visual prosthesis replicates the natural vision of the eye and are one of the newer innovations in the field of ophthalmology. Helps in degenerative disease like Age related macular degeneration , retinitis pigmentosa etc.
Basic overview of phaco dynamics along with all the Newer phacoemulsification techniques available in current practice - a video-assisted the presentation
Retinal prostheses are implantable devices designed to restore vision in patients with retinal diseases that have destroyed photoreceptors. The document describes three types of retinal prostheses - epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal - based on their implantation site. It provides details on the design, surgical procedure, and clinical outcomes of some specific retinal prosthesis devices, including the Bionic Vision Australia suprachoroidal implant and the Retina Implant Alpha-IMS subretinal implant. Complications of retinal prostheses are also discussed.
This document discusses electrooculography (EOG), which is a technique for measuring eye movements through electrodes placed around the eyes. EOG signals can be used to detect different types of eye movements and estimate gaze direction. The document describes applications of EOG such as controlling wheelchairs and robotic arms through eye movements to help people with disabilities. Advantages are that EOG is easy to use and can detect eye movements with closed eyes, while disadvantages include interference from other muscles and signal drift over time.
Electroretinogram and Clinical ApplicationsVikas Khatri
The document discusses electroretinography (ERG), which measures electrical potentials generated by the retina in response to light. ERG components include the a-wave from photoreceptors and b-wave from bipolar and Muller cells. ERG is used clinically to assess retinal function and diagnose conditions like retinitis pigmentosa and diabetic retinopathy. Factors like light intensity and state of adaptation affect the ERG response. Standardized protocols ensure comparability between labs. Abnormal ERGs can localize retinal defects and provide prognostic information for diseases like central retinal vein occlusion.
Daisy Vishwakarma presented on various ophthalmic implants. Some key implants discussed include:
- Eyelid implants to restore eyelid closure using inert gold or platinum implants.
- Corneal implants like keratoprostheses which are artificial corneas used when conventional grafts fail, and intracorneal ring segments used for refractive correction.
- Glaucoma drainage implants like the Ahmed valve and Baerveldt implant which create an alternate pathway for aqueous outflow to lower intraocular pressure.
- Intraocular lenses used to replace the natural lens during cataract surgery. These are classified based on material and method of fixation within the eye.
- Other
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT operates similarly to ultrasound imaging except that it uses light instead of sound waves. The OCT scan provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of the retina by identifying layers and measuring thickness. It can detect various pathological structures and abnormalities and is useful for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like glaucoma. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea and anterior chamber.
Artificial Implants and the Field of Visual ProsthesisBrittney Pfeifer
This document outlines a presentation on visual prostheses and a study testing the Alpha-IMS subretinal prosthesis. The presentation covers retinal anatomy, diseases like AMD and RP, and different types of prostheses. The study tested the Alpha-IMS device in 9 patients, finding it restored some visual function like light perception and motion detection. Patients reported recognizing faces, objects, and letters. While results were promising, long-term testing is still needed to evaluate stability and recognition abilities over time. Visual prostheses show potential to treat retinal diseases but continued research and development is required.
Basic overview of phaco dynamics along with all the Newer phacoemulsification techniques available in current practice - a video-assisted the presentation
Retinal prostheses are implantable devices designed to restore vision in patients with retinal diseases that have destroyed photoreceptors. The document describes three types of retinal prostheses - epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal - based on their implantation site. It provides details on the design, surgical procedure, and clinical outcomes of some specific retinal prosthesis devices, including the Bionic Vision Australia suprachoroidal implant and the Retina Implant Alpha-IMS subretinal implant. Complications of retinal prostheses are also discussed.
This document discusses electrooculography (EOG), which is a technique for measuring eye movements through electrodes placed around the eyes. EOG signals can be used to detect different types of eye movements and estimate gaze direction. The document describes applications of EOG such as controlling wheelchairs and robotic arms through eye movements to help people with disabilities. Advantages are that EOG is easy to use and can detect eye movements with closed eyes, while disadvantages include interference from other muscles and signal drift over time.
Electroretinogram and Clinical ApplicationsVikas Khatri
The document discusses electroretinography (ERG), which measures electrical potentials generated by the retina in response to light. ERG components include the a-wave from photoreceptors and b-wave from bipolar and Muller cells. ERG is used clinically to assess retinal function and diagnose conditions like retinitis pigmentosa and diabetic retinopathy. Factors like light intensity and state of adaptation affect the ERG response. Standardized protocols ensure comparability between labs. Abnormal ERGs can localize retinal defects and provide prognostic information for diseases like central retinal vein occlusion.
Daisy Vishwakarma presented on various ophthalmic implants. Some key implants discussed include:
- Eyelid implants to restore eyelid closure using inert gold or platinum implants.
- Corneal implants like keratoprostheses which are artificial corneas used when conventional grafts fail, and intracorneal ring segments used for refractive correction.
- Glaucoma drainage implants like the Ahmed valve and Baerveldt implant which create an alternate pathway for aqueous outflow to lower intraocular pressure.
- Intraocular lenses used to replace the natural lens during cataract surgery. These are classified based on material and method of fixation within the eye.
- Other
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT operates similarly to ultrasound imaging except that it uses light instead of sound waves. The OCT scan provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of the retina by identifying layers and measuring thickness. It can detect various pathological structures and abnormalities and is useful for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like glaucoma. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea and anterior chamber.
Artificial Implants and the Field of Visual ProsthesisBrittney Pfeifer
This document outlines a presentation on visual prostheses and a study testing the Alpha-IMS subretinal prosthesis. The presentation covers retinal anatomy, diseases like AMD and RP, and different types of prostheses. The study tested the Alpha-IMS device in 9 patients, finding it restored some visual function like light perception and motion detection. Patients reported recognizing faces, objects, and letters. While results were promising, long-term testing is still needed to evaluate stability and recognition abilities over time. Visual prostheses show potential to treat retinal diseases but continued research and development is required.
