Vision screening is important from birth through adolescence to detect conditions like amblyopia. Screenings evaluate visual acuity, ocular alignment, the red reflex, and for external eye problems. Conditions presenting with reduced vision or an abnormal red reflex require further ophthalmological exam including refraction and assessment of best corrected visual acuity. Early detection of vision issues is important, as amblyopia can become permanent if not treated during childhood.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
6. There are many ways to assess even if the child is 6 months old.
In childhood at the stage of vision development, If eyes cannot send clear images to the brain, the
eyes will be Lazy permanently (can’t be corrected later in life); Amblyopia but if detected early ,we can
treat efficiently.
Early detection of poor vision ,enable us to avoid permanent visual disability.
Good vision is important for baby's physical development, later success in school and
overall well-being. Poor vision will lead to inability to cope with the mates , bullying, poor academic
performance, and reduced quality of life.
Vision screening is important in early ages:
Photo refraction
Vision screening can be done in an uncooperative child:
7.
8. Amblyopia (lazy eye)
Amblyopia definition:
poor vision in an otherwise normal eye-occurs when vision in one or both eyes does
not develop properly during childhood.
It can be caused by:
1. Significant refractive error or significant difference in the errors of refraction in
both eyes.
2. Misalignment of the eyes (squint).
3. Media opacity (vision stimulus deprivation).
anything that blocks a clear image from reaching the retina such as visually
significant ptosis (droopy eyelid) , cataract or corneal opacities ,...
Why it is important to detect amblyopia? What if not treated?
Amblyopia is reversible with treatment in childhood as the child will develop normal vision in
this age. (six to eight years of age )
The cause must be identified and treated by this age otherwise, permanent reduction in vision
in one or both eyes.
9.
10. Preschool (3 years).
First grade (5 years).
Second grade (7 years).
Fifth grade (10 years).
Eighth grade (13 years).
Tenth grade (15 years).
Red reflex test by pediatrician (a basic indicator that the eyes are normal).
Newborn:
Birth to 24 months:
At 6 months of age.
An ophthalmologist should perform a comprehensive exam if the baby is premature or at high risk
for medical problems for other reasons.
Preferential looking – Teller test – Cardiff test.
Snellen test.
Above Ages:
Fixation pattern.
(Pen torch- monocular test).
Guidelines for screening school-age children:
(Prevent Blindness America Organization)
13. • If reduced visual acuity.
• If abnormal vision behavior.
• If uncooperative to vision screening.
When to refer:
14. Birth:
First two months:
At 3 months old:
At around 5:6 months old:
Fixation pattern:
transient fixation and follow
= 20/40 – 20/60 (6/12 - 6/18).
Fixation pattern:
Fix and follow Central ,Steady ,Maintained
= 20/20 – 20/30 (6/6 - 6/9).
Light perception.
babies' eyes often do not work together very well.
baby's eyes should work together to focus and track objects. fixates and follow
interesting bright colored objects.
A baby's ability to see how far an object is from them (called depth perception) has
developed more fully.
15. Age 3-5 years:
All ages:
Age 6 years and older:
A child must correctly identify more half of the symbols on 20/40 line(6/12 or 0.50).
A child must correctly identify more half of the symbols on 20/30 line (6/9 or 0.6).
A visual acuity of 20/20 (6/6 or 1.0) for all ages is considered excellent.
(Snellen test)
Visual acuity scale
16. 1- Vision in either eye of 20/50 (6/15 or 0.4) or poorer.
Vision in either eye of 20/40 (6/12 or 0.5) or poorer. (Anisometropic amblyopia)
3-year-olds: According to Prevent Blindness America Organization:
All other ages/grades: According to Prevent Blindness America Organization:
2- A two-line difference in visual acuity between the eyes in the passing range
(i.e. 20/20 in one eye, and 20/40 in the other. (Anisometropic amblyopia)
6 months: 24 months
Central steady, maintain briefly 20/40 -20/60 (6/12 or 0.5)
Cs, not maintained 20/70-20/80
Not central, Eccentric fixation </= 20/300
17. . Rubs eyes frequently.
