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Early National Period
- 1. The Early NationalPeriod 1789-1848 1
- 2. Early Politics TheRise of Political Parties 2
- 3. George Washington FirstPresident of the US Polices were neutral Not very active in domestic affairs Did not assist the French in fighting the English 3
- 4. George Washington Controversiesof the Washington years The National Bank Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury) wanted to create a national bank Would require a strong national government and the nation going into debt Many questioned the constitutionality of the bank Jay’s Treaty John Jay negotiated a treaty with England England Agreed to remove all troops from the Ohio (NW) territory Did not get the British to stop impressment Impressment – the policy of capturing sailors and forcing them into military service 4
- 5. George Washington FarewellAddress Warned against political parties Warned against Foreign Alliances 5
- 6. John Adams Federalist Second President The Secret War with France Due to the XYZ Affair Adams fights a undeclared war with France XYZ Affair France demanded that we pay a tribute ($250,000) to the government of France just to discuss the topic of French impressment of American sailors Adams responds by increasing the size of the Navy and preparing the Army & passing 6
- 7. John Adams Issued Alien & Sedition Act ALIEN ACT: President could deport any immigrant that he felt was dangerous without trial SEDITION ACT: made it illegal to publish any malicious or hurtful about the federal government 7
- 8. The First PoliticalParties • During the last years of the Washington presidency the country began diving up into political parties • the Federalist & Democratic- Republicans • Controversy over the for the Bank of the United States, the Jay Treaty, and the undeclared war on France contributed to the emergence of an organized political parties 8
- 9. Federalist Leaders AlexanderHamilton John Adams Constitution Loose Interpretation of the Constitution Government Strong National Government Economy Balanced Economy England v. France England Voting Raise Voting Qualifications National Debt Wanted to assume National Debt National Bank Supported Supporters Rich Educated Merchants Bankers Northerners 9
- 10. Democratic-Republicans Leaders ThomasJefferson James Madison Constitution Strict Interpretation of the Constitution Government Weak National Government Economy Agricultural Based Economy England v. France France Voting Lower Voting Qualifications National Debt Small Public Debts National Bank Opposed Supporters Farmers Artisans “Common Man” “States Rights” Southerners 10
- 11. The Election of1800 The Revolution of 1800 11
- 12.
- 13. Jefferson vs.Adams First time negative campaigning occurs in Presidential Election (mudslinging) Jefferson’s campaign focused on Sedition Acts, heavy taxes, and secret war with France Adam’s campaign claimed that Jefferson would cancel the debt payments and abolish the Navy Republicans compared Adams to a King Federalist showed Jefferson as a drunk and an atheist Result Jefferson wins in a tight one Problem in the Electoral College 12th amendment different votes between President and VP First time that in Presidential election that power was transferred peacefully form one party to another 13
- 14. The Marshall Court Hey we a have a supreme court 14
- 15. John Marshall Federalist Judge Supreme Court Chief Justice 1801-1835 His decisions will strengthen the Federal Courts and the US Government 15
- 16. Marbury v. Madison1803 First time Court used the power of Judicial Review to declare and action of the Government Unconstitutional 16
- 17. McCullough v. Maryland1819 Allowed Congress to use the Implied powers clause to create a National Bank Implied Powers: powers authorized in the Constitution, but not stated in writing 17
- 18. Gibbons v. Ogden1824 Gave congress the authority to regulate interstate trade 18
- 19. Results Madethe Supreme Court a 3 and equal branch of Government Increased the power of the National Government 19
- 20. The Louisiana Purchase 1803 20
- 21. The Set Up Napoleon - France Coming to power in France Trying to take over Europe Wars are expensive – He needs cash Jefferson - USA Wants to secure the port of New Orleans Sent ambassadors, including James Monroe to France to buy New Orleans Only the area of Louisiana 21
- 22. The Deal Napoleon counter offers The US will buy the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million About 3.5 cents an acre 22
- 23. The Problem CouldJefferson legally do this? Constitution did not specifically say that the government could buy new lands But benefits outweighed the possible violation of the Constitution so the treaty passed Jefferson latter said He stretched his Presidential power until it cracked 23