OCT provides high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior eye using low-coherence interferometry. It allows detection of morphological changes and measurement of retinal thickness, volume, and nerve fiber layer thickness. Newer variants such as ultra-high resolution OCT, Doppler OCT, and anterior segment OCT provide additional structural and functional information. OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that has become an essential tool for diagnosing and managing retinal diseases.
Intraocular lenses have evolved significantly from the early rigid lens designs implanted in the 1950s. Modern intraocular lenses are classified based on location, design, and material. Premium lens options include multifocal lenses that provide multiple focal points for both distance and near vision, toric lenses that correct astigmatism, and accommodating lenses designed to restore the eye's ability to focus on near objects. Proper patient selection is important for multifocal lenses, considering an individual's lifestyle and visual needs.
This document provides an overview of optical coherence tomography (OCT), including its history, principles, types, interpretation, clinical applications, limitations, and recent developments. OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment. Newer spectral domain OCT systems provide faster scanning speeds and higher resolution compared to earlier time domain OCT systems. OCT is useful for diagnosing and monitoring retinal diseases like glaucoma as well as anterior segment conditions. Interpretation of OCT images involves identifying layers and structures that appear as various colors based on reflectivity. Recent advances include enhanced depth imaging to view deeper choroidal structures and software to quantify retinal thickness and nerve fiber layer measurements.
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used to restore vision after cataract surgery by replacing the crystalline lens. Sir Harold Ridley first proposed using acrylic plastic lenses for cataracts after observing aircraft plastic fragments in soldiers' eyes did not trigger rejection. IOLs are either single or multi-piece, made of acrylic or silicone, and placed in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye. Their power is calculated using the SRK formula based on axial length and corneal curvature. Complications can include posterior capsular opacification, calcification, and degradation.
This document discusses ultrasound techniques used in ophthalmology. It begins by providing background on ultrasound waves and the early development of A-scan and B-scan techniques in the 1950s-1970s. It then describes the basic components and mechanisms of A-scan and B-scan ultrasound probes. The remainder of the document details various ultrasound techniques and their applications, including evaluating the vitreous, retina, choroid, tumors, trauma, and performing biometry. It provides guidance on interpreting ultrasound findings and differentiating various pathologies. In summary, this document serves as a comprehensive guide to ophthalmic ultrasound acquisition and interpretation.
This document summarizes instrumentation, techniques, and outcomes of microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS). It describes the evolution from larger 20-gauge vitrectomy systems to smaller 23-gauge and 25-gauge systems. The key benefits of smaller gauges include reduced post-operative inflammation, astigmatism, and risk of retinal breaks. While 25-gauge surgery enables a self-sealing sutureless approach, it has limitations such as slower flow rates and more difficult intraocular maneuvers compared to 23-gauge which provides an optimal balance between benefits and technical ease.
This document discusses different types of multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) used in cataract surgery. There are three main types: refractive, diffractive, and a combination. Refractive IOLs use concentric rings of different optical powers while diffractive IOLs use diffraction optics to create two focal points. Combination IOLs can provide the advantages of both refractive and diffractive technologies. The document also covers specific multifocal IOL models and considerations for patient selection.
This document discusses electrodiagnostic tests including electroretinography (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP). It provides details on:
- The components and origins of ERG waves
- How ERG represents function of the retina up to the bipolar cell level
- Techniques for ERG recording and factors that influence results
- Clinical applications of ERG in evaluating retinal diseases
It also outlines:
- What VEP measures and the types of VEP tests
- The waves seen on pattern and flash VEP
- Factors that can influence VEP results
- Clinical uses of VEP in assessing conditions of the visual pathway and optic nerve.
This document discusses electrophysiological tests, specifically the electroretinogram (ERG). It provides details on:
1) The ERG records the electrical response of the retina to light stimuli and can help diagnose retinal diseases. It follows standardized protocols to ensure comparability between tests.
2) The ERG response consists of the a-wave from photoreceptors, b-wave from bipolar cells and Muller glia, and oscillatory potentials from amacrine cells.
3) The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standardized ERG protocols in 1989 to evaluate rod and cone function and detect inner retinal abnormalities.
Optical Coherence Tomography - principle and uses in ophthalmologytapan_jakkal
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize detailed layers and structures within the retina. OCT can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the retina, detecting various pathological features and measuring retinal thickness. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea, iris, angle, and anterior chamber.
The electroretinogram (ERG) measures the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation. It provides objective assessment of overall retinal function. The ERG response has different components - a-wave from photoreceptors, b-wave from bipolar and Muller cells. ERG is used to diagnose retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. It helps evaluate progression of retinal degenerations and assists in determining retinal involvement in visual complaints. Factors like pupil size, age, light/dark adaptation influence the ERG response which needs clinical correlation for interpretation.
1. The document discusses OZil Torsional Technology, a new phacoemulsification technique that uses oscillatory motion rather than traditional ultrasound. It has benefits like more efficient cataract removal and a safer thermal profile.
2. OZil Torsional Technology can be used through a 2.2mm incision, enabling microincisional cataract surgery. This brings benefits like reduced induced astigmatism.
3. The author believes OZil Torsional Technology will become very popular for phacoemulsification due to its efficiency and safety. It will allow microincisional surgery and require no changes to technique.
