Virtual memory allows programs to access more memory than the physical memory available on a computer by storing unused portions of memory on disk. It was first developed in 1959-1962 at the University of Manchester. Key aspects of virtual memory include: dividing memory into pages that can be swapped between disk and physical memory as needed, using page tables to map virtual to physical addresses, and page replacement algorithms like LRU to determine which pages to swap out. Virtual memory provides benefits like running more programs simultaneously but can reduce performance due to disk access times.

1. Virtual Memory
Muhammad Umer Farooq
12024119-015@uog.edu.pk
0331-0331-666

2. What is Virtual Memory 1
• The term virtual memory refers to
something which appears to be present
but actually it is not.
• Virtual memory allows users to use
more memory for a program than the
real memory of a computer.

3. History 2
• Virtual Memory was developed in
approximately 1959 – 1962, at the University
of Manchester for the Atlas Computer,
completed in 1962.
• In 1961, Burroughs released the B5000, the
first commercial computer with virtual
memory.

4. Uses of Virtual Memory 3
• The virtual addresses are used rather than real
addresses to store instructions and data.
• It is temporary memory which is used along
with ram of the system.
• When the program is actually executed, the
virtual addresses are converted into real
memory addresses again.

5. Address Space & Memory Space 4
• Virtual memory is the address used by the
programmer and the set of such addresses is
called address space.
• The set of actual main memory locations in
main memory is called the memory space.

6. Why is it needed…? 5
• Before the development of the virtual memory
technique, programmers have to manage
directly two-level storage such as main
memory or ram and secondary memory .
• Without virtual memory, It is too much
expensive to execute / manage the program as a
whole.
• Enlarge the address space, the set of addresses
a program can utilize.

7. Objectives… 6
• When a computer is executing many
programs at the same time, Virtual memory
make the computer to share memory
efficiently.
• Eliminate a restriction that a computer works
in memory which is small and be limited.
• When many programs are running at the same
time, by distributing each suitable memory
area to each program, VM protect the
programs to interfere each other in each
memory area.

8. Paging… 7
• To facilitate copying virtual memory into real
memory, the operating system divides virtual
memory into pages, each of which contains a
fixed number of addresses.
• Each page is stored on a disk until it is needed.
• When the page is needed, the operating system
copies it from disk to main memory, translating
the virtual addresses into real addresses.

9. Paging……(cont’d) 8
• The operating system copies a certain
number of pages from your storage
device to main memory.
• When a program needs a page that is
not in maim memory, the operating
system copies the required page into
memory and copies another page back
to the disk.

10. Virtual Memory (Paging) 9
Page table
Address Space
Page table
Address Space
Physical
Memory

11. Page fault 10
• An interrupt to the software raised by the
hardware when a program accesses a page that
is not mapped in physical memory.
• It occurs when a program accesses a memory
location in its memory and the page
corresponding to that memory is not loaded.
• when a program accesses a memory location in
its memory and the program does not have
rights to access the page corresponding to that
memory.

12. Paging replacement algorithms 11
• OPT(MIN) : eliminate the page that be not
expected to be used.
• FIFO(first input/first output) : rather than
choosing the victim page at random, the
oldest page is the first to be removed.
• LRU(Least Recently used) : move out the
page that is the least rarely used.
• LFU(Least Frequently used) : move out the
page that is not used often in the past.

13. Advantages… 12
• It has become so common because it provides a
big benefit for users at a very low cost.
• program is no longer constrained by the amount
of physical memory.
• user would be able to write programs for an
extremely large virtual address space.
• more programs could be run at the same time
• increase CPU utilization and throughput.
• less I/O would be needed to load or swap each
user program

14. Disadvantages 13
• Applications run slower if the system is
using virtual memory.
• It take more time to switch between
applications.
• Less hard drive space for your use.
• It reduces system stability.