Social and political reasoning uses predetermined national security to defend its position against European Jewry. Historic animosity, paranoia, and social fatigue led to false defensive actions against the Jews. Wrongful blame, according to socialist doctrines, both accelerated and intensified after the out come and Germany’s Nationalist position after World War I.
The undercurrent attitudes, extended anti-Semitic ideologies dating back to Martin Luther’s protestant reformation, and the events and circumstances surrounding the French inquisition. The predominant historic attitudes of European citizens continually resented the Jewish communities wealth and supposed economic influences. European Jewry previously had been denied land ownership rights in Russia, France, Germany, and England. This political and economic restriction forced the International Jewish Diaspora to turn inward, relying on the extension of community and its cross-cultural connections incorporating academia, and the trade and distribution of marketable goods.
Jewish national identity has continually focused on their biblical Holy Land of the ‘Chosen People,’ Palestine, Israel and the city of Jerusalem. This affection continued to provide them with a strong emotional and national pride. A people without land to claim as their own, left Jews around the world to identify first with religious conviction, and secondly with their national/state of occupancies. This conviction, to the ideological state of Israel, considered by residential communities to represent a lack of National pride in the host country, such as Germany, Italy, Poland, Bohemia, the Ukraine, Russia, and the Balkan States. This apparent and deliberate lack of National pride provoked citizens and wrongfully encouraged ideologies of mistrust, questioned solidarity, paranoid rumors of espionage, and undercurrents of potential revolutionaries.
The document discusses the film industry and media conglomerates. It provides context on the 1967 and 2016 adaptations of The Jungle Book, including the Hollywood studio system and changes in the film industry between those time periods. It also discusses how large media companies integrate vertically and horizontally, controlling various parts of the filmmaking and distribution process.
The document discusses Lucozade Sport advertising campaigns. It provides examples of Lucozade Sport print and TV advertisements from various years. It analyzes the 2013 "I Believe" TV campaign in particular, noting its £4-9 million budget, agency, stars used, and claims about hydration benefits over water. The campaign was ultimately banned in 2014 for failing to show benefits during prolonged exercise only. The document also discusses Lucozade's branding history and maintenance of separate sports and regular drink websites.
The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies. Hitler wanted to create a superior race and targeted Jews, Roma, Slavs, homosexuals, disabled people and political opponents for persecution and genocide. The Holocaust progressed in stages from discrimination and ghettoization to the use of death camps for industrialized mass murder, where victims were killed using gas chambers and other methods. By the time the camps were liberated in 1944-1945, millions of innocent people had been brutally murdered in one of the worst crimes in human history.
How did the Nazis control the german people using propagandaDave Wallbanks
Joseph Goebbels controlled Nazi propaganda using various media to promote the party's ideology. He utilized government posters, airplanes to transport Hitler, and mass rallies to spread Nazi messages. Goebbels believed that a lie repeated often enough would be believed, so the Nazi government censored dissent by controlling newspapers, radio, films, books, plays, music and sports to maintain their version of events. The 1936 Berlin Olympics were used to showcase German strength and efficiency under Nazi rule.
Brewing giant AB InBev has kicked off a global media planning and buying review and is inviting the six major holding companies to put together teams to pitch the assignment, the company confirmed early Wednesday. Strategic consulting firm MediaLink and media auditor Mediapath have been enlisted to assist with the review process. The review will be led by the brewer's global marketing team, which is based in New York.
This is the theory revision I created for my A2 Media group a couple of years ago. There is some general narrative theory, Media theory Laura Mulvey etc and Racial Representation theory, Stuart Hall, Paul Gilroy, bell hooks etc. This was based on Media and Collective Identity focusing on the representation of black culture in British Film and American Music Videos.
The Nuremberg Laws, passed in 1935, stripped Jews of their German citizenship and civil rights, denying them basic human rights. The laws classified people with three or more Jewish grandparents as full Jews, while those with two Jewish grandparents were classified as Mischlinge. Marriage between Jews and Germans was forbidden under the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor. These racist laws paved the way for further anti-Semitic persecution, segregating and marginalizing Jewish people in Germany.
The document discusses the film industry and media conglomerates. It provides context on the 1967 and 2016 adaptations of The Jungle Book, including the Hollywood studio system and changes in the film industry between those time periods. It also discusses how large media companies integrate vertically and horizontally, controlling various parts of the filmmaking and distribution process.
The document discusses Lucozade Sport advertising campaigns. It provides examples of Lucozade Sport print and TV advertisements from various years. It analyzes the 2013 "I Believe" TV campaign in particular, noting its £4-9 million budget, agency, stars used, and claims about hydration benefits over water. The campaign was ultimately banned in 2014 for failing to show benefits during prolonged exercise only. The document also discusses Lucozade's branding history and maintenance of separate sports and regular drink websites.
The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies. Hitler wanted to create a superior race and targeted Jews, Roma, Slavs, homosexuals, disabled people and political opponents for persecution and genocide. The Holocaust progressed in stages from discrimination and ghettoization to the use of death camps for industrialized mass murder, where victims were killed using gas chambers and other methods. By the time the camps were liberated in 1944-1945, millions of innocent people had been brutally murdered in one of the worst crimes in human history.
How did the Nazis control the german people using propagandaDave Wallbanks
Joseph Goebbels controlled Nazi propaganda using various media to promote the party's ideology. He utilized government posters, airplanes to transport Hitler, and mass rallies to spread Nazi messages. Goebbels believed that a lie repeated often enough would be believed, so the Nazi government censored dissent by controlling newspapers, radio, films, books, plays, music and sports to maintain their version of events. The 1936 Berlin Olympics were used to showcase German strength and efficiency under Nazi rule.
Brewing giant AB InBev has kicked off a global media planning and buying review and is inviting the six major holding companies to put together teams to pitch the assignment, the company confirmed early Wednesday. Strategic consulting firm MediaLink and media auditor Mediapath have been enlisted to assist with the review process. The review will be led by the brewer's global marketing team, which is based in New York.
This is the theory revision I created for my A2 Media group a couple of years ago. There is some general narrative theory, Media theory Laura Mulvey etc and Racial Representation theory, Stuart Hall, Paul Gilroy, bell hooks etc. This was based on Media and Collective Identity focusing on the representation of black culture in British Film and American Music Videos.
The Nuremberg Laws, passed in 1935, stripped Jews of their German citizenship and civil rights, denying them basic human rights. The laws classified people with three or more Jewish grandparents as full Jews, while those with two Jewish grandparents were classified as Mischlinge. Marriage between Jews and Germans was forbidden under the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor. These racist laws paved the way for further anti-Semitic persecution, segregating and marginalizing Jewish people in Germany.
Geschiedenis: De geschiedenis van het antisemitisme
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
Media Studies OCR A Level Advertising and marketing 11 01 19Yvonne44
The document provides guidance on analyzing charity advertising like that produced by Shelter. It discusses Shelter as an organization that helps the homeless and outlines techniques used in their advertising. These include using personal stories to create empathy, showing the consequences of homelessness, and appealing to emotions with simple yet vague messages. The document also analyzes sample Shelter ads, noting design elements like colors and images, and how these aim to represent homelessness as an issue that could impact anyone to encourage support.
The Old Spice advertising campaign from 2010 aimed to modernize the brand's image and attract new customers. Known as "The Man Your Man Could Smell Like", it featured actor Isaiah Mustafa addressing the camera and appealing to women. Through viral videos and an interactive social media strategy, the campaign became a major success. It helped Old Spice shift perceptions from being seen as outdated to representing contemporary masculine ideals.
Geschiedenis: De geschiedenis van het antisemitisme
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
This Lucozade advertisement features famous footballer Gareth Bale staring intensely at the camera. The lighting makes his face appear dirty, implying he has been actively participating in sports. The advertisement emphasizes Lucozade's benefits for sports through featuring Gareth Bale and other athletes. The blue and yellow colors in the background match Lucozade's logo colors and help the yellow stand out. The advertisement aims to portray Lucozade as scientifically proven to hydrate and fuel athletes better than water alone.
Media Studies Video games Minecraft 12 03 19Yvonne44
This document provides information about video games for a media studies course. It discusses what students need to know, including changes in the video game industry from independent developers to acquisition by large companies. It also discusses target audiences and technology used to distribute games across platforms. The document provides context about the history of different media and asks questions to help students understand the evolution of the video game industry and changes resulting from big company acquisitions.
The document discusses techniques used in charity advertising campaigns. It provides context about the charity Shelter, including that it aims to help people with homelessness and housing issues. Shelter launched a poster advertising campaign in 2011 to encourage people at risk of losing their home to seek advice earlier. The campaign was created pro bono to raise awareness of homelessness arising from today's economic situation, using slogans like "but where will we live?" to get the message across directly. Generic codes and conventions of charity ads are discussed, such as creating sympathy, empathy and shock for the subject, using the charity's name and logo, sombre tones, and calls to interact with the charity.
The document discusses German propaganda posters from the Nazi era. It provides examples of several posters and analyzes the messaging and techniques used. Key themes in the posters included portraying Jews negatively, promoting a rural German lifestyle, linking Hitler to God, and suggesting Jews were responsible for war and financial crimes. The posters aimed to influence public opinion through deliberate imagery and messages.
The document provides context and overview information about the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show, its presenter Greg James, and its target audience. It discusses the show's requirements as a public service broadcaster, including entertaining young listeners, offering new music with an emphasis on emerging UK artists, and providing news relevant to young adults. It also summarizes an episode from October 4th 2018, noting how it met many public service obligations through its music selection and content, while acknowledging some challenges in appealing to commercial competitors in certain timeslots. Finally, it provides context on guest Romesh Ranganathan and how he represents UK communities in line with the BBC's public purposes.
The document summarizes the steps taken by Hitler to relaunch the Nazi party after the failed Munich Putsch in 1923. Some key points:
- Hitler relaunched the Nazi party in 1925 with a speech to 4000 people where he changed their strategy from armed revolt to participating in elections.
- The party underwent reorganization to become more efficient and focused on appealing to the working classes by emphasizing anti-Semitism and the middle classes by emphasizing anti-Communism.
- By 1929 the Nazi party was well organized with 10,000 members but still did poorly in elections from 1924-1929, which the document refers to as the "lean years" for the party due to economic and political
The Nuremberg Laws passed in 1935 stripped German Jews of their citizenship and rights. The laws prohibited marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans deemed Aryan, as well as the employment of German women under 45 in Jewish households. The laws classified citizens based on race and ancestry, categorizing people as Jews if they had three or four Jewish grandparents. The laws aimed to segregate Jews from the rest of German society.