Update knowledge about Muntifocal IOL made by Asaduzzaman
Working as Associate Optometrist in Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute &Hospita, Dhaka 1215
Email:asad.optom92@yaho. com
Multifocal IOLs provide both near and distance vision without glasses by utilizing concentric zones of different optical powers (refractive MFIOLs) or diffractive properties to split light between two focal points. While eliminating need for glasses, they can cause visual side effects like glare and reduced contrast sensitivity. Careful patient selection and counseling, accurate biometry and surgical technique are important for successful multifocal IOL implantation outcomes.
Recent Advances in treatment of Refractive Error.pptxAlmaazAhmed
Recent advances in treating refractive error include:
1) Scleral contact lenses for irregular corneas or dry eye that move the support point to the sclera and provide constant lubrication.
2) Excimer lasers for refractive surgery allow a high level of accuracy modifying the cornea, though risks require careful patient selection and technique.
3) Clear lens exchange and phakic intraocular lenses effectively treat high refractive errors and ametropia.
This document summarizes dichoptic stimulation, which refers to presenting different visual stimuli simultaneously to each eye. It discusses several types of dichoptic stimulation, including those that produce depth perception with fusion or diplopia, depth perception without diplopia, retinal rivalry and suppression, and binocular luster. It notes that dichoptic stimulation can improve detection of glaucoma using multifocal visual evoked potentials. The document was created by Swati Panara, a third year optometry student at Bhartimaiya College of Optometry.
This document discusses eye fixation and fixational eye movements. It begins by explaining that during attempted visual fixation, the eyes continually move involuntarily through microsaccades, tremors, and drifts. This keeps the retinal image from fading due to visual adaptation. The document then describes various components of fixational eye movements and abnormalities that can occur, such as increased or decreased microsaccade rate, saccadic intrusions during attempted fixation, and different types of nystagmus involving involuntary rhythmic eye oscillations.
Keratometry measures the curvature of the cornea using the reflection of light off the corneal surface. There are two main types - manual keratometers using movable mires or prisms to assess curvature, and automated keratometers using photosensors. Keratometry is used to detect astigmatism, monitor corneal conditions, and assist in contact lens and refractive surgery. It provides important information but has limitations as it only measures the central cornea and assumes a symmetrical shape.
This document provides information about optical biometry and the IOL Master device. It discusses the principles and history of optical interferometry, intended uses of the IOL Master including axial length measurement, corneal curvature measurement, and IOL power calculation. Screen layouts and measurements taken by the IOL Master are described. Advantages include highly accurate and non-contact measurements, while limitations include inability to measure in cases of severe media opacities or poor patient cooperation.
ARTIFICIAL RETINA USING THIN FILM TRANSISTORS DRIVEN BY WIRELESS POWER SUPPLYManiroop Badam
Artificial retinas have been ardently desired to recover the sight sense for sight-handicapped people. We have verified that an artificial retina using poly-Si TFTs can be driven by wireless power supply. It is confirmed that the irradiated light distribution can be reproduced as the output voltage distribution owing to the parameter optimization of the wireless power supply system.
This document provides an overview of an artificial retina using thin film transistor technology. It discusses diseases like age-related macular degeneration that could be treated with a retinal implant. Two types of implants are described - epiretinal implants placed on the retinal surface and subretinal implants placed between retinal layers. The artificial retina would use phototransistors integrated on a flexible substrate to convert light images to electrical signals and stimulate remaining retinal cells. Wireless power transmission through inductive coupling would allow continuous operation. While promising for restoring vision, challenges remain in biocompatibility, power efficiency, and image resolution.
OCT provides high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior eye using low-coherence interferometry. It allows detection of morphological changes and measurement of retinal thickness, volume, and nerve fiber layer thickness. Newer variants such as ultra-high resolution OCT, Doppler OCT, and anterior segment OCT provide additional structural and functional information. OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that has become an essential tool for diagnosing and managing retinal diseases.
Intraocular lenses have evolved significantly from the early rigid lens designs implanted in the 1950s. Modern intraocular lenses are classified based on location, design, and material. Premium lens options include multifocal lenses that provide multiple focal points for both distance and near vision, toric lenses that correct astigmatism, and accommodating lenses designed to restore the eye's ability to focus on near objects. Proper patient selection is important for multifocal lenses, considering an individual's lifestyle and visual needs.
This document provides an overview of optical coherence tomography (OCT), including its history, principles, types, interpretation, clinical applications, limitations, and recent developments. OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment. Newer spectral domain OCT systems provide faster scanning speeds and higher resolution compared to earlier time domain OCT systems. OCT is useful for diagnosing and monitoring retinal diseases like glaucoma as well as anterior segment conditions. Interpretation of OCT images involves identifying layers and structures that appear as various colors based on reflectivity. Recent advances include enhanced depth imaging to view deeper choroidal structures and software to quantify retinal thickness and nerve fiber layer measurements.
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used to restore vision after cataract surgery by replacing the crystalline lens. Sir Harold Ridley first proposed using acrylic plastic lenses for cataracts after observing aircraft plastic fragments in soldiers' eyes did not trigger rejection. IOLs are either single or multi-piece, made of acrylic or silicone, and placed in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye. Their power is calculated using the SRK formula based on axial length and corneal curvature. Complications can include posterior capsular opacification, calcification, and degradation.
This document discusses ultrasound techniques used in ophthalmology. It begins by providing background on ultrasound waves and the early development of A-scan and B-scan techniques in the 1950s-1970s. It then describes the basic components and mechanisms of A-scan and B-scan ultrasound probes. The remainder of the document details various ultrasound techniques and their applications, including evaluating the vitreous, retina, choroid, tumors, trauma, and performing biometry. It provides guidance on interpreting ultrasound findings and differentiating various pathologies. In summary, this document serves as a comprehensive guide to ophthalmic ultrasound acquisition and interpretation.
