of prison
Education
• Before: mostly private academies or
private tutor
• Shift – Education is needed for
democracy.
• Perfectibility of Man
• Changing world needs smarter people
1821 – Emma Willard opens
Troy Female Seminary
“They will be educating cows next”
1831 – Prudence Crandall – opened a school
& soon allowed black girls
1834 - Crandall was forced to close down

1837 – Mary Lyon – Mount Holyoke Female
Seminary (Holyoke College)

1837 – Oberlin College (Ohio) became coed
Franklin High School
Girls Basketball Team
1834-35
Horace Mann
• What do you know?

Ohio gave him a statue…..
We gave him Shaw’s !
Abolition
• 1820’s – Recolonization – good idea?
over 100 antislavery societies
Most Northern states had abolished slavery
William Lloyd Garrison
do not wish to think, or speak, Newspaper (MA)
• 1831 I– The Liberator – or write,
with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I
will not equivocate -- will
excuse -immediate singleI inchnotAND I WILL
emancipationI
will not retreat a
-no $$ for BE HEARD."
slave owners
David Walker
• Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
• Advised blacks to fight for their freedom
Frederick Douglass struggle,
“If there is no
there is no progress. Those who
profess to favor freedom, and
deprecate agitation, are men who
want crops without plowing up the
ground, they want rain without
thunder and lightning.”

• Run away
slave –
became
famous
abolitionist –
worked with
Garrison
• North Star Newspaper
Nat Turner

Perspective?

• 1831 – Led
slave revolt
• Eclipse?
• 60 whites
killed
• 200 blacks
killed
• Good or
bad?
Women in Reform
Early 1800’s – cult of domesticity
Abolition
• Angelina Grimke
An Appeal to the Christian
Women of the South
         “The doctrine of blind obedience and 
1836
unqualified submission to any human 
power, whether civil or ecclesiastical, is the 
doctrine of despotism, and ought to have 
no place among Republicans and 
Christians.” 
Education
• Sarah Grimke
I ask no favors for my sex, I surrender not our 
1838 – Letters on the
claim to equality.  All I ask of our brethren is 
that they will take their feet from off our necks, 
Equality of the Sexes and
and permit us to stand upright on the ground 
which God has designed us to occupy. 
the Condition of Women
New use of the
Cult of
Domesticity?

Temperance
Movement

Effective?
Labor Movement

• 1834 – Lowell Mills –
15% wage cut
– 800 women went on
strike
“Union is power!”
Results?
• Newspapers & local 
churches 
supported…
The Mills
Why?  What do you 
think happened?

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Reforming american society 1830s

  • 1. Reforming American Society The Perfectibility of Man
  • 2. Second Great Awakening • Calvinism & Predestination = obsolete • New movement – “You can go to Heaven” Most Likely to Sell Religion Charles Grandison Finney Class of
  • 3. African American Church • Slaves heard of this democratic god • In North camp meetings were open to all
  • 4. Richard Allen Bethel African Church African Methodist Episcopal Church Developed into community center
  • 5. Transcendentalism Transcendentalism Philosophical and literary movement I The rounded world is fair to see, was on: Focusas much affected by the faint hum of a Ninemosquito making mystery: and times folded on living • Emphasis in its invisible a Though baffled through my apartment Simple Life unimaginable tourseers cannot impart at Thesimple life, secret when I was sitting with earliest dawn, of its laboring heart, door and Nature Throb thine with could be by any trumpet windows open, as INature's throbbing celebrating truth breast, Personal imagination that ever sang of fame. It was Homer's Andfound in from east to west. all is clear nature & requiem; itself an Iliad and Odyssey in the air, “Perfectibility of Man” form within Spirit its own wrath and singing that lurks each wanderings. There personal of Beckons to spiritemotion and was Waldo Emerson its kin; Ralphsomething cosmical about it; a standing Self-kindled till forbidden, of the advertisement, every atom glows everlasting imagination And hints the future which it owes. vigor and fertility of the world. Henry David Thoreau – Walden – Civil Disobedience
  • 6. Unitarianism • William Ellery Channing – “Christianity was the perfection of human nature” • Focus on reason – not emotion like revivalists –support form educated & wealthy
  • 7. • George Ripley – Brook Farm Utopia! This is Hyde Park, MA
  • 8. Shakers • Followers of Ann Lee • Shared goods • men & women equal?!? • Refused to fight • Do not marry • No kids…
  • 9. Prisons & the Mentally Ill • Dorothea Dix • Focus on rehabilitation • MA & 9 southern states • Moved mentally ill out of prison
  • 10. Education • Before: mostly private academies or private tutor • Shift – Education is needed for democracy. • Perfectibility of Man • Changing world needs smarter people
  • 11. 1821 – Emma Willard opens Troy Female Seminary “They will be educating cows next” 1831 – Prudence Crandall – opened a school & soon allowed black girls 1834 - Crandall was forced to close down 1837 – Mary Lyon – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (Holyoke College) 1837 – Oberlin College (Ohio) became coed Franklin High School Girls Basketball Team 1834-35
  • 12. Horace Mann • What do you know? Ohio gave him a statue….. We gave him Shaw’s !
  • 13. Abolition • 1820’s – Recolonization – good idea? over 100 antislavery societies Most Northern states had abolished slavery
  • 14. William Lloyd Garrison do not wish to think, or speak, Newspaper (MA) • 1831 I– The Liberator – or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- will excuse -immediate singleI inchnotAND I WILL emancipationI will not retreat a -no $$ for BE HEARD." slave owners
  • 15. David Walker • Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World • Advised blacks to fight for their freedom
  • 16. Frederick Douglass struggle, “If there is no there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom, and deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want rain without thunder and lightning.” • Run away slave – became famous abolitionist – worked with Garrison • North Star Newspaper
  • 17. Nat Turner Perspective? • 1831 – Led slave revolt • Eclipse? • 60 whites killed • 200 blacks killed • Good or bad?
  • 18. Women in Reform Early 1800’s – cult of domesticity
  • 19. Abolition • Angelina Grimke An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South          “The doctrine of blind obedience and  1836 unqualified submission to any human  power, whether civil or ecclesiastical, is the  doctrine of despotism, and ought to have  no place among Republicans and  Christians.” 
  • 20. Education • Sarah Grimke I ask no favors for my sex, I surrender not our  1838 – Letters on the claim to equality.  All I ask of our brethren is  that they will take their feet from off our necks,  Equality of the Sexes and and permit us to stand upright on the ground  which God has designed us to occupy.  the Condition of Women
  • 21. New use of the Cult of Domesticity? Temperance Movement Effective?
  • 22. Labor Movement • 1834 – Lowell Mills – 15% wage cut – 800 women went on strike “Union is power!”