The document provides information about fevers caused by viral and bacterial infections. It discusses how fevers are the body's natural response to fight infection and how viral fevers typically cause symptoms like chills, sweating, and muscle aches that usually last a few days. It also explains that while antibiotics do not work on viral infections, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and resting. The document outlines the differences between bacterial and viral infections in terms of structure, transmission methods, and common examples.

1. Fever & Viral/Bacterial Infections

2. What is a Fever?
• Normal human body temperature is 98.6°F (37°C). Anything
above is considered a fever.
• Viral fevers can range in temperature from 99°F to over
103°F (39°C), depending on the underlying virus.
• Fevers are often a sign that your body is fighting off some
type of bacterial or viral infection. A viral fever is any fever
that’s caused by an underlying viral/ Bacterial illness.
• A variety of viral infections can affect humans, from the
common cold to the flu. A low-grade fever is a symptom of
many viral infections. But some viral infections, such
as dengue fever, can cause a higher fever.

3. Types of Infections
• Viral Infections
• Bacterial Infections

4. Symptoms of a viral fever
Here are the some of general symptoms:
• Chills
• Sweating
• Dehydration
• Headache
• Muscle aches and pains
• A Feeling of weakness
• Loss of appetite
These symptoms usually only last for a few
days at most. One or more out of above
symptoms can occur often in viral fever

5. Causes
Many viruses are sensitive to shifts in temperature, so a sudden increase in your body temperature makes you less
hospitable to viruses.
• Inhalation- If someone with a viral infection sneezes or coughs near you, you can breathe in droplets containing the
virus. Examples of viral infections from inhalation include the flu or common cold.
• Ingestion- Food and drinks can be contaminated with viruses. If you eat them, you can develop an infection. Examples
of viral infections from ingestion include norovirus and enteroviruses.
• Bites- Insects and other animals can carry viruses. If they bite you, you can develop an infection. Examples of viral
infections that result from bites include dengue fever and rabies.
• Bodily fluids- Exchanging bodily fluids with someone who has a viral infection can transfer the illness. Examples of this
type of viral infection include hepatitis B and HIV.

6. Fever Diagnosis
• Both viral and bacterial infections often cause similar symptoms. To diagnose a
viral fever, a doctor will likely start by ruling out a bacterial infection. They can do
this by considering your symptoms and medical history, as well as taking any
samples to test for bacteria.
• If you have a sore throat, for example, they might swab your throat to test for
bacteria that causes strep throat. If the sample comes back negative, you likely
have a viral infection.
• They can also take a sample of blood or other bodily fluid to check for certain
markers that might indicate a viral infection, such as your white blood cell count.

7. Treatment & Remedies:
• In most cases, viral fevers don’t require any specific treatment. Unlike bacterial infections,
they don’t respond to antibiotics.
• Instead, treatment usually focuses on providing relief from your symptoms. Common
treatment methods include:
• Taking over-the-counter fever reducers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to reduce a
fever and its symptoms
• Resting as much as possible
• Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and replenish fluids lost while sweating
• Taking antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), when applicable
• Sitting in a lukewarm bath to bring your body temperature down .

8. When we should we see the doctor?
• A viral fever refers to any fever that results from a viral
infection, such as the flu or dengue fever. While most
viral fevers resolve on their own within a day or two,
some are more severe and require medical treatment. If
your temperature starts reading 103°F (39°C) or higher,
it’s time to call a doctor. Otherwise, try to get as much
rest as possible and stay hydrated
• In many cases, a viral fever isn’t anything to worry about.
But if you have a fever that reaches 103°F (39°C) or
higher, it’s best to call a doctor. You should also call a
doctor if you have a baby with a rectal temperature of
100.4°F (38°C) or higher.

9. Difference Between Bacterial and Viral Infections
• Bacteria and viruses can cause many common infections. But what are the differences
between these two kinds of infectious organisms?
• Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that are made up of a single cell. They’re very diverse and
can have a large variety of shapes and structural features.
• Bacteria can live in almost every conceivable environment, including in or on the human
body.
• Only a handful of bacteria cause infections in humans. These bacteria are referred to as
pathogenic bacteria.
• Viruses are another type of tiny microorganism, although they’re even smaller than bacteria.
Like bacteria, they’re very diverse and have a variety of shapes and features.
• Viruses are parasitic. That means they require living cells or tissue in which to grow.
• Viruses can invade the cells of your body, using the components of your cells to grow and
multiply. Some viruses even kill host cells as part of their life cycle.