This document summarizes instrumentation, techniques, and outcomes of microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS). It describes the evolution from larger 20-gauge vitrectomy systems to smaller 23-gauge and 25-gauge systems. The key benefits of smaller gauges include reduced post-operative inflammation, astigmatism, and risk of retinal breaks. While 25-gauge surgery enables a self-sealing sutureless approach, it has limitations such as slower flow rates and more difficult intraocular maneuvers compared to 23-gauge which provides an optimal balance between benefits and technical ease.
This document discusses different types of multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) used in cataract surgery. There are three main types: refractive, diffractive, and a combination. Refractive IOLs use concentric rings of different optical powers while diffractive IOLs use diffraction optics to create two focal points. Combination IOLs can provide the advantages of both refractive and diffractive technologies. The document also covers specific multifocal IOL models and considerations for patient selection.
This document discusses electrodiagnostic tests including electroretinography (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP). It provides details on:
- The components and origins of ERG waves
- How ERG represents function of the retina up to the bipolar cell level
- Techniques for ERG recording and factors that influence results
- Clinical applications of ERG in evaluating retinal diseases
It also outlines:
- What VEP measures and the types of VEP tests
- The waves seen on pattern and flash VEP
- Factors that can influence VEP results
- Clinical uses of VEP in assessing conditions of the visual pathway and optic nerve.
This document discusses electrophysiological tests, specifically the electroretinogram (ERG). It provides details on:
1) The ERG records the electrical response of the retina to light stimuli and can help diagnose retinal diseases. It follows standardized protocols to ensure comparability between tests.
2) The ERG response consists of the a-wave from photoreceptors, b-wave from bipolar cells and Muller glia, and oscillatory potentials from amacrine cells.
3) The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standardized ERG protocols in 1989 to evaluate rod and cone function and detect inner retinal abnormalities.
Optical Coherence Tomography - principle and uses in ophthalmologytapan_jakkal
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize detailed layers and structures within the retina. OCT can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the retina, detecting various pathological features and measuring retinal thickness. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea, iris, angle, and anterior chamber.
The electroretinogram (ERG) measures the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation. It provides objective assessment of overall retinal function. The ERG response has different components - a-wave from photoreceptors, b-wave from bipolar and Muller cells. ERG is used to diagnose retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. It helps evaluate progression of retinal degenerations and assists in determining retinal involvement in visual complaints. Factors like pupil size, age, light/dark adaptation influence the ERG response which needs clinical correlation for interpretation.
1. The document discusses OZil Torsional Technology, a new phacoemulsification technique that uses oscillatory motion rather than traditional ultrasound. It has benefits like more efficient cataract removal and a safer thermal profile.
2. OZil Torsional Technology can be used through a 2.2mm incision, enabling microincisional cataract surgery. This brings benefits like reduced induced astigmatism.
3. The author believes OZil Torsional Technology will become very popular for phacoemulsification due to its efficiency and safety. It will allow microincisional surgery and require no changes to technique.
Update knowledge about Muntifocal IOL made by Asaduzzaman
Working as Associate Optometrist in Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute &Hospita, Dhaka 1215
Email:asad.optom92@yaho. com
Multifocal IOLs provide both near and distance vision without glasses by utilizing concentric zones of different optical powers (refractive MFIOLs) or diffractive properties to split light between two focal points. While eliminating need for glasses, they can cause visual side effects like glare and reduced contrast sensitivity. Careful patient selection and counseling, accurate biometry and surgical technique are important for successful multifocal IOL implantation outcomes.
Recent Advances in treatment of Refractive Error.pptxAlmaazAhmed
Recent advances in treating refractive error include:
1) Scleral contact lenses for irregular corneas or dry eye that move the support point to the sclera and provide constant lubrication.
2) Excimer lasers for refractive surgery allow a high level of accuracy modifying the cornea, though risks require careful patient selection and technique.
3) Clear lens exchange and phakic intraocular lenses effectively treat high refractive errors and ametropia.
This document summarizes dichoptic stimulation, which refers to presenting different visual stimuli simultaneously to each eye. It discusses several types of dichoptic stimulation, including those that produce depth perception with fusion or diplopia, depth perception without diplopia, retinal rivalry and suppression, and binocular luster. It notes that dichoptic stimulation can improve detection of glaucoma using multifocal visual evoked potentials. The document was created by Swati Panara, a third year optometry student at Bhartimaiya College of Optometry.
This document discusses eye fixation and fixational eye movements. It begins by explaining that during attempted visual fixation, the eyes continually move involuntarily through microsaccades, tremors, and drifts. This keeps the retinal image from fading due to visual adaptation. The document then describes various components of fixational eye movements and abnormalities that can occur, such as increased or decreased microsaccade rate, saccadic intrusions during attempted fixation, and different types of nystagmus involving involuntary rhythmic eye oscillations.
Keratometry measures the curvature of the cornea using the reflection of light off the corneal surface. There are two main types - manual keratometers using movable mires or prisms to assess curvature, and automated keratometers using photosensors. Keratometry is used to detect astigmatism, monitor corneal conditions, and assist in contact lens and refractive surgery. It provides important information but has limitations as it only measures the central cornea and assumes a symmetrical shape.
This document provides information about optical biometry and the IOL Master device. It discusses the principles and history of optical interferometry, intended uses of the IOL Master including axial length measurement, corneal curvature measurement, and IOL power calculation. Screen layouts and measurements taken by the IOL Master are described. Advantages include highly accurate and non-contact measurements, while limitations include inability to measure in cases of severe media opacities or poor patient cooperation.