Hitler and Nazi Germany - appeal of the hitler and the nazismrmarr
The Nazis gained widespread support in Germany for several reasons: Hitler was a charismatic leader who attracted many followers with his passionate speeches. The Nazi party also strategically appealed to different groups in society with their policies and promises, and through well-organized sections targeting specific demographics. Additionally, the failures and instability of the Weimar government exacerbated economic woes like hyperinflation and high unemployment, leading more Germans to support the Nazi party that promised renewal.
1) The document provides guidance on how to structure responses for Section A and Section B of the G322 AS Media exam.
2) For Section A on TV drama, it advises to focus the response on analyzing how technical elements construct representations rather than just describing them.
3) For Section B on film institutions, it recommends discussing the processes of production, distribution, and exhibition in British film by referencing specific case studies and films. Key words related to these processes are defined.
Industries introduction for The Bridge and Life on MarsKStockwell
This document discusses and compares the industries behind two TV crime dramas: "The Bridge" and "Life on Mars." It notes that "Life on Mars" was produced by Kudos for BBC Wales and had international adaptations and broadcasts. "The Bridge" is a Swedish/Danish co-production between public broadcasters SVT and DR that received additional European funding and has had international success and remakes. Both crime dramas conform to their broadcasters' remits of providing popular, high quality programming while cultivating talent.
Slideshare analysing big issue front covers egsjude.holmes
The document analyzes the cover design elements of three issues of The Big Issue magazine. It discusses the placement and design of the masthead, main image, anchorage text, date/issue number, price, and color scheme for each cover. The covers featured Liam Gallagher, Morrissey, and George Michael as the main images and articles within focused on interviews with these famous musicians.
The document discusses Nazi propaganda and censorship methods. It explains that Goebbels was in charge of the Nazi propaganda machine and used various media like posters, radio, films and controlled newspapers to promote Nazi ideology and anti-Semitism. The Nazis also engaged in censorship of books and publications to control information and ensure only pro-Nazi views were heard.
"Stop Where You Are" - Corinne Bailey Rae Lexshort
Corinne Bailey Rae is a British singer-songwriter known for her 2006 self-titled debut album and hit singles like "Put Your Records On". The analyzed music video is for her song "Stop Where You Are" and depicts scenes of people from different walks of life. Through its imagery and lyrics, the video conveys a message about appreciating the present moment and finding beauty in everyday things. Analysis of the video's visuals, music, and language reveal relationships that reinforce the song's themes of stopping to experience life fully.
This document summarizes a marketing project for Jack Daniel's whiskey. It identifies the project's objectives as determining target segments, positioning, message proposition, and best media outlet. Research found whiskey sales decreasing with competition from trendier drinks targeting younger consumers. An ad test experiment aimed different messages at gender segments, finding traditional messages worked best for men and trendier messages for women. The recommendations were to create three ads with different appeals, place them in magazines targeting each segment, and focus communication through print media.
Film distributors targeted global and national audiences for I, Daniel Blake (IDB) in several ways:
1) They partnered with trade unions and left-leaning newspapers like the Daily Mirror to screen the film for free hundreds of times in the UK and generate conversations around its social messages.
2) Publicity stunts promoted IDB's political themes, like projecting the film's title and speeches onto Parliament buildings.
3) Politicians used lines from IDB and its hashtag in their own campaigns to raise awareness and support for related social issues.
This was produced by a fabulous student called Joe B who I was lucky to have taught GCSE History. As part of the class's work he was asked to produced an explanation of how propaganda was used by the Nazis to control the German people and this is his finished work
Geschiedenis: De geschiedenis van het antisemitisme
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
Media Studies OCR A Level Advertising and marketing 11 01 19Yvonne44
The document provides guidance on analyzing charity advertising like that produced by Shelter. It discusses Shelter as an organization that helps the homeless and outlines techniques used in their advertising. These include using personal stories to create empathy, showing the consequences of homelessness, and appealing to emotions with simple yet vague messages. The document also analyzes sample Shelter ads, noting design elements like colors and images, and how these aim to represent homelessness as an issue that could impact anyone to encourage support.
The Old Spice advertising campaign from 2010 aimed to modernize the brand's image and attract new customers. Known as "The Man Your Man Could Smell Like", it featured actor Isaiah Mustafa addressing the camera and appealing to women. Through viral videos and an interactive social media strategy, the campaign became a major success. It helped Old Spice shift perceptions from being seen as outdated to representing contemporary masculine ideals.
Geschiedenis: De geschiedenis van het antisemitisme
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
This Lucozade advertisement features famous footballer Gareth Bale staring intensely at the camera. The lighting makes his face appear dirty, implying he has been actively participating in sports. The advertisement emphasizes Lucozade's benefits for sports through featuring Gareth Bale and other athletes. The blue and yellow colors in the background match Lucozade's logo colors and help the yellow stand out. The advertisement aims to portray Lucozade as scientifically proven to hydrate and fuel athletes better than water alone.
Media Studies Video games Minecraft 12 03 19Yvonne44
This document provides information about video games for a media studies course. It discusses what students need to know, including changes in the video game industry from independent developers to acquisition by large companies. It also discusses target audiences and technology used to distribute games across platforms. The document provides context about the history of different media and asks questions to help students understand the evolution of the video game industry and changes resulting from big company acquisitions.
The document discusses techniques used in charity advertising campaigns. It provides context about the charity Shelter, including that it aims to help people with homelessness and housing issues. Shelter launched a poster advertising campaign in 2011 to encourage people at risk of losing their home to seek advice earlier. The campaign was created pro bono to raise awareness of homelessness arising from today's economic situation, using slogans like "but where will we live?" to get the message across directly. Generic codes and conventions of charity ads are discussed, such as creating sympathy, empathy and shock for the subject, using the charity's name and logo, sombre tones, and calls to interact with the charity.
The document discusses German propaganda posters from the Nazi era. It provides examples of several posters and analyzes the messaging and techniques used. Key themes in the posters included portraying Jews negatively, promoting a rural German lifestyle, linking Hitler to God, and suggesting Jews were responsible for war and financial crimes. The posters aimed to influence public opinion through deliberate imagery and messages.
The document provides context and overview information about the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show, its presenter Greg James, and its target audience. It discusses the show's requirements as a public service broadcaster, including entertaining young listeners, offering new music with an emphasis on emerging UK artists, and providing news relevant to young adults. It also summarizes an episode from October 4th 2018, noting how it met many public service obligations through its music selection and content, while acknowledging some challenges in appealing to commercial competitors in certain timeslots. Finally, it provides context on guest Romesh Ranganathan and how he represents UK communities in line with the BBC's public purposes.
The document summarizes the steps taken by Hitler to relaunch the Nazi party after the failed Munich Putsch in 1923. Some key points:
- Hitler relaunched the Nazi party in 1925 with a speech to 4000 people where he changed their strategy from armed revolt to participating in elections.
- The party underwent reorganization to become more efficient and focused on appealing to the working classes by emphasizing anti-Semitism and the middle classes by emphasizing anti-Communism.
- By 1929 the Nazi party was well organized with 10,000 members but still did poorly in elections from 1924-1929, which the document refers to as the "lean years" for the party due to economic and political
The Nuremberg Laws passed in 1935 stripped German Jews of their citizenship and rights. The laws prohibited marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans deemed Aryan, as well as the employment of German women under 45 in Jewish households. The laws classified citizens based on race and ancestry, categorizing people as Jews if they had three or four Jewish grandparents. The laws aimed to segregate Jews from the rest of German society.
Hitler and Nazi Germany - appeal of the hitler and the nazismrmarr
The Nazis gained widespread support in Germany for several reasons: Hitler was a charismatic leader who attracted many followers with his passionate speeches. The Nazi party also strategically appealed to different groups in society with their policies and promises, and through well-organized sections targeting specific demographics. Additionally, the failures and instability of the Weimar government exacerbated economic woes like hyperinflation and high unemployment, leading more Germans to support the Nazi party that promised renewal.
1) The document provides guidance on how to structure responses for Section A and Section B of the G322 AS Media exam.
2) For Section A on TV drama, it advises to focus the response on analyzing how technical elements construct representations rather than just describing them.
3) For Section B on film institutions, it recommends discussing the processes of production, distribution, and exhibition in British film by referencing specific case studies and films. Key words related to these processes are defined.
Industries introduction for The Bridge and Life on MarsKStockwell
This document discusses and compares the industries behind two TV crime dramas: "The Bridge" and "Life on Mars." It notes that "Life on Mars" was produced by Kudos for BBC Wales and had international adaptations and broadcasts. "The Bridge" is a Swedish/Danish co-production between public broadcasters SVT and DR that received additional European funding and has had international success and remakes. Both crime dramas conform to their broadcasters' remits of providing popular, high quality programming while cultivating talent.
Slideshare analysing big issue front covers egsjude.holmes
The document analyzes the cover design elements of three issues of The Big Issue magazine. It discusses the placement and design of the masthead, main image, anchorage text, date/issue number, price, and color scheme for each cover. The covers featured Liam Gallagher, Morrissey, and George Michael as the main images and articles within focused on interviews with these famous musicians.
The document discusses Nazi propaganda and censorship methods. It explains that Goebbels was in charge of the Nazi propaganda machine and used various media like posters, radio, films and controlled newspapers to promote Nazi ideology and anti-Semitism. The Nazis also engaged in censorship of books and publications to control information and ensure only pro-Nazi views were heard.
"Stop Where You Are" - Corinne Bailey Rae Lexshort
Corinne Bailey Rae is a British singer-songwriter known for her 2006 self-titled debut album and hit singles like "Put Your Records On". The analyzed music video is for her song "Stop Where You Are" and depicts scenes of people from different walks of life. Through its imagery and lyrics, the video conveys a message about appreciating the present moment and finding beauty in everyday things. Analysis of the video's visuals, music, and language reveal relationships that reinforce the song's themes of stopping to experience life fully.
This document summarizes a marketing project for Jack Daniel's whiskey. It identifies the project's objectives as determining target segments, positioning, message proposition, and best media outlet. Research found whiskey sales decreasing with competition from trendier drinks targeting younger consumers. An ad test experiment aimed different messages at gender segments, finding traditional messages worked best for men and trendier messages for women. The recommendations were to create three ads with different appeals, place them in magazines targeting each segment, and focus communication through print media.
Film distributors targeted global and national audiences for I, Daniel Blake (IDB) in several ways:
1) They partnered with trade unions and left-leaning newspapers like the Daily Mirror to screen the film for free hundreds of times in the UK and generate conversations around its social messages.
2) Publicity stunts promoted IDB's political themes, like projecting the film's title and speeches onto Parliament buildings.
3) Politicians used lines from IDB and its hashtag in their own campaigns to raise awareness and support for related social issues.