- 24. Results Lewis andClark Commissioned by Jefferson to explore the new territory They were to: Map out the land, observe the weather, plants and animals, Indians, and try to find a passage to the Pacific Journey lasted 2 years, 1804 –1806 Assisted by Sacagawea She served as guide and translator Helped the get through Indian territory Determined that you could not reach the Pacific by boat 24
- 25. What is this? Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there. O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? On the shore dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream: 'T is the star-spangled banner: O, long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
- 26. 26 War of1812 The Second War for Inependnece 1812-1814
- 27. Causes 27 Impressment Early 1800s British ships began seizing American Merchant ships headed for France They stopped American ships and forced their crews to serve in the British navy Even After the Embargo Britain continued to violate American freedom on the seas
- 28. Causes Embargo Actof 1807 US Passed Embargo Act of 1807: prohibited trade with other nations, aimed to punish Britain American Exports fell, Britain unaffected, Protest led to repealed in 1809 28 War Hawks Western and Southerners Wanted to expand into British Canada and Spanish Florida
- 29. War Declared •Britain was pre-occupied with Napoleon in Europe for first part of the war • US first attacks were focused on Canada • Army was not very large, Madison requested militia troops • Many northern states did not supply troops for “Mr. Madison’s War” • US eventually won in Canada WAR SHIFTS • Napoleon defeated and exiled in 1814 • Began to send a large army to America • Planned to attack Washington D.C. & New Orleans 29
- 30. Washington DC •Attacked and nearly captured the President • Burned a lot of DC, Capitol and White House • Marched on Baltimore, but defeated • During bombardment of Ft. McHenry in Baltimore Harbor Francis Scott Key wrote “Star Spangled Banner” 30
- 31. New Orleans •Around 10,000 British attacked New Orleans defended by Andrew Jackson and about 4,500 soldiers, militia, and pirates • Jackson repealed final British attack (over 2000 killed in final assault) • Greatest victory of war, but a treaty was signed in Europe 2 weeks earlier, poor communication 31
- 32. War Battleat sea Britain blockaded US coast US only had a small Navy (outnumbered 20 to 1) US began to use frigates Medium sized ships, with a lot of guns: just as powerful as a British ship, but smaller and faster Trans-Atlantic fighting
- 33. Results Treaty ofGhent Signed on Christmas Eve 1814, unanimously ratified by Senate in February Returned to a pre war “status quo” Meaning nothing lost or gained More A. The war reinforced American belief that a policy of neutrality regarding European affairs was justified B. Native American tribes in West lost ally, Britain, and were much less able to stand up to American Expansion C. American manufacturing began to grow, particularly in New England, when the US was cut off from imports from Europe D. Opposing the war weakened the Federalist Party, soon ceased to be a major factor in US government E. Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, became national heroes F. Produced an American claim to the Oregon Territory, and increased migration of American settlers into Florida, which was later acquired by treaty from Spain 33
- 34. Technology: Advancing America This will helps us expand
- 35. The Event IndustrialRevolution Began in Britain in 1740s Started with machines that could make better textiles Revolution spread across the Atlantic in 1790 KEY INVENTION James Watts invents the steam engine
- 36. Person Eli Whitney Inventor Began using inter-changeable parts 1793 invented cotton gin
- 37. Key Invention TheCotton Gin Removed seeds from cotton Turned cotton into a major cash crop in the South Caused a dramatic increase in slave labor
- 38. The invention ofthe steam engine changed water and land transportation
- 39. The Clermont 1807 Robert Fulton’s Clermont was the first successful passenger steam boat Allowed for boats to move against the current
- 40. The Erie Canal Steam boats lead to an explosion in canal building The Erie canal was first major canal in the U.S. Completed in 1825 Allowed people and goods to travel over 360 miles from Albany to Buffalo
- 44. Railroads RRconstruction began in the 1830s They were faster and cheaper to build than canals Allowed communities far from the water to grow Earliest were short and linked cities together
- 48.
- 49. How did allof these events change our country?