ARTIFICIAL RETINA USING THIN FILM TRANSISTORS DRIVEN BY WIRELESS POWER SUPPLYManiroop Badam
Artificial retinas have been ardently desired to recover the sight sense for sight-handicapped people. We have verified that an artificial retina using poly-Si TFTs can be driven by wireless power supply. It is confirmed that the irradiated light distribution can be reproduced as the output voltage distribution owing to the parameter optimization of the wireless power supply system.
This document provides an overview of an artificial retina using thin film transistor technology. It discusses diseases like age-related macular degeneration that could be treated with a retinal implant. Two types of implants are described - epiretinal implants placed on the retinal surface and subretinal implants placed between retinal layers. The artificial retina would use phototransistors integrated on a flexible substrate to convert light images to electrical signals and stimulate remaining retinal cells. Wireless power transmission through inductive coupling would allow continuous operation. While promising for restoring vision, challenges remain in biocompatibility, power efficiency, and image resolution.
The document discusses bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics for restoring vision. It describes how a bionic eye works by using a miniature camera to capture images and transmit the data to a microchip implanted behind the retina. The chip then stimulates the retina with electrical pulses to allow signals to be sent to the brain. Several technologies are discussed, including an artificial silicon retina containing photodiodes, the MARC system using an external camera and implanted receiver/stimulator, and ceramic photocells being developed to detect light and repair eyes. While promising, full restoration of vision remains challenging due to the complexity of the human visual system.
The document discusses bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics for restoring vision. It describes how a bionic eye works by using a miniature camera to capture images and transmit the signals to a microchip implanted behind the retina. The chip then stimulates the retina to send signals to the brain that can be interpreted as vision. Several technologies are discussed, including an artificial silicon retina containing photodiodes, the MARC system using an external camera and implanted stimulator, and ceramic photocells being developed to detect light and repair eyes. While promising, bionic eyes still only provide basic vision and developing the technology to replicate the full capabilities of the human eye remains challenging.
Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis for restoring sight to the blindKeerthi Reddy Yeruva
This document describes a photovoltaic retinal prosthesis being developed to restore sight to blind patients suffering from retinal diseases. The prosthesis uses a video camera and LCD display to project near-infrared images onto a subretinally implanted chip containing photovoltaic pixels. Pillar microstructures on the chip prompt the retina to migrate close to the implant, allowing the pixels to electrically stimulate remaining retinal neurons and produce perceptions of light. Previous implants with fewer electrodes showed promising results, but a prosthesis with thousands of pixels may be needed to provide functional vision like reading or face recognition.
The document discusses research on bionic eyes and artificial retina prosthetics. It provides an overview of causes of blindness and early research electrically stimulating the visual cortex in the 1960s. More recent developments include the MIT-Harvard bionic eye device, which uses a camera and laser to power a retinal implant that produces phosphenes. The Artificial Silicon Retina replaces damaged photoreceptors with a solid state chip containing photo receptors. The Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chipset system features a compact stimulator chip that provides diagnostic capabilities while reducing stress on the retina. Overall the document outlines progress and future prospects for bionic eyes and retinal implants to restore vision to the blind.
Bionic eye is a device that can provide sight-detection of light.
Researches working for the Boston Retinal Implant Project have been developing Bionic eye implant that could restore the eye sight of people who suffer from age related blindness.
It is based on a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina, at the back of the eye ball.
Ultra thin wires strengthens the damaged optic nerve.
The user should wear special eye glasses battery powered camera and a transmitter.
This document summarizes the history and current state of bionic eyes or retinal prosthetics. It discusses how various types of prosthetics have evolved from early models that stimulated the visual cortex to current retinal implants. The retinal implants can be either epiretinal or subretinal, with the Argus II being the first approved epiretinal implant. The document outlines how retinal implants work, the implantation procedure, the vision outcomes patients experience, rehabilitation methods, and challenges that still remain including improving resolution. Bionic eyes have progressed from an idea to trials demonstrating they can restore some useful vision to the blind.
1. Retinal prostheses aim to restore vision for those with retinal dystrophies like retinitis pigmentosa which destroy photoreceptors. They work by using a camera to capture images and then stimulating remaining inner retinal cells or ganglion cells with electrodes to generate visual perceptions.
2. Two types of implants exist - epiretinal which sit on top of the retina and subretinal underneath. Issues include biocompatibility and stability of electrode materials over long periods.
3. Carbon nanotubes show potential as an electrode material as they are biocompatible, robust, and flexible with superior electrochemical properties for long-term stimulation. However, their toxicity is a concern requiring further
This document provides an overview of bionic eyes, including how they work and their development. It discusses how Dr. Mark Humayun's research in the late 1990s demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the optic nerve could allow blind individuals to see light. This led to efforts to create a retinal prosthesis that could translate images into electrical pulses. The Argus II is described as the first approved bionic eye, consisting of an externally worn camera and processor that transmit data and power to an implanted retinal chip. The document outlines the components of the Argus II and how it provides a basic form of artificial vision. It notes ongoing research aims to improve resolution and develop third generation devices. Limitations include the invasive surgery required and current high
1. Scientists are developing a bionic eye called an artificial retina that could restore vision. It works by using a small implanted chip with light-sensitive cells that transmit signals to the optic nerve and brain.
2. The chip detects incoming light and transmits electrical signals to stimulate remaining retinal cells. Early versions used silicon but now scientists are testing ceramic cells that are safer for the human body.
3. The surgery to implant the chip involves making small incisions to insert the chip and use fluid to lift the retina and seal it over the chip. The goal is to replace damaged photoreceptor cells and restore basic vision.
Artificial retinas have been desired to recover the sight sense for sight handicapped people. Electronic Photo devices and circuits substitutes deteriorated photoreceptor cells implanted inside the eyes.