This was produced by a fabulous student called Joe B who I was lucky to have taught GCSE History. As part of the class's work he was asked to produced an explanation of how propaganda was used by the Nazis to control the German people and this is his finished work
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY:NAZISM. It contains: national socialism, the struggle for dominance, noble and creative Aryans, expansionism and war, persecution of Jews, terror, genocide and racial extermination, Nazism theory, Nazi party, Mein Kampf, the purge, identifying Nazism, preserving pure elements, Fichte, Volkskrieg, Riehl, Volkish nationalism, Bismarck, Hitler.
Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in 1933 and transformed the nation into a totalitarian state focused on racial purity and conquest. The Nazis used aggressive propaganda to promote anti-Semitism and Hitler's vision. During World War 2, the Nazi regime murdered approximately 11 million people in concentration camps, including 6 million Jews. The US and other nations denied entry to most Jewish refugees seeking to escape the Holocaust.
The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Adolf Hitler was the leader behind ordering the genocide. Anti-Semitism, or discrimination against Jews, was a major factor that enabled the Holocaust. After World War II, neo-Nazism emerged, consisting of groups seeking to revive Nazi ideology, including Holocaust denial. The Nazis established ghettos in Poland and Eastern Europe to segregate Jewish communities, the largest being in Warsaw, and deported thousands daily to concentration camps like Auschwitz.
The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Adolf Hitler was the leader behind ordering the genocide. Anti-Semitism, or discrimination against Jews, was a major factor that enabled the Holocaust. After World War II, neo-Nazism emerged, consisting of groups seeking to revive Nazi ideology, including Holocaust denial. The Nazis established ghettos in Poland and Eastern Europe to segregate Jewish communities, the largest being in Warsaw, and deported thousands daily to concentration camps like Auschwitz.
The document provides an interactive guide to learning about the Holocaust through six key stages:
1) Definition - how the Nazis defined who was Jewish and introduced racist anti-Semitic ideology.
2) Expropriation - the stripping of rights and property from Jewish people through laws and Kristallnacht.
3) Concentration - forcing Jewish people into ghettos with severe restrictions.
4) Mobile killing units - the Einsatzgruppen that massacred over 1.5 million Jewish people in the Soviet Union.
5) Deportation - transporting victims by train to six deadly camps in Poland.
6) Killing centers - the camps like Auschwitz that systematically murdered victims
The Nazi party in Germany extensively censored information and used propaganda techniques to control public opinion and influence the masses. They tightly controlled the press, universities, arts, literature, music, and all forms of media to spread Nazi ideology and suppress opposing views. This widespread censorship and propaganda helped Hitler consolidate power and present himself as a strong leader of a unified Germany.
Nazism and rise of hitler Chapters 3 Class 9thgauriasawa9
Nazism and the rise of hitler chapter pdf short ,brief and easy . chapter 3 of history class 9 pdf . notes of chapter 3 nazism and the rise of hitler pdf .
The Holocaust was a genocide carried out by Nazi Germany against European Jews during World War II. Hitler rose to power in Germany and established a totalitarian regime. He implemented racist policies and propaganda targeting Jews. Concentration camps were established where Jews and others were imprisoned and exterminated. Extermination camps like Auschwitz were built for systematic mass killings using gas chambers. Despite overwhelming odds, some resisted like the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the White Rose resistance group in Germany. The Holocaust ended as Allied forces liberated camps in 1945.
Nazi Germany isolated and oppressed Jewish people through several means:
- Jews were denied refuge in other countries as life became difficult in Germany leading up to WWII.
- Jews were isolated into ghettos within German cities.
- An estimated 3 million innocent Jews were later killed in Nazi death camps through methods like gas chambers and mass shootings, proving the vast prejudice they suffered under Nazi rule.
The document provides historical context and details about the prelude and progression of the Holocaust. It summarizes that the Holocaust was a state-sponsored persecution of European Jews by Nazi Germany between 1933-1945 that resulted in the murders of 6 million Jews. It then details how the Nazis passed increasingly restrictive laws and policies that systematically stripped Jews of their rights and property and dehumanized them through propaganda to pave the way for their eventual mass extermination in death camps.
The document discusses Adolf Hitler and the rise of Nazi Germany. It states that Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As leader, he dismantled democratic structures and instituted a dictatorship. He targeted Jews and communists, sending them to concentration camps. Hitler pursued an aggressive expansionist policy that eventually led to war with multiple countries. The Nazi ideology was based on racist beliefs of Aryan supremacy and aimed to eliminate Jewish and other groups deemed "undesirable."
Nazi propaganda promoted racist, anti-Semitic, and nationalist ideas through various mediums. Joseph Goebbels emphasized the importance of influencing public opinion through advanced technology like film, radio, and posters. Nazi propaganda depicted Jews as conspiratorial, inferior beings who threatened the purity of the Aryan race. It also aimed to indoctrinate German youth in racist ideology and their duty to serve the totalitarian state. Through simplification and repetition of slogans, Nazi propaganda persuaded many Germans to accept racist Nazi policies.
Brief Biography of Martin NiemöllerMartin Niemöller (pronounce.docxhartrobert670
Brief Biography of Martin Niemöller
Martin Niemöller (pronounced Nee-mū-ler), born in 1892, served in the German navy as a Uboat
commander during World War I. He was ordained as a Lutheran pastor in 1924 and showed
early enthusiasm for Adolf Hitler’s ideas for the rebuilding of the German nation. But once
Hitler came to power in 1933, Niemöller quickly became a critic of the Nazi leader’s militant
and anti-Semitic actions and his attacks on the Protestant churches in Germany. Niemöller,
along with other like-minded religious leaders—most famously Dietrich Bonhoeffer—formed a
resistance movement called the Confessional Church. These leaders preached against Hitler and
Nazism in the mid and late 1930s as WWII loomed. Hitler, seeking to silence any opposition,
ordered the leaders of the Confessional Church arrested and sent to concentration camps.
Niemöller was arrested in 1937 by Nazi authorities and sent first to Sachsenhausen and then to
Dachau concentration camp. He stayed imprisoned until he was liberated by the Allies in the
spring of 1945.
Soon after the war, Niemöller helped compose the “Stuttgart Confession of Guilt,”
acknowledging the German people’s collective guilt for the Holocaust. From 1961-1968 he
served as President of the World Council of Churches. Throughout the rest of his life he
preached reconciliation and disarmament. Martin Niemöller died in 1984.
Niemöller’s Famous Statement (Poem)
“In Germany they came first for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I
wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because
I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up
because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't
speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me, and by that time no
one was left to speak up.”
--Martin Niemöller, 1945
Although Niemöller and other Germans actively preached and campaigned against Nazism in the
1930s, millions of others did nothing or actively supported Hitler as he consolidated his power
and spread oppression and murder across Europe. Niemöller’s stirring quote was a statement
aimed at all Germans for allowing such things to happen. His eloquent words soon became
synonymous with the struggles of individual and national consciences everywhere, as the world
came to recognize the enormous horrors of the Holocaust and the other atrocities of WWII.
Today a debate about collective guilt during WWII still rages amongst academics and in the
popular media. Even today, Niemöller’s words have meaning. They are often altered to fit differing political or social agendas, but they stand as a universal call for social action and solidarity and vigilance in the face of oppression and injustice.
THE HOLOCAUST AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY
The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and their collaborators as a central act of state during World War II. In 1933 approx ...
The document discusses the use of propaganda by various powers during World War I and World War II. It describes how the Nazis effectively used propaganda to change public opinion in Germany and build support for the Nazi party and its policies. Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels recognized propaganda's power to not only inform but influence people's beliefs. The Nazis used propaganda through posters, films, and speeches to promote ideas of German solidarity, racial purity, and preparation for war. Leni Riefenstahl's famous Nazi propaganda film "Triumph of the Will" is discussed as an example of glorifying the Nazi party and Hitler's vision for Germany.
The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II. Beginning in 1933, Nazi Germany passed laws to exclude Jews from society, stripping them of their citizenship and political rights. Later, the Nazis expanded their campaign to mass murder, killing millions of Jews as well as Roma, Slavs, homosexuals and others deemed inferior. The largest concentration and death camp was Auschwitz, where over one million people were killed in gas chambers or through forced labor, disease and starvation.
This document discusses the Holocaust and provides background information. It defines the Holocaust as the systematic state-sponsored killing of 6 million Jews and others by Nazi Germany during WWII. It explores the origins of anti-Semitism in Germany prior to Hitler's rise to power and how he propagated further hatred against Jews. The document outlines key events that led to the Holocaust, including Hitler becoming Chancellor in 1933 and enacting anti-Jewish legislation, as well as the 1942 Wannsee Conference where the "Final Solution" was implemented.
World War I consisted of two stages from 1914 to 1916 of conventional warfare followed by desperate warfare from 1916 until the end as both sides struggled for survival. There were several fundamental causes of the war including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and pre-war alliances between countries. After World War I, Germany suffered greatly including starvation, disease, farming disruption, and loss of territory. The Weimar Republic replaced the German Empire but struggled with political divisions and unrest, especially during the Great Depression when economic troubles increased support for the Nazi party.
The document provides information on how Hitler and the Nazis utilized various aspects of society and government to consolidate power and propagate their racist ideology. It discusses how Hitler assigned economic recovery to Hjalmar Schacht and aimed for full production and employment through public works programs, resulting in infrastructure projects. It also describes how the Nazis reorganized education, youth groups, women's roles, language and the media to indoctrinate the populace, especially children, with Nazi ideals of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism. All dissent was purged and society was tightly controlled and mobilized for Hitler's goals of war and racial conquest in Europe.
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Visual Culture and the Holocaust: Nazi Anti-Semitic Propaganda
1. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST
NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
HISTORIC VISUAL SURVEY
John P Corrigan
GD///MFA
AH5622
Visual Culture
and the Holocaust
Jennifer Hirsh
Spring 2007
Fight for Freedom
logo, a British anti-
Nazi campaign,
c. 1941.
1
2. | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
INTRODUCTION
anti-semitism leading to
the holocaust
3
The Wandering Jew
(The Eternal Jew)
Der-Ewige-Jude,
Poster design by
Horst Schlüter.1937.
(Aynsley, 197)
Even though the headline text is in
German, the type is stylized into Hebrew
letter forms. The text reads from left to
right, where as Hebrew is written and
reads from right to left. The image of the
Jewish figure is distortingly hunched, and
facial gesture have been exaggerated.
The figure also carries a stone portion
representing a broken fragmented Russia.
The film, The
Wandering Jew,
produced by
Jewsih Zionists,
was twisted by
Nazi propagnda
exploiting the
Jewish quest for a
return to Palestine.
3. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST |
Social and political reasoning uses predetermined national security to defend its
position against European Jewry. Historic animosity, paranoia, and social fatigue led
to false defensive actions against the Jews. Wrongful blame, according to socialist
doctrines, both accelerated and intensified after the out come and Germany’s
Nationalist position after World War I.
