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Kevin McGuinness
kevin.mcguinness@dcu.ie
Research Fellow
Insight Centre for Data Analytics
Dublin City University
Visual saliency
Day 4 Lecture 3
The importance of visual attention
The importance of visual attention
The importance of visual attention
The importance of visual attention
Why don’t we see the changes?
We don’t really see the whole image
We only focus on small specific regions: the salient parts
Human beings reliably attend to the same regions of images
when shown
What we perceive
Where we look
What we actually see
Can we predict where humans will look?
Yes! Computational models of visual saliency
Why might this be useful?
SalNet: deep visual saliency model
Predict map of visual attention from image pixels
(find the parts of the image that stand out)
● Feedforward 8 layer “fully convolutional”
architecture
● Transfer learning in bottom 3 layers from
pretrained VGG-M model on ImageNet
● Trained on SALICON dataset (simulated
crowdsourced attention dataset using
mouse and artificial foveation)
● MIT 300 saliency benchmark
http://saliency.mit.edu/results_mit300.html
Predicted Ground truth
Pan, McGuinness, et al. Shallow and Deep Convolutional Networks for Saliency Prediction, CVPR 2016 http://arxiv.org/abs/1603.00845
ImageGroundtruthPrediction
ImageGroundtruthPrediction
SalGAN
Adversarial loss
Data loss
Junting Pan, Cristian Canton, Kevin McGuinness, Noel E. O’Connor, Jordi Torres, Elisa Sayrol and Xavier Giro-i-Nieto. “SalGAN: Visual
Saliency Prediction with Generative Adversarial Networks.” arXiv. 2017.
16
SalNet and SalGAN benchmarks
SALICON
Huang et al., SALICON: Reducing the Semantic Gap in Saliency Prediction by Adapting Deep Neural Networks, ICCV 2015
ML-NET
Cornia et al., A Deep Multi-Level Network for Saliency Prediction https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.01064
DeepFix
Weights initialized from
VGG16 trained on ImageNet
Dilated convolutions
Location biased convolutions
Inception layers
Kruthiventi et al. DeepFix: A Fully Convolutional
Neural Network for predicting Human Eye Fixations
https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.02927
Applications of visual attention
Intelligent image cropping
Image retrieval
Improved image classification
Intelligent image cropping
Image retrieval: query by example
Given:
● An example query image
that illustrates the user's
information need
● A very large dataset of
images
Task:
● Rank all images in the
dataset according to how
likely they are to fulfil the
user's information need
24
Retrieval benchmarks
Oxford Buildings
2007
Paris Buildings
2008
TRECVID INS
2014
Bags of convolutional features instance search
Objective: rank images according to relevance to
query image
Local CNN features and BoW
● Pretrained VGG-16 network
● Features from conv-5
● L2-norm, PCA, L2-norm
● K-means clustering -> BoW
● Cosine similarity
● Query augmentation, spatial reranking
Scalable, fast, high-performance on Oxford 5K,
Paris 6K and TRECVid INS
BoW Descriptor
Mohedano et al. Bags of Local Convolutional Features for Scalable Instance Search, ICMR 2016 http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.04653
Bags of convolutional features instance search
BoW Descriptor
Mohedano et al. Bags of Local Convolutional Features for Scalable Instance Search, ICMR 2016 http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.04653
Using saliency to improve retrieval
CNN
CNN
Saliency
Semantic
features
Importance
weighting
Weighted
features
Pooling (e.g.
BoW)
Image descriptors
Saliency weighted retrieval
Oxford Paris INSTRE
Global Local Global Local Global Local
No weighting 0.614 0.680 0.621 0.720 0.304 0.472
Center prior 0.656 0.702 0.691 0.758 0.407 0.546
Saliency 0.680 0.717 0.716 0.770 0.514 0.617
QE saliency - 0.784 - 0.834 0.719
Mean Average Precision
12.4%
Using saliency to improve image classification
Conv 1
Conv 3
Conv 4
Conv 5
FC 1
FC 1
FC 3 - Output
Drop Out
Drop Out
Batch Norm.
Max-Pooling
Max-Pooling
RGB
Saliency
Conv 1
Batch Norm.
Max-Pooling
Figure credit: Eric Arazo
Why does it improve classification accuracy?
Acoustic guitar +25 %
Volleyball +23 %
Questions?