The document discusses research on bionic eyes and artificial retina prosthetics to treat blindness. It describes how retinal conditions like retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration damage the eye, leading to blindness. Several studies are highlighted that are developing implants like the MIT-Harvard device and artificial silicon retina to replace non-functioning retinal cells and stimulate the optic nerve to restore partial vision. The implants face challenges from unwanted stimulation and need for improved image processing, but show promise for treating blindness from retinal degeneration.
1) The document discusses artificial retina and bionic eye technologies that aim to restore vision. It describes how the human eye works and common eye diseases. 2) An artificial silicon retina is a microchip implanted beneath the retina that detects light and sends signals to the optic nerve, allowing individuals to see spots of light or basic shapes. A bionic eye involves a camera, processor, and implant to translate images into electrical pulses for the optic nerve. 3) Both technologies have helped some blind individuals identify objects, but have limitations like image resolution and required surgery. Ongoing research seeks to improve artificial vision systems.
This document summarizes research on developing artificial vision systems to restore sight for the blind. It describes two key technologies: the artificial silicon retina and artificial retina component chip. The artificial silicon retina is a microchip implanted in the eye that contains photodiodes that convert light into electrical signals to stimulate the retina. The artificial retina component chip is similar and provides a 10x10 or 250x250 pixel visual field. The document explains how these devices work and the surgical process for implantation. It also outlines an artificial vision system using a camera, signal processor and brain implants to transmit images and provide a limited form of artificial sight.
The document discusses the bio electronic eye, which replaces some or all functionality of the eye using electronics. It provides a history of the development of the bionic eye, describes how the human eye works compared to the bionic version, and details the key components and working principle of the MARC retinal prosthesis system. Some advantages are that it can be implanted with minimal surgery and has low power needs, though limitations include the difficulty of repairs and high costs. The conclusion is that while full vision may not be restored, bionic eyes can help the blind see shapes and objects.
The document discusses research into developing a bionic eye to restore vision. It summarizes key breakthroughs like Bradley's 1960s work stimulating the visual cortex. Current research includes the MIT-Harvard device which uses a camera and laser to power a retinal implant. The implant stimulates remaining retinal cells to produce phosphenes. Other projects are developing smaller, more advanced retinal prosthetics like the Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chipset. While challenges remain, researchers are optimistic that bionic devices can help treat blindness and further enhance human capabilities.
This document describes the development of an artificial vision system to cure blindness. It discusses how researchers are developing retinal implants that can process images from a camera into electrical signals that the optic nerve can interpret as vision. The system includes a miniature video camera, a processor to translate images into signals, and an infrared screen on goggles to stimulate a silicon chip implanted on the retina. This technology has potential to restore limited sight to those blinded by retinal degeneration, though it cannot currently provide high-resolution images.
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learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
2. INTRODUCTION
Visual prostheses are based on neuronal electrical
stimulation at different locations along the visual pathway
(i.e., cortical, optic nerve, epiretinal, subretinal)
Restores useful vision by converting visual information into
patterns of electrical stimulation that excite remaining
spared inner retinal neurons in diseases such as RP and AMD
Basically replicated the natural vision of eye
3. For vision to occur, 2 conditions need to be met :
1. An image must be formed on the retina
2. Resulting nerve impulses must be conducted to the visual
areas of the cerebral cortex for interpretation.
Four processes focus light rays, so that they form a clear
image on the retina:
1. Refraction of light rays
2. Accommodation of the lens
3. Constriction of the pupil
4. Convergence of the eyes
4. VISUAL PATHWAY
Normal physiologic vision is initiated when light passes
through the cornea and lens of the eye to the rods and
cones of the photoreceptor layer on the outer surface of the
retina initiating photochemical transduction.
5. HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL VISION
Concept of electronically stimulating the nervous system
to create artificial vision - first introduced in 1929 by
Foerster, a German neurosurgeon
He observed that electrical stimulation of the visual
cortex caused his subject to detect a spot of light known
as phosphene.
6. Pioneer establishing an electrical artificial vision system -
1960s by Giles Brindley.
He implanted 80-electrode device on to the visual cortex of
a blind patient – showing electrical stimulation to restore
vision and the barriers to implementation of a suitable
device
7. For artificial prosthesis to work it is essential to establish a
definition of useful vision that is based on the minimum
number of pixels required for human beings to accomplish
activities of daily living.
Recent studies determind that 625 electrodes implanted in a
1-cm square area near the foveal representation in the visual
cortex could produce :
Image with a visual acuity of approximately 20/30
reading rates near 170 words/min with scrolled text
100 words/min with fixed text
8. Classification of visual prosthesis based on site of
implantation :
1. Cortical prosthesis
2. Optic nerve prosthesis
3. Retinal prosthesis
4. Suprachoroidal prosthesis
9. CORTICAL PROSTHESIS
Cortical prosthesis has ability to return the sensation of
vision to individuals who had severed visual pathway
anterior to the visual cortex
Dobelle’s 64-channel platinum electrode surface stimulation
prosthesis allowed blind patients to recognize 1.5-cm
characters at 1.5 m (approximately 20/1200 visual acuity).
10. DIFFICULTIES FACED
Controlling the number of phosphenes induced by each
electrode
Interactions between phosphenes
Use of high currents and large electrodes that induced pain
from meningeal stimulation
Occasional focal epileptic activity following electrical
stimulation
Complaints of haloes around phosphenes
11. Surface cortical implants were difficult to use because of the
location of visual cortex deep in calcarine fissure
Intracortical devices :
smaller electrodes closer to the target neurons
requiring less current
more localized stimulation.
12. ADVANTAGES OG INTRACORTICAL DEVICES
Stimulus threshold is 10 to 100 times lower for intracortical
prostheses as compared to surface stimulation .