- 50. 50 Technology willhelp facilitate economic expansion and unite this vast country, but the cotton gin will begin to lead to the increased use of slave labor and bitterly divide the nation.
- 51. The Monroe Doctrine 1823
- 52. The Causes Many South and Central American countries gained their independence from their colonial rulers Example: Mexico breaks away from Spain in 1821
- 53. The Monroe Doctrine Created by President Monroe in 1823 Became US foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere
- 54. The Monroe Doctrine Put an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere No intervention by European nations in the Western Hemisphere A declaration that European interference was “dangerous to our peace and safety” The United States would not interfere in European affairs. Nations in the Western Hemisphere were different from those in Europe: republics vs. monarchy
- 55. Did it work? In 1823 US lacked power to enforce this, but Britain agreed to help out with their Navy By 1900 we were capable of enforcing it on our own
- 56. Manifest Destiny Webegin to expand, just like after Thanksgiving Dinner
- 57. Manifest Destiny The belief that it was America’s “Manifest Destiny” to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific provided political support for territorial expansion.
- 58. Manifest Destiny Expansionist movement in America in the early 1800s US was bound to extend its boarders to the oceans Settlers/Pioneers moved to Texas, Oregon, California, etc. At first was a trickle, then a flood of settlers
- 60. Results Arguments Slavery? Annexation New States Wars Texas/Mexico Native Americans Live with/relocate
- 61. People Move West American settlers poured westward from the coastal states into the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas, seeking economic opportunity in the form of land to own and farm.
- 62. Florida Afterthe war of 1812 Americans flood in to Florida Andrew Jackson leads an army to defeat the Indians there 1819: America acquires Florida through the Adams-Onis Treaty from Spain 62
- 63. Oregon Country Mid 1830s American missionaries living in Oregon By 1845 over 5,000 Americans in Oregon Started making laws etc. Demanded Government take control of territory Polk ran on the slogan 54’40” or fight When elected threated war with England 1846-treaty with Britain established 49th parallel
- 64. Mormon Migration Mormons and leader Joseph Smith forced to move several times First settled in Ohio Missouri Illinois Smith was killed in Illinois Brigham Young moved the Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah Many will follow the Mormon Trail as a route to get west
- 65. Texas The homeof more guns than people and big belt buckles 65
- 66. The Beginning 1821 Mexico breaks away from Spain Mexico wanted immigrants to come and develop Texas 1822 Stephen Austin takes land grant Southern American 1830 almost 30,000 American in Texas Outnumbered Mexicans 10 to 1 in territory
- 67. Troubles 1833Santa Anna becomes President of Mexico Makes demand on Texans Become Catholic Abolish Slavery Causes rebellion in Texas 1836 Santa Anna and 2,000 troops attack the 200 Texans at the Alamo Davey Crockett The Mexican Army will over Run and Kill all the Texans at the Alamo
- 68. Independence Laterthat year Samuel Houston and his soldiers capture Santa Anna and force him to sign a treaty 1836 Texas independent, but wanted to be a state (slave state) This caused an argument-debates over slavery By 1845 Texas admitted as the 28th state But boarder with Mexico was disputed Future problem
- 70.
