Getting started; Literature review (Based on Cresswell) Research Methodology

GETTING STARTED:
REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
PRESENTER:
RAJKUMAR TYATA
M.ED. MATHEMATICS
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
FACILITATOR: MR. BINOD PRASAD PANT

OUTLIN
E:
• Reviewing the existing literature
• Searching the existing literature
• Referencing your work
• Avoiding plagiarism
Thursday, November 16, 2017tyata2016@gmail.com 2

LITERATURE
REVIEW
• What is already known about the
area?
• What concepts and theories are
relevant to this area?
• What research methods and
strategies have been employed in
studying this area?
• Are there any significant
controversies?
• Are there any inconsistencies in
findings relating to this area?
• List – a list of comprising pertinent items
• Search – a process of identifying relevance
• Survey – an investigation of past and present
• Vehicle – medium for learning
• Facilitator – process helping the researching topic and methods
• Report – farming the written discourse
• Take good notes including
details; title, page, volume, year.
• Develop critical reading skills;
ask questions? Strength and
deficiencies?
• Don’t try to get everything, take
what you need and relate with
your concern.
• Thinking deeply;
a) Presenting article based on
qualitative research on
organizations
b) What do examiners look for in a
literature review?

PRESENTING LITERATURE
 Writing in structure
‘Good article in this area develop a story.’
 Literature is conveyed in two different ways.(Golden-Biddle & Locke1993
Constructing intertextual coherence
-Synthesized Coherence
-Progressive Coherence
-Non-Coherence
Problematizing the situation
-incomplete
-inadequate
-incommensurate

LITERATURE
REVIEW
• Take good notes including
details; title, page, volume, year.
• Develop critical reading skills;
ask questions? Strength and
deficiencies?
• Don’t try to get everything, take
what you need and relate with
your concern.
• Thinking deeply; a) Presenting
article based on qualitative
research on organizations
• b) What do examiners
look for in a literature review?

EXAMINERS LOOK?
Computer assisted qualitative data analysis software
(Holbrook et. al., 2007) carried Reseach on Ph. D. Thesis
in Australia.
Comments on literature review;
- Comments about coverage of literature
- Identification of errors
- comments about ‘use and application of literature’

LITERATURE
REVIEW
Types:
1. Systematic Review
2. Best-Evidence Synthesis
3. Narrative Review
Objectives:
1. Integrative Research Review
2. Theoretical Review
3. Methodological Review
4. Thematic Review
5. State-of-the-art Review
6. Historical Review
7. Comparison of two perspective Review
8. Review Complement

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
What? Why? How?
• collects and critically analyzes
multiple research studies or papers
• A replicable, scientific and
transparent process that aims to
minimize bias through exhaustive
literature
• Searches published and
unpublished literature
• More likely to generate unbiased
and comprehensive accounts of the
literature
• Includes only qualitative studies
(meta-physics) and social science
(meta-ethnography)
• Less biased:
literature
tends to ‘lack
thoroughness’ and
reflects the biases
of researches
• Evidence-
based:
approach
to illness and
treatment in
medical science
Millar(2004) provided
steps:
• Define purpose of the
review
• Establish criteria to
guide the selection of
studies
• Seek out and incorporate
within the review
• Identify the key features
• Produce the synthesis of
the results

BEST-EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
What? Why?How?
• Mixed approach based on both meta-analytic
(Systematic) and interpretive (Narrative).
• Combining systematic quantitative methods with the
attention to individual substantive issues of narrative
point of view and with focus on the best evidence in a
field.
It is;
Consistent
Well-justified
Clearly stated a priori inclusion criteria.
Combining systematic and narrative approach

NARRATIVE REVIEW
What? Why? How?
• any report of connected events, real or imaginary,
presented in a sequence of written or spoken words, or
still or moving images, or both.
• Less focused and more wide-ranging in scope.
• Purpose is to enrich human discourse by generating
understanding rather than by accumulating knowledge.
• Based on interpretive epistemology. So,
may lead to the newer ideas.
• Helps to think out of box.
• Leads to multidimensional aspects of the
concept.
• Researcher got chance to drive research
in different ways.
There is no fixed rule for this:
According to Ferrari (2015);
• Section 1
• First key concept:
• discuss and evaluate
• summarize in relation to
the research query
• Section 2
• Another key concept:
• discuss and evaluate
• summarize in relation to
the research query
• Added Sections:
• Following same pattern
• Conclusions:
• From each summarized
section:
• highlight the main points
• connect with the research
needs
• repeat the meaning for the
research design

SEARCHING THE EXISTING LITERATURE
Electronic Database Keywords and defining search parameters
LINKS : (Raworth, 2016)
Google: https://www.google.co.uk/
DuckDuckGo: https://duckduckgo.com/
Google Scholar:
https://scholar.google.co.uk/
Eldis: http://www.eldis.org/
The British Library Catalogue:
http://www.bl.uk/
Google News:
https://news.google.com/
BBC News: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news
Policy and Practice: http://policy-
practice.oxfam.org.uk/
INASP: http://www.inasp.info/en/
Reasearch4Life:
http://www.research4life.org/
AGORA: http://www.fao.org/agora/en/
Hinari: http://www.who.int/hinari/en/
OARE: http://www.unep.org/oare/
ARDI: http://www.wipo.int/ardi/en/

Step 1:
•Read books and articles known to you
Step 2:
•Keep notes of your reading
•Note keywords
•Make a note of other references
Step 3:
•Generate keywords relevant to research questions
Step 4:
•Search in Library
•Search online using electronic database
Step 5:
•Examine title and abstract
•Retrieve selected items (backup up to step 2)
•Check regularly new publications
Searching existing literature…..

Less than 40 words;Direct citation:
i) “text” (familyname, year, p. __) e.g. “ text here” (Tyata, 2017)
ii) Familyname (year) states, “text" (p. 34). E.g. Tyata(2017) states, “text here”
Paraphrased citation:
i) family (year) states ‘text’. E.g. Tyata(2017) states ……..
ii) ‘text’ (familyname, year).
More than 40 words;
Inside double cote, indented with 1.5 or 1 line spacing, (family name, year)
Secondary citation:
(First author's family name, year cited in secondary author's familyname, year)
Two authors:
i) (Familyname & familyname, year)
ii) familyname and familyname (year)
Three, four or more authors;
First time: familyname, familyname, familyname and familyname (year)
Second time: familyname et. al. (year)
REFERENCING YOUR WORK
What? Why? How?
Popular guides
• APA.
• Chicago.
• Harvard Referencing.
• MLA.
• Normas APA. (updated)
• Normas ABNT.(updated)
- way of citing or
linking the
resources used
in the research
- the action of
mentioning or
alluding to
something
(Google, 24 mar.
2017)
• to avoid plagiarism
• to acknowledge the
contribution of
other writers and
researcher in your work
• to give credit to the
writers from whom you
have borrowed words
and ideas
• to provide evidence to
support the assertions
and claims in your own
work
APA

AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
What is plagiarism?
Why is it taken so seriously by researchers?

THANK YOU !!!
References:
Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods, third edition, New York, Oxford University Press
Raworth, K. (2016). Reviewing the existing Literature, Oxfam research guidelines, England
Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing Narrative style reviews, Medical Writing, vol. 24, no. 4, Milan, Italy

Getting started; Literature review (Based on Cresswell) Research Methodology

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