Closer spacing of electrodes at 500 μm apart hence higher
resolution.
predictable forms of elicited phosphenes
absence of flicker phenomenon
reduction in phosphene interactions
increased number of electrodes
13. CURRENT MODELS OF THE INTRACORTICAL
PROSTHESIS:
Illinois Intracortical Visual
Prosthesis38 project
Consist of 152 intracortical
microelectrodes
Receptive field mapping was
also combined with eye-
tracking to develop a
reward-based system
Chronically implanted in
animals
14. Utah electrode array36
multiple silicon spikes
organized in a square grid
measuring 4.2 ×4.2 mm.
Platinum electrode at tip of
each spike.
Pneumatic system - inserts
100 electrode devices into
cortex in about 200 ms -
minimal trauma during
insertion of this array.
Advantage: bypasses all
diseased visual pathway
neurons rostral to the primary
visual cortex.
15. LIMITATIONS OF CORTICAL PROSTHESIS
Histological changes for chronically implanted prostheses
need to be further investigated.
Tissue reaction in silicon-doped penetrating electrodes :
None
Thin capsule around each electrode track
Gliosis
Buildup of fibrotic tissue between the array and
meninges.
16. Visual field organization is more complex at the level of the
primary cortex than at the retina or optic nerve and is not
easily reproducible
High level of specialization of every area of cortex for various
parameters, including color, motion, and eye movement
Surgical complications of this approach carry significant
morbidity and mortality for the patient.
17. OPTIC NERVE PROSTHESIS
Veraart’s group – gave concept of a spiral nerve cuff
electrode
Electrode cuff is surgically implanted circumferentially on the
external surface of the optic nerve.
Does not penetrate the optic nerve sheath
Relies on the principle of retinal mapping within the optic
nerve.
18. Cuff electrode was
implanted intracranially.
Cable passes through the
skull and courses below the
skin and along the outer
surface of the skull.
Then passes down the neck
to exit the skin below the
clavicle
19. DIFFICULTIES
Optic nerve a densely consolidated neural structure so
difficult to achieve focal stimulation of neurons and exact
retinal mapping of the optic nerve.
Dense packing of neurons requires large number of
electrode contacts from the prosthesis in a small area,
increasing the risk of damage to the nerve.
20. Surgical manipulation requires dissection of the dura,
causing harmful central nervous system effects like infection
and interruption of blood flow to the optic nerve.
Limited to the treatment of outer retinal (photoreceptor)
degenerations
21. RETINAL PROSTHESIS
Microelectronic retinal implant - for cases in which the
patient is affected by an outer retinopathy, as with RP or
AMD
Potts and co-workers demonstrated electrically elicited
response (EER) via ocular stimulation using a contact lens as
a stimulating electrode
Humayun et al. demonstrated - controlled electrical
stimulation of the retina creates visual sensations in blind
patients
22. TYPES OF RETINAL PROSTHESIS
Epiretinal approach - device is
implanted into the vitreous cavity
and attached to the inner retinal
surface so the electrical
stimulation meets inner retina
first.
Subretinal approach – device
implanted into potential space
between the neurosensory retina
and the retinal pigment
epithelium so electrical
stimulation meets outer retina
23. EPIRETINAL PROSTHESIS
Humayun et al pioneered an intraocular retinal prosthesis
(IRP).
IRP includes both:
External, wearable component
Implantable, intraocular component
24. The external portion comprises:
light-weight camera built into spectacles
pocket batteries
small pager-sized visual processing unit.
Power and data are sent wirelessly from this external unit to
the internal portion of the prosthesis.
25. The implanted portion consists of :
Receiver/stimulating microelectronic chip
Microelectrode array, currently including 16 platinum
electrodes trodes of 500 μm diameter
The electrode array is affixed to the epiretinal surface by a
retinal tack.
Till date model 1 device (Second Sight, LLC) has been
implanted in 3 patients.
26. each platinum electrode is labeled with a unique designation
for localization of percepts. This implant is located in the
macula. Soc- secondary coil , RF- radiofrequency antennae
27. Model 2 device is under development - may incorporate
MEMS component so that the retina–implant interface is
more flexible frame for attachment.
28. ARGUS-II DEVICE
The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (“Argus II”) is the
world’s first approved device intended to restore some
functional vision for people suffering from blindness.
Transmits images from a small, eye-glass- mounted
camera wirelessly to a microelectrode array
implanted on a patient’s damaged retina.
Argus II is approved for patients with outer retinal
degenerative disease such as retinitis pigmentosa
(RP) and choroideremia.
29. Surgical considerations:
Bare light perception
No optic nerve problems
Evidence of intact inner layer retinal function must be
confirmed before implantation
30. Adverse events included :
hypotony
conjunctival dehiscence
conjunctival erosion
presumed endophthalmitis
adverse events are quite low with good surgical technique
33. WORKING OF ARGUS-II DEVICE
The patient wears glasses with an attached video camera
that captures images of the surrounding area.
These images become an electrical signal which is
processed by the video processing unit. The signal is then
wirelessly delivered to the eye stimulating the retina.
This electrical stimulation of the retina is recognized by the
brain as spots of light
34.
35. ADVANTAGES
It identify the location or movement ofobjects and
people.
Recognize large letters,words, or sentences.
Helps in other activities of daily life,such as detecting
street curbs and walking on a sidewalk without stepping
off.
36. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
There are two stages to the surgery :
fastens a silicone band, which has a receiver affixed to it,
around the eye.
procedure is similar to attaching a scleral buckle, which is
performed to treat retinal detachments.
A cable connected to a microelectrode array hangs loose
from the receiver as the surgeon prepares for the next stage.
performing a viterectomy- removes the vitreous of the
eye while refilling it with balanced salt solution, which
preserves the shape of the eye.