· Blinks excessively.
· Holds book too far or too close to face.
· Makes frequent change in distance at which book is held.
· Is inattentive during lesson or Stops after brief period.
· Shuts or covers one eye.
· Tilts head or face in attempt to see distant things clearly.
· Tends to reverse words or confuses words or letters.
· Tends to lose place on page.
. Eye strain following excessive use of electronic devices. (computer vision syndrome)
Children observed to have any of the these signs
should be referred for a vision exam regardless
of age or grade placement.
19. 19
Direct ophthalmoscope, darkened room.
View eyes separately at 12-18 inches.
Red Reflex
Normal: The light is reddish-orange, reflecting the color of normal retina.
Interpretation:
Abnormal Finding:
The red reflex is either absent or white (leukocoria)
(abnormal reflection of light coming out of the eye.)
Technique:
When light enters the eye through the pupil, the retina absorbs most of the light. A
small amount of light is reflected by the retina back out of the eye through the pupil.
20. Retinitis of prematurity (ROP)
Coloboma
(chorioretinal – optic nerve)
Congenital Cataract
Retinal detachment
White pupil DD:
23. 23
Ocular Alignment
Simultaneous red reflex test (Bruckner)
Performed using direct ophthalmoscope
to obtain red reflex simultaneously in both eyes help in diagnosis of
27. Children with systemic medical conditions:
Learning disability.
Developmental delay.
Neuropsychological condition or behavioral issue.
Metabolic diseases.
Refer children with systemic diseases like:
28.
29. Red eye:
Treat conjunctivitis (bacterial / Allergic)
Patients with the following features should be referred to eye clinic:
Severe eye pain.
Severe photophobia.
Marked redness of one eye.
Corneal Foreign body
Corneal abrasions
Conjunctival Foreign body
Be aware that some serious conditions present as red eyes:
33. Assessment of visual acuity in eye clinic
Subjective visual acuity testing:
For infants and toddlers :
-Fixation preference tests.
-Preferential looking visual acuity test.
-Visual acuity charts should be tested as soon as the child is
old enough to cooperate.
34. Assessment of visual acuity in eye clinic
For infants and toddlers :
Objective visual acuity testing:
-Visual Evoked Potential/Response (VEP/VER).
-Retinoscopy.
-Photo-screening is another way to check refraction that
does not require a young child to cooperate with the test.
-Auto-refraction.
35. Refraction
Objective Cycloplegic refraction(wet):
cycloplegic drops to paralyze their
accommodation
using a retinoscopy to measure a patient’s refraction.
Subjective (manifest, dry):
Using a refractor (also known as a phoroptor) to allow a
patient to provide their subjective response about their
prescription.
Refraction is the measurement of the eye’s power. Spectacles correct errors
of refraction.
There are also different types of refraction:
36. •Reduced vision - abnormal vision behavior.
•children who are uncooperative to test the vision.
Vision screening:
•White pupil.
Red reflex .
•Inward- outward- upward- downward deviations.
•Abnormal eyes movements.
Ocular alignment .
•eye lids dropping - Corneal clouding- large cornea.
Detect external eyes problems
•learning disability, developmental delay, neuropsychological condition or behavioral issue.
Children with systemic medical conditions
•treat conjunctivitis but be aware that some serious conditions present as red eyes e.g.
congenital glaucoma, retinoblastoma , rhabdomyosarcoma,…
Red eye
37. Index
1. Vision screening…………………………….…………... slide 5
2. Red reflex testing. ……………………………………..... slide 19
3. Ocular alignment evaluation……………..….…………. slide 23
4. Detect external eyes problems…… ……………..….…. slide 25
5. Systemic medical conditions……… ……………..…..…. slide 27
6. Red eyes. ……………..….………………………………. slide 29
1. Comprehensive ophthalmology exam………………………………… slide 33.
2. Assessment of visual acuity in eye clinic…………….…….………… slide 34.