The undercurrent attitudes,extended anti-Semitic ideologies dating back
to Martin Luther’s protestant reformation,and the events and circumstances
surrounding the French inquisition.The predominant historic attitudes of European
citizens continually resented the Jewish communities wealth and supposed economic
influences.European Jewry previously had been denied land ownership rights in
Russia,France,Germany,and England.This political and economic restriction forced the
International Jewish Diaspora to turn inward,relying on the extension of community
and its cross-cultural connections incorporating academia,and the trade and
distribution of marketable goods.
Jewish national identity has continually focused on their biblical Holy Land of
the‘Chosen People,’Palestine,Israel and the city of Jerusalem.This affection continued
to provide them with a strong emotional and national pride.A people without land to
claim as their own,left Jews around the world to identify first with religious conviction,
and secondly with their national/state of occupancies.This conviction,to the ideological
state of Israel,considered by residential communities to represent a lack of National
pride in the host country,such as Germany,Italy,Poland,Bohemia,the Ukraine,Russia,
and the Balkan States.This apparent and deliberate lack of National pride provoked
citizens and wrongfully encouraged ideologies of mistrust,questioned solidarity,
paranoid rumors of espionage,and undercurrents of potential revolutionaries.
National pride of European nations intensified after the Great War.Germany
suffered great losses after the fall of World War I.Germany was severely severed and
fractured in social and economic depression.Germany looked to their National identity
and government for answers as to the demise of their once powerful nation.The
National Socialist party looked to answer these questions,ending blame on the Jews.
1933
JANUARY
German government
takes away freedom
of speech, assembly,
press, and freedom
from invasion
of privacy (mail,
telephone, telegraph),
and from house search
without warrant.
March
The concentration
camp at Dachau
is established.
July
Nazis pass a law
requiring the forced
sterilization of
those found to have
genetic defects.
September
German Jews are
forbidden from
owning land.
October
German Jews are
forbidden from being
newspaper editors.
Timeline events
focus on anti-
Semitic legislation
and actions
directed by the Nazi
regime.
4. | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
654
The Wire Puller:
Brain-and Manual
Workers Vote for
the People’s Bloc,
Election poster,
1924. (Herf, 33)
Behind the Enemy
Powers: The Jew
Ministry for Public
Enlightenment and
Propaganda, by
Hans Schweitzer,
1943. (Herf)
Jewish Conspiracy
against Europe,
Reich Ministry
for Public
Enlightenment and
Propaganda 1941.
(Herf, 143)
Political posters from the begining of the
Nazi regime, and through the end of the
war, consistently depicted the Jewish man
as the mastermind behind all oppositional
politcal force. The caricature of the Jewish
figure is consistenly positoned behinde, or
above, symbols of industrial and politcal
influence.
These posters represent a ‘lurking’ Jew,
controling the political relationships of
Allied agreements between England,
Russia and America. Nazi propaganda used
sterotypical caricatures of the overweight
British bourgeois and heavy forcefulness
of the Jewish politican.
Other Nazi sterotypes focused on religious
Jews; these depictions exaggerated the
beard, nose, ears, and lips in appoving
facial gestures. The Nazis commonly
depicted Jewish conspirators safely hidden
away in the safety and luxury of influence
in America or England.
5. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST |
Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda presented Hitler and Germany as
merely responding to political threats,initiatives,and injustices of
others.Propaganda initiatives portrayed the Germans innocence,
turning the power relationships of the Jews upside down.Hitler
projected his own paranoia,twisting historical world events to make
claims of the diabolical intentions of International,and world Jewry.
Nazis projected blame onto the Jews at the outbreak of World War
II.According to Hitler and the Nazi party,it was the Jews who had
launched the war against Germany,thus compelling the Nazi party to
retaliate.
Germany would use propaganda tactics to contradict
historical events,making simultaneous claims of a master race
and world domination.With world domination,paranoia,and the
self-pity of victimization,the Nazis used propaganda to convince
themselves and the rest of the world that they were the victims.The
Nazis believed they had uncovered deep secrets of modern history
and politics.Through means of propaganda,the Ministry for
Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für
Volksaufklärung und Propaganda) was to educate the people,(Herf,6)
of the‘true’realities.
The mid-late 1930’s the political consensus led to the
Nuremburg Race Laws.The newly enacted laws would deny citizen-
ship,encourage economic impoverishment of Jews—the enemy to the
sate and well being of Germany.Anti-Semitism rested on the belief
that the Jews were a cohesive and politically active power that was
seeking the destruction of Germany.Nazi propaganda insisted that
the powerful autonomous entity of International Jewry controlled
stooges and political accomplices who served their evil interests.An
International Jewish political force was falsely exposed for effecting
leaders in Great Britain,the Soviet Union (under the Bolsheviks,) and
the United States.The Nazis made claims that Jews were masters of
camouflage,able to unknowingly afflict its goals at the unsuspecting
1934
May
German Jews are
forbidden from
receiving national
health insurance.
NAZI AGENDA
6. | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
Germans.Nazi propaganda made its initial effort
to expose,identify,and destroy the supposed goal
of German annihilation.Hitler personally sought
to exterminate the Jews before they were able to
annihilate the contemporary
German empire.
Established decades prior to the Nazi party,
The Protocols of Zion,popularized fictitious themes
of Jewish conspiracy.Twisting historical events
effecting German strength,The Protocols of Zion
supposedly answered questions to policies that
beleaguered Germany after
World War I.
The campaign’s only
rationale was to blunt the
sensibilities of the people
regarding the campaign
of persecution and
murder which was being
carried out…they were
not designed to unite
the German people in the
war effort…sub due any
doubt…racial persecution
to which the Jews were to
be subjected…
1
1 “Judgement,”
Trials of War
criminals before the
Nuremburg Military
Tribunal (IMT), 14,
565-576.
Otto Dietrich
testified at the
Nuremburg Military
trial stating…
(Herf, 23)
Election poster,
1932. (Heller, 64)
8
All of Germany
listens to the Führer
with the People’s
Receiver. Designed
by Leonoid. 1936.
(Aynsley, 179)
7
The audience is directed at ‘the people’
of Germany, which refer to Aryan
decendents. Both the visual tone and
the language is set to Fraktur, calling on
German Nationalism.
7. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST |
Before the official beginning and declaration of war in 1939,
propaganda had been used to propagate the new world order
according to the Nazis,and vilify the enemy.The industrial revolution
allowed the proliferation of posters,uniforms,street graphics and
political banners en masse.The propaganda image both unified and
identified political opponents giving faces to the enemies of the Reich,
creating solidarity amongst leaders,followers,as well as the crushed
opposition.
Leadership figures embodied the power and ideology of
Nazi Germany.For the first time,photographic representation
allowed images of Hitler to become icons.(Hollis,108) Through
photographic representation,the Jewish enemy would also be
vilified.Jewish faces could also be used to identify,misrepresent,and
exaggerate anti-Semitic stereotypes,to the disadvantage of the Jews.
Direct photographic representation was better suited to symbolic
representation of the power of the Nazi party,and expose and
propagate the negative connotations of the Jews.
Posters were used by the Nazi party to boost morale among
its own,encourage war production,and dictate order to civilians.The
modern medium of propaganda was able to overwhelm viewers.
(Hollis,109) Posters effectiveness depended upon the images ability
to communicate instantly and sub due the potential for reactionary
thought or consequences.
The statistical information offered by Jeffrey Herf,is a
staggering account of propaganda activity.In the initial years of the
war the Propaganda Ministry was responsible for 200,000 political
meetings from September 1939 through October 1940,a staggering
29,674 slide show meetings consisting of nine productions,as nine to
ten million saw the German Weekly Newsreel each week.Herf reports,
“Text posters were printed in edition of 400,000-500,000 and picture
posters numbering 300,000.By the end of 1940,700,000 photos of
1935
May
German Jews are
forbidden from serving
in the military.
September
The German
government enacts
the Nuremberg Laws—
depriving German
Jews of citizenship and
fundamental rights.
The Nazis intensify
persecution of political
dissenters and others
considered“inferior,”
including Gypsies,
Jehovah’s Witnesses,
and homosexuals.
WAR AND
PROPAGANDA
8. | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
9
Collaboration,
USHMM
Call Number:
2004.264.1
Front divided into three panels with anti-Semitic caricatures
in center panel. The poster refers to the meeting between
Henri Philippe Petain, French general and head of the Vichy
government in France, and Adolf Hitler in Oct. 1940 at Montoire-
sur-le-Loir, France, when Petain offered his collaboration with
Nazi Germany. Language(s): In French.
9. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST |
Hitler had been produced.Herf also specifies the color poster accompanying the film The
Eternal Jew was 23,000.(Herf,59)
By January 1941,Herf lists the Propaganda Ministry claims that,“more
than seven million posters,two million pamphlets,sixty million periodicals and wall
newspapers,an sixty-seven million leaflets were produced.”(Herf,34) This amount does
not reflect film,demonstrations,slide shows,or political rallies.The quantitative mass
was pre-dominantly implementing the solution to‘The Jewish Question,’addressing
the supposed subversive power of the Jews in Germany.The staggering numbers start to
represent the other fact that these reports do not show,the six million Jews destroyed as
the results of paranoia and murderous anti-Semitism.
1936
August
Olympic Games begin
in Berlin.To gain public
favor, Hitler and Nazis
temporarily stop
actions against Jews.
10
The Jew: Instegators
of the War,
Prolonger of the
War, Ministry
for Public
Enlightenment and
Propaganda, by
Hans Schweitzer,
1943. (Herf)
11
He Bears the
Guilt for the War!
Ministry for Public
Enlightenment and
Propaganda, by
Hans Schweitzer,
1943. (Herf)
10. 10 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
Jeffery Herf’s book,The Jewish Enemy,lays out specific accounts and historical facts
that prove and identify Nazi propaganda to be falsely based,and politically skewed for
public support.Herf’s specific numbers dramatically prove the ultimate purpose was
to falsely convince its own party,as well as the German citizens the supposed power of
International Jewry.Herf’s statistical information is based on the decreasing percentage
of German Jews predating the Nazi regime.Herf’s figures state,“The percentage of
Jews in the German population had declined from it’s peak of just over 1 percent in 1880
(under the Weimar Republic) to .76 percent in 1933…”Herf continues,“Out of all German
Jews,160,000 or 32.1 percent,lived in Berlin,a fact of considerable importance for Joseph
Goebbels before and after 1933.”(Herf,35) Previous anti-Semitic prejudices had limited
Jewish professions.Jews had been mostly removed from political and civil service.Jews
were not allowed to participate,nor be the head of large corporate business.Herf states,
“Almost three-quarters of German Jews made their living from trade,commerce,or
banking,with strong concentrations in sales,white-collar jobs,and office work.”(Herf,
35) Remaining professions was law and medicine,which remained accessible for Jews
to practice.