- 71. 1 We WantedCalifornia-Being Polite Fear that Britain and France may annex California Polk warned about Monroe Doctrine violation Polk sent $25 million in an attempt to buy California from Mexico Mexico still angry about Texas didn’t sell Mexico broke off relations with America Mexico angry and could be provoked
- 72. 2 Outbreak ofWar Dispute over boarder of Texas US=Rio Grande Mexico=Nueces River Polk ordered Zack Taylor to and troops to go to the Rio Grande Provoke fight retaliation 1846-Mexican Soldiers attackU.S. declares war
- 73. Doubts 3 Many Americans refused to support Attacking a much weaker neighbor Southern scheme to gain more land for slave states Abraham Lincoln wanted Polk to show exactly where American blood was spilled Congress supported, even with doubts
- 74. The War American Victory Californians lead the “Bear Flag” Revolt and broke away from Mexico Took New Mexico with out firing a shot Captured Mexico City Often referred to as training ground for Civil War 4
- 75. Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo 5 Possibility of annexation of all of Mexico Signed treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Terms Texas boundary Rio Grande Got area in Mexican Concession CA, NM, AZ, NV, CO Paid $15 million for California
- 76. Gadsden Purchase 1853 U.S. paid $10 million for lands in Arizona and New Mexico Gave us the present boundary of lower 48 states
- 77. The Era ofJackson Andrew Jackson’s presidency is known as the era of the common man, where rights were expanded and politics became more open, for some … 77
- 78. The Rise: TheElection of 1824 The Democratic-Republicans split their votes between 4 candidates John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford Jackson wins a plurality of the popular vote, but not enough electoral votes to be decaled the winner, the election will be decided in the House of Representatives The Corrupt Bargain Henry Clay promises all of his supporter votes to JQA In return JQA will be elected President and will name Clay Secretary of State Results The Democratic-Republicans split Northern Republicans and the Democrats Henry Clay and Jackson will be long time political rivals 78
- 79. 1828 Election Jackson feels that the American public wanted him as President but the politicians prevented that from happing Jackson will defeat JQA in the 1828 election Andrew Jackson personified the “democratic spirit” of the age by challenging the economic elite (aristocracy) and rewarding campaign supporters with public office (Spoils System). 79
- 80. Expanding Democracy Spoils system Jackson made wide use of the spoils system He gave numerous appointed government positions to party supporters and friends Expanding Democracy During the era of Jackson efforts we made for “universal man hood suffrage” This really meant more rights for white men States began lowering or eliminating property requirements for voting and holding office 80
- 81. Other Voices During the years of Jackson, political activeness increased on numerous levels, democracy began flushing in the US It was not just expanding voting rights, but people began fighting for the rights of those who had no political voice 81
- 82. Other Political Parties Whig Party Formed by Henry Clay the Whigs will be the Democrats chief rival until the 1850s Know-Nothings A popular 3rd party that was against Immigration 82
- 83. Abolitionism Peoplethat wanted to end slavery Typically only had strength in the north Led by William Lloyd Garrison Published the Liberator An abolitionist newspaper 83
- 84. Women’s Suffrage Movement Women began desiring to have rights equal to men Specifically the right to vote 84
- 85. Seneca Falls SenecaFalls Convention 1848 meeting in NY to discuss Women’s Right-many men and women attended Seneca Falls Declaration Document similar to Declaration of Independence Showed desire for women to be equal 85
- 86. Key Leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Their leadership helped the movement to begin and continue up to the 1920s 86
- 87. 87 Jackson &Controversies
- 88. Nullification Crisis South Carolinians argued that sovereign states could nullify the Tariff of 1832 and other acts of Congress. (States Rights) A union that allowed state governments to invalidate acts of the national legislature could be dissolved by states seceding from the Union in defense of slavery President Jackson threatened to send federal troops to collect the tariff revenues. 88
- 89. The National Bank Jackson viewed the 89 Bank as an undemocratic tool of the Northern elite (aristocracy) In 1836 Jackson vetoed the charter of the National Bank He deposited the money into 23 state banks (pet banks) This cause caused a major economic depression, resulting in the Panic of 1837
- 90. Trail of Tears Indian Removal During Jackson’s time in office massive westward migration was occurring This caused conflict between the settlers and Natives Americans In 1830 Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act This forced the tribes east of the Mississippi to move west of the Mississippi 90
- 91. Trail of Tears Problems in Georgia The Cherokee nations did not desire to be relocated The then took their complaint to the Supreme Court 91 Worchester v Georgia 1832 John Marshall said that GA could not make the Cherokee move Jackson replied “Marshall his made his decision, now let him enforce it” and continued with removal, this leads to the Trail of Tears
- 92. Trail of Tears 1838: Cherokee were ordered by the Army to march to reservations in Oklahoma over 15,000 started the march, over 4,000 died The forcible removal of the American Indians from their lands would continue throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century as settlers continued to move west following the Civil War. 92