37. slides the microelectrode array into the eye
sutures the eye closed around the array’s cable and then
enters the eye through another port.
place the microelectrode array over the macula, or retinal
center, and presses a single tack into the eye wall to place
the Argus II on the delicate retinal tissue
38. After about one month, when the eye has healed:
Patient puts on the glasses and turns on the camera and
computer processor.
The camera captures a digital image and sends it to the
computer processor pack that the patient wears on a belt,
which converts the image into electrical nerve conduction
signals.
These signals are wirelessly sent to the receiver fastened
to the silicone band around the eyeball.
The receiver sends the signals through the cable to the
microelectrode array tacked onto the retina, which
stimulates the retina and produces the pixelized vision.
40. CURRENT STATUS OF ARGUS II
Argus II has been implanted in more than 190 patients
worldwide.
Results to date indicate that the device is reasonably reliable
and stable option for patients with advanced RP.
Similar technology:
Iris-II epiretinal implant (Pixium Vision) is in clinical trials
in Europe.
The device is designed for patients with RP, has 150
electrodes
41. ADVANTAGES
Epiretinal placement allows for the vitreous to act as a sink
for heat dissipation from the microelectronic device
Minimal number of microelectronics are incorporated into
theimplantable portion of the device
Wearable portion of electronics allows for easy upgrades
without requiring subsequent surgery
Electronics allow the user and the doctor full control over
every electrode parameter and digital signal processing
involved in imaging objects, allowing the implant to be
customized for each patient
42. DISADVANTAGES
Requirement of techniques that will provide prolonged
adhesion of the device to the inner retina
Further distance of the epiretinal device to the target
bipolar cells than the subretinal device requires increased
current.
43. SUBRETINAL PROSTHESIS
The subretinal approach to the retinal prosthesis involves
implanting a microphotodiode array (MPDA) between the
bipolar cell layer and retinal pigment epithelium
Surgically either via
intraocular approach through a retinotomy site (ab
interno) or
transscleral approach (ab externo).
44.
45. ALPHA-IMS
Developed by Retina Implant in Germany
3×3-mm microchip that is implanted in a subfoveal position.
Chip contains 1,500 light-sensitive photodiodes that are
joined to microelectrodes.
Does not use an external camera , the photodiodes are cou-
pled to an external power module that is implanted under
the skin behind the ear and amplifies the signals generated
by the photodiode array.
approved in Europe for patients with RP
46. Benefit: patient does not need to use head scanning to
locate objects and normal eye movements can be used.
Implantation procedure :
Complex
Help is also needed from a cochlear implant surgeon to
place the power supply under the skin behind the ear
Most difficult part is positioning the chip underneath the
retina
47. Similar development:
Stanford researchers have developed a wireless
photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis.
Recipients will wear goggles that capture images and
project them into the eye and onto an implanted
photodiode array
Light is then converted into pulsed current, which
stimulates inner retinal neurons.
The prosthesis known as Prima, is now being prepared
for clinical trials.
48. LIMITATIONS
Illumination levels required in order to achieve adequate
electrical current generation are not realistically attainable.
Will require active power supplementation from an external
source in order to achieve threshold current levels.
49. Advantages :
closer proximity to the next surviving neuron in the visual
pathway (i.e., bipolar cell) and therefore less current
requirement
lack of a mechanical means of fixation.
50. Disadvantages :
Limited space to place electronics as well as the close
proximity of the retina to the electronics which would
increase the likelihood of thermal injury to the neurons.
If the subretinal implant has electronics outside the eye
(ab externo approach), then implant have a cable piercing
the sclera; the tethering effect on the cable and the
electrodes will need to be solved.
Long cable in the Subretinal space will require a
transchoroidal incision, resulting in a greater likelihood of
massive subretinal hemorrhage as well as possible retinal
detachment, whether total or localized
51. SUPRACHOROIDAL PROSTHESIS
Placed between the choroid and the sclera.
Variation - suprachoroidal-transretinal device is implanted
between the layers of the sclera rather than in the
suprachoroidal space.
Bionic Vision Australia.
24-channel prototype suprachoroidal prosthesis that
comprises an intraocular electrode array in a 19×8-mm
silicone base.
It has 33 platinum stimulating electrodes and 2 return
electrodes
outer ring of electrodes are ganged together to enable
hexagonal stimulation, meaning that 20 electrodes can be
stimulated individually
52. Intended for patients with outer retinal degenerative disease
such as RP or choroideremia.
Candidates for current trials - remaining visual acuity of light
perception or less in both eyes.
Suprachoroidal location advantages:
surgery is less challenging
Does not breach the retinal tissue thus negating the need
for a vitrectomy or incisions into the retina.
excellent safety profile
53. Current status:
In 2012, BVA researchers implanted the device in 3
patients with end-stage RP.
This first-in-human trial showed - anatomical position for
the array is a viable, minimally invasive, and relatively
straightforward location for an electrode array
54.
55. CURRENT AVAILABILITY OF BIONICS IN INDIA
Bionic eye or retinal implant has been co-invented by an
Indian origin Scientist, Dr Rajat N Agrawal, an
ophthalmologist and retina specialist/surgeon, University of
Southern California, US.
He is presently working in collaboration with All India
Institute of Medical Sciences and several IITs to indigenously
develop a cheaper variant of the eye implant so that people
in India can afford it.
The indigenously developed implant is expected to bring
down the cost to Rs 5 lakh from its present cost of Rs 45
lakh.
Indian bionics market is still lagging behind as compared to
markets of other countries.
56. REFERENCES
Stephen J Ryan’s Retina
https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/bionic-
vision