Anti-Semitic propaganda made unsubstantiated claims the Jews dominated
both the cultural and intellectuals of Berlin.These numbers were highly dramatized as
less than an average of six percent occupied positions of notable influence.The less than
consistent positioning of the Nazis regime conspiratorial claims of Jewish involvement
was fictitious.
Under the sanctioned Nuremburg laws,which eliminated both economic and
social standing for the Jews,continued deception strengthened the Germans disgust of
the Jews supposed power.Herf writes,“By the end of 1933,37,000 of the 525,00 Jews in
Germany had already left.”(Herf,37)
From the onset of Hitler’s rise to power,his previous publication Mein Kampf,
which was written from prison,did not obsessively discuss racial biology,consuming
itself mostly with the affect International Jewry had on the economic depression that
afflicted Germany after World War I.The Jews were enemies because of their supposed
economic war,capitalism,and connection to the Bolshevik revolution started in Russia.
Herf cites the continued pressure and activism in England and America towards
Germany for the increasing anti-Semitic policies towards Jews and the conspiracy of
QUESTIONING ANTI-SEMITIC
REPRESENTATION / PROLIFERATION
11. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 11
International Jewry.Herf writes,“The source of tension was therefore
foreign criticism of the regimes anti-Semitic policies,not the policies
themselves…”(Herf,39)
Joseph Goebbels,second in command to Nazi propaganda,
frequently linked Bolshevism with Germany’s Jewish problem.
Both Goebbels’and Hitler’s speeches would demonize the‘Judo-
Marxist domination’in its westward expansion of Germany,and
the Jewish quest for world domination.Hitler’s hatred of America
was continually obsessed with its connections to supposed Jewish
influences.Outspoken American politicians,against the Nazis in
Germany,fueled Jewish implications.Herf states,that Nazis attacked
F.D.Roosevelt’s New Deal,believing that it was common to National
Socialism in its encouragement of Liberal Democracy,a strong state-
hood and active public welfare system.Politics in America was
propagated by the Nazis proof of its alleged Jewish manipulation.
International outrage and criticisms of the Nazi policy of anti-
Semitism,provoked Hitler to‘retaliate’against the Jews of Germany
and later the rest of Europe.Seen as an act of Jewish aggression
on Germany,Hitler enacted the anti-Jewish pogrom of November
1938,‘the night of broken glass’destroying Jewish business and
synagogues,killing and beating of Jews,and subsequently sending
many males to Dachau,at which time was a cap for prisoners of war.
1937
January
German Jews
are banned from
many professional
occupations including
teaching Germans,
accounting and
dentistry.They are also
denied tax reductions
and child allowances.
July
Many Jewish students
are ordered to leave
German schools
and universities.
November
Jewish passports
are declared invalid
for foreign travel.
12
The Wire Pullers:
They Are Only Jews!
Parole der Woshe,
Reich Propaganda
Directorate of the
Nazi Party, 1942.
(Herf, 153)
The early use of
photography put
faces of the enemy
for all passersby to
see.
12. 12 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
Nazi anti-Semitic theories,were disseminated from the writings
of Adolf Hitler’s book Mein Kampf. Hitler’s chief conspirator in the
proliferation of anti-Semitic propaganda was Joseph Goebbels.
Through Hitler and Goebbels the Nazi party generated prolific
amounts of effective propaganda.First to win the popular election
of Hitler and secondly the anti-Semitic campaign aimed at the
destruction of European Jews.Nazi propaganda pioneered the use of
modern communication methods,incorporating radio,aerial travel,
and the novelty of film (Bytwerk,11) was used to establish the Third
Reich as a strong and powerful political force.In the publication
Paper War,Randall Bytwerk introduces Hitler’s clear identification
of propaganda’s use to persuade the masses.Bytwerk quotes Hitler’s
writings in Mein Kampf,“The act of propaganda lies in understanding
the emotional ideas of the great masses and finding,through a
psychologically correct form,the way to the attention and thence to
the heart of the broad masses.”
(Bytwerk,11)
Hitler’s anti-Semitic convictions was addressed,supported and
inflated by his closest party propagandists.His core of experienced
supporters were Joseph Goebbels,Otto Dietrich,and Alfred Rosenburg.
(Herf,17) During the past Weimar Republic years,Nazi propagandists
learned the importance and influential methods to distort the
reporting of both political and military news worthy stories.Half-
truths selected,omitted,and downplayed historical facts,slanting fact
and fiction.Most effective propaganda does not consist of blatant lies,
for the truth always has the potential to be found.
By January 1933,the Nazi party confiscated,destroyed,
eliminated,and closed all opposing newspaper and publications.This
process led to the expulsion of German journalists,including Jews,
Social Democrats,Communists,political writers,and other forms of
political dissent.By the end of 1933,the Nazis controlled all remaining
papers and free press,also enacting laws forbidding Jews as editors,
13 Der Stürmer. “Jewish
Murder Plan against
Gentile Humanity
Revealed,” issue
accusing Jews of
practicing ritual
murder to secure
the blood of
Christians to use
in Jewish religious
rituals. Special
Issue: May 1934.
(Calvin College
Archive)
NAZI OFFICES
AND OFFICERS
Der Stürmer (The Stormer) was a weekly
Nazi newspaper published from 1923 to
the end of World War II in 1945. It was a
significant part of the Nazi propaganda
machinery and was vehemently anti-
Semitic. Der Stürmer often ran obscene
materials such as anti-Semitic caricatures
and propaganda accusations of blood libel.
13. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 13
and banning those married to Jews from practicing journalism.
The Nazi Press Office in Propaganda Ministry was run
by Otto Dietrich.Both the Reich Press Chamber and German
Association of Newspapers and Periodical Publishers was
ran by Max Amann,a close friend of Hitler,who helped publish
Mein Kampf.Under both ministries,Nazi ownership and influence
of all remaining privately owned newspapers had to attest to orders
officially directed from the Nazi ministries.All information was now
in the control of a hand selected few from the Nazi party.Each,in their
own right,had made public testimonies to party members making
their intentions regarding‘the Jewish question’known to all.At the
head of the propaganda chain,its chief Adolf Hitler,who along with
Goebbels directed the anti-Semitic hatred and war against the Jews.
Goebbels who was now in charge of the Propaganda
Ministry,was director of press divisions,mass speaking
engagements,political rallies,cultural events,radio,and film.The
Office of Active Propaganda produced pamphlets and posters.
Goebbels was directly responsible for many academic and scholarly
publications.He formerly had been editor of Der Angriff (The Attack)
the official National daily newspaper of the Nazi party,Der Völkische
Beobachter (VB),and Das Reich.Herf writes that,“Das Reich focused
exclusively on the Jews,and anti-Semitic motifs were ubiquitous.”
(Herf,21)
Jeffrey Herf places a large influence of anti-Semitic rhetoric
on Otto Dietrich.He was the Reich press chief,and unlike Goebbels,
worked in Hitler’s office everyday.To a large extent,his specific
mission was to enrage the Germans against the Jews.Herf accounts
of the multiple Nazi ministries,all of which maintained anti-Semitic
propaganda as their chief reasoning for existence.At the core of these
ministries of propaganda,a small frequently reported set group of
men are solely responsible for the consistent messages of hate.The
list:Adolf Hitler,Joseph Goebbels,Otto Dietrich,and Alfred Rosenburg.
1938
March
Germany takes
over Austria and all
anti-Jewish laws
are enforced.
April
Nazis require Jews
to register wealth
and property.
July
Nazis require Jews
over age 15 to apply
for identity cards to
be shown on demand
to any police officer.
Jewish doctors are
prohibited by law from
practicing medicine.
August
Nazis destroy the
synagogue in
Nuremberg.
Nazis require all Jewish
women to add“Sarah”
and all men to add
“Israel” to their names
on all legal documents,
including passports.
September
Jews are prohibited
from all legal practices.
October
Law requires Jewish
passports to be
stamped with a
large red“J.”
November
Kristallnacht:The
Night of the Broken
Glass, Nazis attack
Jews throughout
Germany—30,000
Jews are arrested; 91
are killed; 7,500 shops
and businesses are
looted; and more than
1,000 synagogues are
burned. Nazis fine
Jews one billion marks
for the damages.
Jewish children
are expelled from
public schools.
December
A law is passed calling
for the Aryanization of
all Jewish businesses.
Hermann Goering
takes charge of
resolving the
“Jewish Question.”
14. 14 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
Whether it be the Office of Active Propaganda,Propaganda
Ministry,or the Reich Press Office,the continuity remained,
propagators of the continued hatred and oppression,and offered the
supposed answers to‘the Jewish Question.’
Under the Office of Active Propaganda,the Institute zum
Studium der Judanfrage, and its bi-weekly journal,Antisemitische
Aktion that Die Judenfrage,authored ideological and theoretical
offerings regarding‘the Jewish Question.’According to Herf,the
anti-Semitic topics included,“the Jews as a race;the national and
international impact of the Jews on economic,political,and cultural
life of modern nations…”(Herf,28) With continuing active debate
paramount,the group oversaw the theft of treasured Jewish objects
from all over Nazi occupied Europe.
The Nazi rhetoric sought to permanently expel the Jews,and all
their implied misery and suffering caused to the nation of Germany.
Accusations of international Jewish conspiracy,were explicity enacted
by political opposition from England and America.The Jews were
believed to be searching for the destruction of Germany to create the
founding of their own statehood.This belief was propagated by Reich
propaganda offices,encouraged by Hitler,and used to substantiate the
destruction of European Jewry.
14
Who Bears the
Guilt for the War?
Parole der Woshe,
Reich Propaganda
Directorate of the
Nazi Party, 1942.
(Herf, 153)
15
The Jews Wanted
the War! Parole
der Woshe,
Ministry for Public
Enlightenment and
Propaganda 1941.
(Herf)
For the first time, images of Roosevelt,
Churchill and Stalin put faces to the
Jewish co-conspirators in the International
conspiracy of the Jews. The National
leaders were described by the Nazis as
figure heads fronting Jewish advance on
Germany. The size of Roosevelt represents
his influence of Jewish advisors.
15. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 15
While anti-Semitic propaganda remains a constant,the Nazis also
created racist propaganda directed at all of its declared enemies.Early
in the Nazi regime’s climb to power,specific propaganda was aimed at
the Polish,specifically leading to the introduction of World War II with
the Nazis advancement on Poland.