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Deep Visual Saliency - Kevin McGuinness - UPC Barcelona 2017

  • 1. [course site] #DLUPC Kevin McGuinness kevin.mcguinness@dcu.ie Research Fellow Insight Centre for Data Analytics Dublin City University Visual saliency Day 4 Lecture 3
  • 2. The importance of visual attention
  • 3.
  • 4. The importance of visual attention
  • 5. The importance of visual attention
  • 6.
  • 7. The importance of visual attention
  • 8. Why don’t we see the changes? We don’t really see the whole image We only focus on small specific regions: the salient parts Human beings reliably attend to the same regions of images when shown
  • 12. Can we predict where humans will look? Yes! Computational models of visual saliency Why might this be useful?
  • 13. SalNet: deep visual saliency model Predict map of visual attention from image pixels (find the parts of the image that stand out) ● Feedforward 8 layer “fully convolutional” architecture ● Transfer learning in bottom 3 layers from pretrained VGG-M model on ImageNet ● Trained on SALICON dataset (simulated crowdsourced attention dataset using mouse and artificial foveation) ● MIT 300 saliency benchmark http://saliency.mit.edu/results_mit300.html Predicted Ground truth Pan, McGuinness, et al. Shallow and Deep Convolutional Networks for Saliency Prediction, CVPR 2016 http://arxiv.org/abs/1603.00845
  • 16. SalGAN Adversarial loss Data loss Junting Pan, Cristian Canton, Kevin McGuinness, Noel E. O’Connor, Jordi Torres, Elisa Sayrol and Xavier Giro-i-Nieto. “SalGAN: Visual Saliency Prediction with Generative Adversarial Networks.” arXiv. 2017. 16
  • 17. SalNet and SalGAN benchmarks
  • 18. SALICON Huang et al., SALICON: Reducing the Semantic Gap in Saliency Prediction by Adapting Deep Neural Networks, ICCV 2015
  • 19. ML-NET Cornia et al., A Deep Multi-Level Network for Saliency Prediction https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.01064
  • 20. DeepFix Weights initialized from VGG16 trained on ImageNet Dilated convolutions Location biased convolutions Inception layers Kruthiventi et al. DeepFix: A Fully Convolutional Neural Network for predicting Human Eye Fixations https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.02927
  • 21. Applications of visual attention Intelligent image cropping Image retrieval Improved image classification
  • 23.
  • 24. Image retrieval: query by example Given: ● An example query image that illustrates the user's information need ● A very large dataset of images Task: ● Rank all images in the dataset according to how likely they are to fulfil the user's information need 24
  • 25. Retrieval benchmarks Oxford Buildings 2007 Paris Buildings 2008 TRECVID INS 2014
  • 26. Bags of convolutional features instance search Objective: rank images according to relevance to query image Local CNN features and BoW ● Pretrained VGG-16 network ● Features from conv-5 ● L2-norm, PCA, L2-norm ● K-means clustering -> BoW ● Cosine similarity ● Query augmentation, spatial reranking Scalable, fast, high-performance on Oxford 5K, Paris 6K and TRECVid INS BoW Descriptor Mohedano et al. Bags of Local Convolutional Features for Scalable Instance Search, ICMR 2016 http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.04653
  • 27. Bags of convolutional features instance search BoW Descriptor Mohedano et al. Bags of Local Convolutional Features for Scalable Instance Search, ICMR 2016 http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.04653
  • 28. Using saliency to improve retrieval CNN CNN Saliency Semantic features Importance weighting Weighted features Pooling (e.g. BoW) Image descriptors
  • 29. Saliency weighted retrieval Oxford Paris INSTRE Global Local Global Local Global Local No weighting 0.614 0.680 0.621 0.720 0.304 0.472 Center prior 0.656 0.702 0.691 0.758 0.407 0.546 Saliency 0.680 0.717 0.716 0.770 0.514 0.617 QE saliency - 0.784 - 0.834 0.719 Mean Average Precision
  • 30. 12.4% Using saliency to improve image classification Conv 1 Conv 3 Conv 4 Conv 5 FC 1 FC 1 FC 3 - Output Drop Out Drop Out Batch Norm. Max-Pooling Max-Pooling RGB Saliency Conv 1 Batch Norm. Max-Pooling Figure credit: Eric Arazo
  • 31. Why does it improve classification accuracy? Acoustic guitar +25 % Volleyball +23 %