10. Difference: Bacteria & Viruses

11. Types of Infections
• Viral Infections
• Bacterial Infections

12. Transmission of bacterial infections
Close contact with a person who has a bacterial infection, including touching and kissing
Contact with the body fluids of a person who has an infection, particularly after sexual contact
or when the person coughs or sneezes
Transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or birth
Coming into contact with surfaces contaminated with the bacteria, such as doorknobs or faucet
handles and then touching your face, nose, or mouth
In addition to being transmitted from person to person, bacterial infections can also be
transmitted through the bite of an infected insect. Additionally, consuming contaminated food
or water can also lead to an infection.

13. Common bacterial infections
• Strep throat
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Bacterial food poisoning
• Gonorrhea
• Tuberculosis
• Bacterial meningitis
• Cellulitis
• Lyme disease
• Tetanus

14. Transmission of viral infections
• Like bacterial infections, many viral infections are also contagious. They can be transmitted
from person to person in many of the same ways, including:
• coming into close contact with a person who has a viral infection
• contact with the body fluids of a person with a viral infection
• transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or birth
• coming into contact with contaminated surfaces
• Also, similarly to bacterial infections, viral infections can be transmitted by the bite of an
infected insect or through consuming food or water that has been contaminated.

15. Common viral infections
• Influenza
• Common cold
• Viral gastroenteritis
• Chickenpox
• Measles
• Viral meningitis
• Warts
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Viral hepatitis
• Zika virus
• West nile virus

16. Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?
• Difference in structure - Viruses are different to bacteria in structure and they
have a different way of surviving. Viruses don’t have cell walls that can be
attacked by antibiotics; instead they are surrounded by a protective protein
coat.
• No target to antibiotics in viruses- Viruses does not exist free in human body,
instead they penetrate their genome in body cells & multipying. In this case
the antibiotics are not having any target, Viruses make the cells their habitat
& continue to multiply.

18. Coronavirus : Covid-19
• A virus's travel kit always includes its genome and a
surrounding protein shell, or capsid, which keeps the viral
genome safe, helps the virus latch onto cells and climb
inside and, on occasion, abets its offspring's getaway.The
capsid consists of identical protein subunits, whose unique
shapes and properties determine the capsid's structure and
function.
• For a virus to spread, it must first find a way into a cell.
But, "penetrating a cell's perimeter isn't easy." Cells'
outer membranes are normally tough to penetrate
without some kind of special pass. But viruses have
ways of tricking cells into letting them in. Typically, a
portion of the viral capsid will have a strong affinity to
bind with one or another protein dotting the surfaces
of one or another particular cell type. The binding of
the viral capsid with that cell-surface protein serves as
an admission ticket, easing the virus's invasion of the
cell.

19. How Coronavirus enters your body?

20. Coronavirus : Covid-19
COVID-19 is another illness caused by a virus. This virus
commonly causes:
• Shortness of breath
• Fever
• Dry cough
Call emergency medical services if you
experience the following symptoms:
• Trouble breathing
• Bluish lips
• Severe fatigue
• Consistent pain or tightness in the chest
• loss of the sense of smell

21. Precaution is better than cure

22. Covid-19 infection Prevention:
• Practice good hygiene
• Get vaccinated
• Don’t go out if you’re sick
• Protect against bug bites

23. SMS: A formula to prevent viral infection
• Sanitizer: carry & use any alcohol based
sanitizer with more than 75%
concentration.
• Mask: Surgical/N95/Dust respirators are
effective to minimize the chances of
getting infected
• Social/Physical Distancing: Avoid
physical contact with the people & things
around.
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24. Vaccines Vs Drugs/Antibiotics
• Antibiotics are small molecules or compounds that
are effective in treating infections caused by
organisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
• Antibiotics are classified according to their structure
and mechanism of action into 3 classes: cyclic
lipopeptides, oxazolidinones & glycylcyclines. The
first 2 are targeted at Gram positive infections and
the last one is a broad spectrum antibiotic
• Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial diseases.
• Vaccines are dead or inactivated organisms
or compounds that are used to provide
immunity to a particular infection or
disease.
• Vaccines are of different types-live and
attenuated (vaccines against chicken pox),
inactivated (BCG vaccine), subunit (Hepatitis
C), toxoid, conjugate, DNA , recombinant
vector vaccines and other experimental
vaccines.
• Vaccines prevent bacterial and viral
diseases.

25. How Vaccine works:

26. How Antibiotics Works:

27. Thanks