Nazi anti-Polish propaganda declared the Pole an inferior,
claiming the insignificant accomplishments of the Polish nation in
regards to the other European nations.On October 23,1939,the Nazi
Periodical Service officially dictated that future associations with
the words:‘Pole,’‘Poland,’and‘Polish’to be indicative of sloppy and
objectionable behavior.(Herf,58)
Nazi racial purity condemned any mixture of German
bloodlines.Reported fraternization between German soldiers and
Polish women led to the directive stated by Jeffrey Herf,“Every blood-
linked mixture between Germans and Poles leads to racial decline in
German blood.”(Herf,58)
Nazi propaganda linked Poles,Gypsies and Jews,however they
did not assert that Poles were part of the International conspiracy,
that was specifically left prescribed to the Jews of Europe.As Hitler’s
army began to loose Polish ground in 1944,propaganda adjusted its
claims.Nazis leaflet‘newspapers’addressed the Poles as heroic dupes
contracted by both the Americans and the Russians.Propaganda
frequently described the killings of thousands of Polish soldiers by
the blood red murderous hands of the Russian and Bolshevik army.
Nazis laid claims to encourage the Poles to stop fighting and go home,
rejecting the leadership of International Jewry leading the Russian
fight against them.
Propaganda directed at the Poles consisted of horrific accounts
of anti-Semitic atrocities.The visual tone implied Jewish control of
the advancing Russian army.Often times,indicating International
Jewry behind the scenes were enjoying their lives on English or
American soil.The formal language addresses the heroic fighter
1939
January
Goering orders
the emigration of
Jews speeded up.
February
Nazis force Jews to
hand over all gold
and silver items.
April
Slovakia passes its
own version of the
Nuremberg Laws.
Jews are forbidden
rights as tenants
and are relocated
into Jewish houses.
July
German Jews are
forbidden the right to
hold government jobs.
Adolf Eichmann is
appointed director of
the Prague Office of
Jewish Emigration.
September
Nazis order Polish
Jews into restricted
ghettos and force
them into slave labor.
German Jews are
forbidden to own
wireless radios.
November
Yellow stars are
required to be worn
by Polish Jews over
the age of 10.
December
Adolf Eichmann takes
over the section of
the Gestapo dealing
with Jewish affairs
and evacuations.
ANTI-POLISH
PROPAGANDA
16. 16 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
TO POLISH OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS!
The whole world learner with horror of the terrible
bestialities bestowed on the Polish people by the
blood-thirsty Bolsheviks.
Practically none of the Officers of the Polish Army,
who in 1939 were imprisoned by the Soviets, survived.
Whether General or Second Lieutenant – it made no
difference – all shared the same fate in the forest at
Katyn in April 1940. They fell, shot in the backs of their
heads by the Red Commissar. This crime, committed
by the bestial Soviet Regime, was confirmed by the
International committee and the horror displayed to
the whole world. 12,000 Polish Officers, the bloom of
Polish youth, Poland’s pride, were murdered by bandits
from the Kremlin, victims of the madness of the Reds,
aspiring to control the whole world.
These same Bolsheviks who got rid of Polish Officers,
tortured, using long and atrocious methods, nearly 3
million poles in Siberia, in concentration camps by the
North Sea and Kazakstan Steppes, telling them to die
slowly, far from their Fatherland.
And you,Polish Officer and Soldier,want to give up your
life for the murderers of your people who, together
with England in a close alliance, are, without scruples,
selling your country to Stalin? THINK ON IT, YOU’RE
BETRAYING YOUR OWN COUNTRY!
COME TO US! EVEN IN THE 5TH YEAR OF THE WAR, WE
PROMISE YOU A RETURN TO YOUR FATHERLAND.THERE,
YOU WILL BE ABLE TO SERVE YOUR NATIONALS.
Leaflet 7 back,
“Paper War,” Mark
Batty Publisher,
p.37.
The visual tone has a heightened use of red–indicating Polish
blood shed, as well as the color of the red army. The three striking
symbols specific to anti-Semitic propaganda is firstly the remote
Jewish figure holding the string. The caricature is involved but
indirectly responsible. Large exaggerated rat-like nose, mouth
and tail is also exaggerated with a brief-case. The second visual
distortion is the ‘Bolshevik’ red army soldiers, with the blatant
Star of David, as they are presumably controlled by the Nazi
ideas of Jews central influence of the Bolshevik revolution in
Bytwerk, Randall L.
Translation: Leaflet
7 back,“Paper
War,” Mark Batty
Publisher, p.37.
17
Russia. One could read into the swinging pendulum, and the
short length of rope into the tenacious relationship of the Nazis
ideas of the Jews and the Russian army. The third visual reference
is the head smashing into a Swastika / German brick wall, as if
the wall of Germany has nothing to do with the blood shed. The
Nazi wall remains strong, all of this activity relates to the horrific
claims made in the text, specific to the Poles addressed. The text
references are specifically horrendous.
Leaflet 7 front,
“Paper War,” Mark
Batty Publisher,
p.36.
16
17. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 17
DEAR POLISH FRIEND!
You are fighting, but those who are toasting to the
defeat of Poland, who are contributing to the mass
murder of a nation, do not know anything about the
pains and anxieties of war, and do not appreciate the
effect of 5 years’ struggling. You are suffering because
they are looking after their own dirty business at
your cost.
And the war goes on…
THE JEWS ARE GETTING THE BEST OUT OF IT.
You are wandering far from your close ones, in a far-
away country. Thew swindlers are imposters of the
war are away from the front, enjoying every comfort,
surrounded by their families. But they are pushing you
to war whilst sitting in their warm houses where they
do not want for anything. At the cost of your pains
and toils, at the cost of your blood, they are collecting
millions. They do not care that you are disappearing,
because gigantic profits are more important to them.
Your families, like our, are really feeling the effects
of the war. They have to work hard, and they have
recognized the red disease approaching from the East.
Your families do not believe that Stalin’s victory can
make Poland happy.
Would you like to know how your nearest and dearest
are, what they think of the war, and how they are
yearning for you?
If you do – come to us. We assure you an instant return
to your Fatherland.
Your wives, children and beloved Fatherland
await you!
SLOGAN: GO HOME!!
POLISH FRIENDS!
DO YOU WANT TO
DIE FOR THESE?
19
Leaflet 8 back,
“Paper War,” Mark
Batty Publisher,
p.39.
Bytwerk, Randall L.
Translation: Leaflet
8 back,“Paper
War,” Mark Batty
Publisher, p.39.
18
Leaflet 8 front,
“Paper War,” Mark
Batty Publisher,
p.38.
Military propaganda directed towards the Polish army contained
aspects of Nazi anti-Semitic. The visual tone, paired with the
text, indicates the female figure is not of Jewish heritage. With
consideration of the Polish Army as the direct audience, the
anti-semitic depiction of the seated Jewish man is assumed to
be a international conspirator either in England or in the United
States. The visual tone of the seated man is also wrapped,
misshapen facial features, and a racially stereo typical nose. The
text is also filled with anti-semitic rhetoric.
18. 18 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
being led to pain and death,at the hands of the Jews.The language
insists that Jews were making millions off the continual war with
Germany and toasting to the defeat of both Germany and Poland.The
radical language twists the fate of German Jews,subjecting them to
the horrendous crimes against them.Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda
used language to invert the roles of the Jews lying (sic.) false claims
to distort the true actions of the crimes against Jews on Polish land,
namely the establishment of both concentration and death camps
in Poland.
Nazi propaganda persuaded the Poles,historically skeptical
to both the Germans and the Russians,in effect,to doubt their
implications in the war.Germany needed the Poles assistance in
fighting the Russian advance.Anti-Semitism added fuel for hate
citing the mass population of and their‘demented intentions’against
the state of Poland.Prolonged anti-Semitic reasoning had created
contempt of the Jews by Polish citizens increasingly since the Nazi
regime,justifying the killings and interment of thousands
of Polish Jews.
Anti-Polish propaganda used by the Nazis was an exaggerated
account of similar propaganda used in other countries to be
annexed and incorporated into the Reich.Poland was the first nation
misleadingly led into the war with Germany,and subsequently
encouraged England’s involvement into World War II.As a bordering
country to Germany,and a country also seemingly plagued,in Nazi
terms,with a similar scourge of Jews.The Nazi held contempt for the
Poles.Historically the Poles had their own version of anti-Semitism
and had enacted their own pogroms of hate on the Jews.Germany
used its relationship with Poland in a constant state of manipulation.
Nazis consistently made claims that they were cleansing Jews of all
Europe at the betterment of Germans and Poles.
The Jewish
Conspiracy Parole
der Woshe, Reich
Propaganda
Directorate of the
Nazi Party, 1941.
(Herf)
20
Nazi propaganda visually mapped the
Jewish conspiracy falsly linking outspoken
political intellectuals with Roosevelt,
Churchill, and Stalin in America, England,
and Russia.
19. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 19
Any further usage of the swastika,beyond specific historical reference must be avoided
at all costs.Steven Heller’s book,Swastika Beyond Redemption,lays out the increasing
potential of contemporary derivatives by examining the historical usage and origins of
the swastika.Racial segregation appeared in Germanic Free Masonry cults dating back
to the 1890’s.Swastika like images appeared on various forms of Aryan brotherhood
literature,pre-dating the radical influences of the Nazis.Early symbol identification
extended the Swastika symbol representing secret German folk nationalism.These
secret orders expanded on the already prevalent symbols of mystic origins,further
extending it once again to represent the pure order of Aryan supremacy.
Viennese-born Guido Von List,(1848-1919) asserted the Swastika with
supernatural power,(Heller,51) linking it with Aryan’s strength and energy.List’s
idea was also responsible for the Gothic revival in Germany,encouraging Germanic
conservative art and architecture.List was responsible for the classic revival of writing
with spiky Fraktur type because it glorified the past strength and resolve.(Heller,54)
The swastika image was used in World War I by a militarist German youth
movement.Hitler,like other World War I veterans,and secret Germanic brotherhood’s,
believed the Jews,Communists,and Republicans betrayed and profited from Germany
at the end of the war.Hitler strongly identified and was inspired by the national style,
co-opting the symbol for his own usage,unifying his anti-Semitic beliefs with those
of his brothers.Hitler’s book,Mein Kampf (My Struggle) was devoted to semiotics and
Germanic heroism.He had previously witnessed the strength and visual impact that
the Communist party used to create a political spectacle.Hitler’s first commission for
the Nazi movement was as its propaganda chief.As a former art student,Hitler easily
understood the power of symbolism and propaganda in the effort of the war.He had
witnessed the new visual age and realized the impact propaganda could have on the
masses.As the newly formed leader of Nazism he choose to be its art director and
image manipulator.
Hitler’s vision of the new German Reich imagined past glories and the ultimate
destruction of its enemies—including of the Weimar Republic,Jews,and Communists.
Hitler’s final design was stolen from Dr.Friedrich Krohn,a Völkish symbology scholar.
Through Mein Kampf,Hitler was able to strengthen the past symbol,changing the visual
direction,a denotation of forward power.Without further debate,the Nazi symbol,with
1940
July
Eichmann proposes
his Madagascar
Plan, which would
deport all European
Jews to the island of
Madagascar, off the
coast of east Africa.
The first anti-Jewish
measures are taken
in Vichy France.
August
Romania introduces
anti-Jewish measures
restricting education
and employment,
and then begins the
“Romanianization”of
Jewish businesses.
October
Vichy France signs its
own version of the
Nuremberg Laws.
THE ULTIMATE
ANTI-SEMITISM SYMBOL
20. 20 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
its white,black,and red flag was implemented for the Nazi regime.
Hitler debuted his creation in 1920,encouraging and mandating his
creation for the sole usage as the true Nazi identity.The swastika’s
systematic usage,under the minister of propaganda,Joseph Goebbels,
and architect Albert Speer,incorporated it into every aspect of Nazi
representation.Even the most vociferous opponents of Nazism agree
that Hitler’s‘identity system’is the most ingeniously consistent
graphic program ever devised—is attributed to his visual mastery of
the design and propaganda process.(Heller,69)
On September 15,1935,Hitler enacted the first Nuremburg
laws,making the Swastika Germany’s only national flag.(Heller,71)
On the same day,the next laws were against the Jews,removing the
rights and citizenships,and prohibition of them from ever flying the
German national flag.(Heller,72) Over the next few years the swastika
was codified into national icon—ultimately denoting it as the symbol
synonymous with evil.
After the destruction of the Nazi regime,as the Nazi symbol
retreats into mythic memory,the danger remains for its usage to
represent some new abhorrent form or resurgence of Nazi anti-
Semitic intolerance—or even worse an effigy of a destroyed dictator.
21
Graphic artists in
the Hitler Youth
c. 1938. (Heller, 60)
Always the
Same Goal:
Germany Must
be Exterminated,
Parole der Woshe,
Reich Propaganda
Directorate of the
Nazi Party, 1941.
(Herf)
22
As the Nazis intensified mass murders,
and concentration camps reached their
maximum efficiency, the language of The
Posters of the Week became increasingly
accusational of the Jewish politcal agenda.
21. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 21
REACTION
Increasing usage by Aryan inspired anti-Semitic
militias and white supremacist hate groups are to
be kept in check.The reoccurring usage implies a
call to arms and the potential to cause a resurgence
of hatred is to be considered intolerable.Every time
I personally encounter the image of the swastika,
whether in Heller’s book,a flag in a Jewish historical
museum,or commentary on contemporary
supremacist power,as telling illustration I am
left in shock and horror.Contemporary usage
of the swastika,newly describing the American
Fascist or Republican Party does not serve as
an appropriate aesthetic,even to describe the
current political regime.The usage of the swastika
represents everything that I find offensive.Heller
questions the symbols potential redemption,and
I believe he would agree that any usage is wrong
and hurtful in any context.Its representation is
especially dangerous in political usage—even if it
is to describe our current state of affairs.Its usage
wrongfully addresses ideas of anti-Semitism.
23
Down with
Financial
Enslavement! Vote
National Socialist!
Nazi Election
poster, by Hans
Schweitzer, 1924.
(Herf, 32)
1941
February
430 Jewish hostages
are deported from
Amsterdam after
a Dutch Nazi is
killed by Jews.
September
German Jews are
ordered to wear
yellow stars.
October
Nazis forbid emigration
of Jews from the Reich.
November
The Theresienstadt
Ghetto is established
near Prague as a
model ghetto for Nazi
propaganda purposes.
During a cabinet
meeting, Hans Frank,
Gauleiter of Poland,
says“Gentlemen,
I must ask you to
rid yourselves of all
feeling of pity.We
must annihilate
the Jews wherever
we find them.”
They Will Stop
Laughing!!! Parole
der Woshe, Reich
Propaganda
Directorate of the
Nazi Party, 1942.
(Herf, 168)
24
Poster text quoted from a Hitler speech
regarding his early proficy of Jewish
extermination. Hitler repeatedly
reference the jews as ‘them laughing,’
‘once laughed,’ or ‘if the laughter
has already gone from them.’ Hitler
publically announced his ordering and
implimentation the extermination of
the Jews.
22. 22 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
Of the anti-Semitic propaganda used by the Nazis,predominantly the
most effective form of communication was that of printed matter—
en mass.The commercial and industrial strength of the printing
industry led to the direct and immediate form of the printed visual
political poster.
The Active Propaganda Division in the Propaganda
Ministry was responsible for the direction and national
implementation of the propaganda machine.The placement of
graphic street‘wall newspapers’was crucial for the Nazis to bombard
every German citizen with news generated from the propaganda
ministries.The predominant form of transportation was propelled by
pedestrian traffic.Public transportation was used by most Germans,
especially in the highly developed city of Berlin,making posters
noticeably present and highly visible to all Germans.
Nazi directives place all forms of political posters through
an array of national,state,provincial,local,and specific bureaus of
information.The influx of active political members was required by
Nazi law.The distribution was statewide and mandatory.Labor and
professional organizations were required to respond and post all
Nazi party dictated materials.Under the Third Reich,the nation of
pedestrians came to convergence in centralized public spaces.The
political poster was favored to film and radio due to its prevalence
truly amongst the people.Every German citizen that could read was
exposed to the political agenda prescribed by the Nazis,including the
vast and repeated message of sanctioned anti-Semitism.
The Word of the Week (Parole der Woche) wall newspapers
became crucial and pervasive forms of visual propaganda.From
1937-1943,in all of Nazi Germany,its images were unified everywhere.
Jeffrey Herf quotes Walter Benjamin,“The Word of the Week wall
newspapers were stunning examples of the work in propaganda in
the era of mechanical reproduction.”(Herf,29)
Hitler personally appointed Hans Schweitzer with the task
NAZI PROPAGANDA
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
The Jew Kaufman
Outdone! Parole
der Woshe, Reich
Propaganda
Directorate of the
Nazi Party, 1942.
(Herf, 111)
26
Jewish author Nathan Kaufman, self
published Germany Must Die, an angry
anti-Nazi book of writing calling for
the International retaliation for the
persecution of the Jews. The book
was wrongly linked for its influence
on American political and intellectual
policies against Germany.
25The War Aim of
World Plutocracy
Ministry for Public
Enlightenment and
Propaganda 1941.
(Herf)
23. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 23
of translating Nazi ideology to the uniforms,stamps,and posters.
The Word of the Week poster campaign was directed to‘document’
(emphasis) political events important to the people of Germany.
Hitler’s strict criteria for judgment was,its effectiveness.The Nazi
propaganda offices where supplied with the actions and reactions of
the people at the local level.This system of evaluation had previous
been used by the Weimar Republic.
According to Jeffrey Herf,specific production actualities of
The Word of the Week campaign;“the first edition was distributed
on March 16,1936.By January 1941,eight million copies had been
distributed,approximately 125,000 a week.”(Herf,30) Everything
about the campaign became a political activity,from the message by
design to be read by everyone,to the distribution handled by party
members.The visual tone of the poster utilized bold type and strong
use of Nazi influenced colors
In stark contrast to the previous political posters of the Weimar
Republic,which advocated for high modernism incorporating
dogmatic works of Bauhaus and DaDa artists,Nazi propaganda
resisted‘degenerate art’created by German émigrés.Nazi propaganda
revisited past German glorification of the mythological Aryan hero.
Initial Nazi posters featured Germanic völkisch type.Contemporary
Germans at first had a difficulty grasping antiquated letterforms.
Hitler initially rejected Gothic styled modern letterforms,associating
their prevalence on Swashbacher type styles associated with the Jews
in the graphic forms presented by the Bolshevik’s.
Jeffrey Herf adds significant anti-Semitic representation in
The Word of the Week in its direct reinforcement,specific to anti-
Semitism as well as the greater reports of the Holocaust.Herf report
the quantity of anti-Semitic wall newspapers coincided with varying
Nazi programs against the Jews.Herf writes,“Between 1936 and 1940,
anti-Semitic themes were infrequent.In 1940,only three of the wall
newspapers broached them.From 1941 to winter 1943,about a quarter
Fraktur typefaces
advertised in
Graphische
Nachrichten Berlin
1935. (Hollis, 66)
27
1942
April
German Jews are
banned from using
public transportation.
June
Jews in France,
Holland, Belgium,
Croatia, Slovakia, and
Romania are required
to wear yellow stars.
September
Food rations for Jews in
Germany are reduced.
December
The British Foreign
Secretary Eden tells
the British House of
Commons the Nazis
are“now carrying
into effect Hitler’s oft
repeated intention to
exterminate the Jewish
people of Europe.”
The United States
declares those crimes
will be avenged.
24. 24 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
of wall posters included attacks on Jews… moreover
27 posters were produced from January 1942 to July
1942,at a time when the extermination camps had
begun full operation,twelve poster were devoted
partly or wholly to anti-Semitic attacks.”(Herf 31)
As many Germans have made claims after
the war that they did not know,it is difficult to
believe that the propaganda efforts made no lasting
affects at the Germans response to anti-Semitic
actions.The direct ratio of posters,with or without
anti-Semitic claims,is relative to the Nazi pogroms
enacted upon the Jews,as well as the annexing of
ghettos,and the murder of German and
European Jews.
Herf also lists the subscription requests from
the outlying areas of the German population.The
subscription figures account the attitudes of the
German people.The request comes from a complete
representation of local governing forces:hospitals,
factories,schools restaurant associations,war
veterans,and Nazi party officials to name a few.
This shows the complete effectiveness of
Nazi propaganda.
30
Ludwig Hohlwein,
poster for
the Deutsche
Lufthansa, 1936.
(Meggs, 263)
And You?
Ludwig Hohlwein,
recruiting poster,
early 1940s.
(Meggs, 263)
29
The Mask Falls!
They Are the Real
Rulers in the U.S.A.!
Parole der Woshe,
Reich Propaganda
Directorat of the
Nazi Party, 1942.
(Herf)
28
25. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 25
From a design history perspective,anti-Semitic propaganda has been well avoided.
With minor exception,Nazi propaganda has been left out of the design continuum.
Philip Meggs,a respected design historian,negates even the negative impact the Nazis
had on European graphics.Meggs’book,A History of Graphic Design,all but alludes
to the Nazi domination of graphics produced during the Second World War.Meggs’
graphic time line cites,“The poster reached its zenith of its importance as a medium
of communication during World War I (1914-1918).”(Meggs,258) Meggs’beginning
introduction and conclusion offer three brief paragraphs introducing the design work
of Ludwig Hohlwein,citing two posters produced for the Nazis,one in 1936,the second
in 1940.Meggs’cites the like minded graphic approach,favored by Hitler and visualized
by Hohlwein.The effective propaganda,used Hohlwein’s artistic representation of
heavy handed graphic symbolology,depicting the mythological and formal gestures
often implied in Nazi propaganda,he also used an integrated combination of text and
imagery.While these two posters are militaristic in tone,neither depict elements of
anti-Semitism.None of Meggs’reproduction or text show,or inform the reader of the
potential for Nazi propaganda to be in effect.Meggs’consistently fluctuates with High
German art,Allied propaganda with the WPA poster projects,and the inclusion of
design movements prior to Nazi occupation of Europe.He is proficient at representing
the Bauhaus both in Weimar and in Dessau.Other than the admission of the Nazis
forcing the Bauhaus out of Germany—he quickly moves on to the Russians.Meggs’main
representation consist of Allied posters for the war effort.Surely the negation,at least
from a historic mode of inclusion is to be dually noticed.
Jeremy Aynsley’s book,Graphic Design in Germany 1890-1945,specifically
confronts the ideological Nazification of propaganda.While non-specific to anti-
Semitism,it does analyze the mythology of German artifacts.
Aynsley makes immediate mention of lacking analysis of Nazi strategies of
advertising published in the English language.Aynsley relates political propaganda to
adaptive strategies of marketing (Aynsley,180) citing specific practice of graphic design
and its ephemeral response to the informative needs of the people’s reaction towards
regime announcements.The response was less controlled and oddly dependent on the
diversity of the message.Many contradictory methods were explored for the total search
for questionably effective communication.Aynsley writes,“Often pragmatic recognition
1943
January
Ernst Kaltenbrunner
succeeds Heydrich
as head of RSHA.
March
In New York, American
Jews hold a mass rally
at Madison Square
Garden to pressure
the U.S. government
into helping the
Jews of Europe.
April
At the Bermuda
Conference, the
United States and
Great Britain discuss
the plight of refugees
from Nazi-occupied
countries, but nothing
is decided about the
plight of the Jews.
October
Himmler talks openly
about the Final
Solution at Posen.
Massive escape from
Sobibor as Jews
and Soviet POWs
break out, with 300
making it safely into
nearby woods. Of
those 300, 50 survive.
Exterminations then
stop at Sobibor, after
250,000 deaths. All
traces of the death
camps are removed
and trees are planted.
November
The U.S. Congress holds
hearings on the U.S.
State Department’s
inaction regarding
European Jews, despite
mounting reports of
mass extermination.
DESIGN HISTORY
PERSPECTIVE
26. 26 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
that a modern Germany,even under National Socialism,needed a
sustained consumer economy was disguised by party rhetoric and
official propaganda.”(Aynsley,180)
Aynsley argues that the effectiveness of Nazi propaganda,
stating its‘own’claim on völkish ideas and return to neo-classical
was inherent in the propaganda itself.Beyond the total rejection
of Weimar representation,Nazi artistic representation claimed
modernization for their own.This testament remains intact when
comparative consideration of the magnitude of graphics supplied by
the Nazis,and extended grandness of its architectural extremes.In
the proprietary interest of National Socialist system,graphic evidence
incorporated the Bauhaus Modernism specific to publicity.
After the Nazi election in 1933,all arts and media control
was under the jurisdiction of the Reich’s Ministry for Education
and Propaganda.Under Goebbels international responsibilities
concerned with the display of German art,film,and sport;while
domestic responsibility controlled festivals,the press,radio,education,
art,and music.All design efforts consisted of official commissions,
heavy restrictions forced many Jewish artists out of Germany,and
others consequently were attacked as cultural Bolshevik’s and
were murdered (Aynsley,189) those lucky enough to emigrate did
so quickly.Aynsley documents,“The last exhibition of graphic art,
entitled The Jewish Poster, took place at the Jewish Museum in Berlin
in March 1937,before the final devastating stage in the obliteration
of the Jewish Germans in the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9
and 10,1938.”(Aynsley,190) The Reich Advertising Division declared
a unification of leadership for the direction of political,cultural,and
economic concerns.
Aynsley studies the language and graphic representation of
Gebrauchsgraphik,a newly converted graphic magazine under the
Nazi regime.The magazine continued to represent contemporary
styles not allowed by the Nazi regime,yet still covering International
Gebrauchsgraphik
Magazine cover,
designed by
Herbert Bayer,
October 1938.
(Aynsley, 193)
31
27. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 27
design styles.The magazine was allowed to show
foreign work from the United States,England,
France,and with great interest an emphasis in the
popular Fascist design of Italy.An International
attitude invited Herbert Bayer to create its cover in
October 1938.(Aynsley,193) Aynsley makes a final
cautionary note saying,“The continuing pluralism
in Gebrauchsgraphik after 1933 should not mislead
the historian into believing that there was an open
editorial policy,unchanged by political events.The
distinct ideological nature of the overall coverage
of official design events warns against this reading.
(Aynsley 195)
Similar to the staged propaganda of the
Olympic Games held by the Nazis in Berlin in 1936,
Herbert Bayer’s exhibition and design work was
used to propagate,as Aynsley writes,“an image
of national economic potential for domestic and
foreign audiences alike.”(Aynsley,205)
While Herbert Bayer work does not represent
anti-Semitic propaganda,it both establishes and
demystifies the conflicted history of Nazi design.
While National Socialism held fast to neo-classical
representations its process and attitudes are still
fascinated by the industrial and cultural revolution
that Nazi power was to identify itself with.
Its intolerant attitude
certainly corresponds
in particular to the
German inclination to the
absolute; its military will-
to-order and its claim to
sole power correspond to
those fearful components
of German-ness which
unleashed Hitler’s rule
and Second World War.
2 Jan Tschihold,
“Glaube und
Wirklichkeit,”
Schweizer
Graphische
Mitteilungen, 65,
No.6, June 1946.
2
Aynsley seems
to perfectly
encapsulate his
academic analysis
with a quote from
Jan Tschihold,
(Aynsley, 214)
1944
January
In response to political
pressure to help Jews
under Nazi control,
Roosevelt creates the
War Refugee Board.
Diary entry by Hans
Frank, Gauleiter of
Poland, concerning
the fate of 2.5 million
Jews originally under
his jurisdiction,“At the
present time we still
have in the General
Government perhaps
100,000 Jews.”
March
President Roosevelt
issues a statement
condemning German
and Japanese
ongoing“crimes
against humanity.”
May
Himmler’s agents
secretly propose a
trade to the western
Allies: Jews for trucks
and money.The
deal is rejected.
June
A Red Cross delegation
visits Theresienstadt
after the Nazis have
carefully prepared the
camp and the Jewish
inmates, resulting in
a favorable report.
28. 28 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
The initial research of this paper was to examine
the visual properties of Nazi anti-Semitic
propaganda leading to the horrific results of the
Holocaust.Visual aspects of Nazi propaganda are
formulations of racially spirited anti-Semitism.
Formal attributes twist previous stereotypes of the
European Jew.Historical studies of the Holocaust
have shown prolific biological racism enacted upon
the Jews.Subsequent research written by Jeffrey
Herf suggests that,anti-Semitism is more specific
to Hitler’s paranoia of International Jewry.The
research presented here,reveals a more specific
and directed verbal communication of slander and
miss-representation of the Jews.Verbal accusations,
made by the Nazi regime,proved to be filled with
hatred and malice.As my research unfolded,I easily
realized that the verbal language used by the Nazis
was far more incriminating.Carefully articulated
words were chosen for their capacity to carry a
desired message.Specific words could encourage
hatred,propel fear,or quell victims into silent
submission.The heavily ironic words,posted in the
changing rooms in Aushwitz-Birkenau,initially
soothed gassing victims.These would be the last set
of words administered by the Reich.
Hitler’s specific use of language,at
Nazi rallies,was strengthened by the various
propaganda ministries.Even the language chosen,
to identify the varied propaganda ministries,
were specific to methods of propaganda.
Hitler’s consistent usage of‘extermination,’and
‘exterminate,’indicated that he had ordered the
PAROLE DER WOSHE: SPRACHE
CONCLUSION: QUESTIONING LANGUAGE
Protective Custody
Living Space
Quarantine District
Treated Appropriate
Special Action
Clearing up the Jewish
Question
Evacuation to the East
Jewish Residential District
Mercy Killing
Shot—while trying to
escape
Auxiliary Equipment
Resettlement
Final Solution to the
Jewish Question
Hairdresser
Selection
Special Treatment
Disinfection
Shower
‘Work Liberates,’ gates of
Auschwitz.
‘Harvest Festival,’
extermination of 43,00
Polish Jews, November
1943. Also specific to
Jewish Holiday of Sukkot.
‘Lake Forest,’ used as a
fake return address on
postcards sent from
Auschwitz.
Alternate words and phrases disinfected
the hands of the Nazi elite. Words became
clever deceptive devices for the continued
need to simultaneously pacify the Jewish
community and encourage idealistic
favoritism among Germans.These word
phrases were used to deflect the blame
away from the Nazis intent of persecuting
the Jews.
Words of
propaganda used
by Nazis to obscure
acts against
Jews. The Jewish
Heritage Museum
(installation) New
York, New York
30. 30 | NAZI ANTI-SEMITIC PROPAGANDA
Herf,Jeffrey.The Jewish Enemy, Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the
Holocaust.Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2006.
Paper War. Nazi Propaganda in One Battle, on A Single Day Cassino, Italy, May 11,
1944.Mark Batty Publisher,2005.
Heller,Steven.The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption? Allsworth Press,2000.
Meggs,Philip B.A History of Graphic Design. Second Edition.Van Nostrand
Reinhold,1992.
Aynsley,Jeremy.Graphic Design in Germany 1890-1945. University of California
Press,2000.
Hollis,Richard.Graphic Design, A Concise History. Thames and Hudson,1994.
Conot,Robert E.Justice at Nuremberg.Gustan Muhler Gilbert,1975.1983.
The Wandering Jew, (videorecorring) 1933.Directed by George Roland.Written
byJacob Mestel.Waltham,Ma National Center for Jewish Film.1999.USHMM.
The Eternal Jew.Der Ewige Jude.(videoreccording) Nazi propaganda films.Rolf
Giesen.Jefferson,N.C :McFarland Co.,c2003.USHMM.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 “Judgement,” Trials of War criminals
before the Nuremburg Military Tribunal
(IMT), 14, 565-576.
2 Jan Tschihold,“Glaube und
Wirklichkeit,” Schweizer Graphische
Mitteilungen, 65, No.6, June 1946.
QUOTED
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31. VISUAL CULTURE AND THE HOLOCAUST | 31
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[pg.79]
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[Color Plate]
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[pg.66]
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[Color Plate]
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31 Aynsley,Jeremy.Gebrauchsgraphik.
[pg.193]
PHOTO CREDITS