This document discusses violence as a public health issue and provides an overview of key topics from the WHO's 2002 "World Report on Violence". It defines violence, presents a typology that divides violence into self-directed, interpersonal, and collective categories. Risk factors are examined using an ecological model looking at individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Prevention approaches can target universal, selected, or indicated groups. A public health approach incorporating multi-level interventions is recommended to address the complex and multifaceted nature of violence.
This deck was used as part of a Google Hangout we sponsored on this topic. You can view the talk at https://plus.google.com/events/cre6tljfqum1jm2uh4js8oo8t7o. This deck contains the slides with its notes, references and links to relevant resources
This deck was used as part of a Google Hangout we sponsored on this topic. You can view the talk at https://plus.google.com/events/cre6tljfqum1jm2uh4js8oo8t7o. This deck contains the slides with its notes, references and links to relevant resources
Violence is the number #2 cause of death of our children. 2nd only to car accidents. Its time to do something about it. The time to act is now. Can you help? Will you help?
Contact me if you'd like to support Leave Out Violence. http://leaveoutviolence.org/newyork/
Leave Out ViolencE (aka LOVE), was created to attack the issue of violence from the inside out, and at a level where we are most vulnerable: with our youth, our kids, our children. LOVE is compassionate; designed for both victim and perpetrator. It has to be, for that is the cycle - and circle - of violence.
The program works peer-to-peer, kid-to-kid, perp-to-perp. It works on many levels: social, societal, educational (the program is built inside of NYC public schools). LOVE is a rare organization because LOVE is helping solve the violence issue – by teaching kids how to eliminate violence from their lives.
In the end, the answer is complex: Its cultural, behavioral, societal, social. Its not just guns, and its not just mental health. Its everything. But facts don't lie. Countries like Japan, Scotland or the greater UK have practically eliminated gun violence (in terms of both raw numbers and percentage). Part of their solution is strict gun control. And the results speak for themselves and those nations should be proud that so many lives have been saved. Facts don't lie. The US has more gun related deaths than the next 22 nations COMBINED. Guns are a huge part of this problem, but are clearly NOT the only part. Other than guns, what is so vastly different in the US versus every where else in the world (meaning ALL other civilized, first world, high income nations)? Are we really just the sickest nation? Have all these countries solved the mental heath issues? Do they regulate video games? Have they solved the poverty issue? Have they solved the broken family issue? Do they ban violent movies? Do they have extremely high rates of church attendance? The answer is no. They haven't and they don't.
It's time to Act: Sign a petition. Write a letter to your congressman. Donate to Leave Out Violence. Volunteer. Speak up. Speak out. Ask your principal what their plan is. Help. Seize this moment with your action. Do something. Together we can stand up to violence.
Can you help? Will you help? Contact me if you'd like to support Leave Out Violence. http://leaveoutviolence.org/newyork/
Gender, Mental health and Violence Against Women Ranjani K.Murthy
This presentation looks at the inter-linkages between gender, mental health, violence against women and girls. It argues that it is only recently that International Conventions and Declarations have started looking at three variables together.
The presentation calls for strategies to address the linkages at the policy, protocol development, capacity building (of service providers), programmes (for women's empowerment) and at the level of understanding perpetrators.and engaging with men and boys.
Domestic violence can be present in anyone’s relationship; it is not limited by economic status, age, race, education level, or even sexual preference.
It is an outcome of state of art systematic review of literature. It provides insights about the cause, consequences and future concerns of violence against women in India
Soci
al C
onfl
ict,
Crit
ical
Cri
mino
logy
,
and
Rest
orat
ive
Just
ice
Learning Objectives
LO1 Be familiar with the ideas that underpin critical criminology.
LO2 Link globalization to crime and criminality.
LO3 Define the concept of state (organized) crime.
LO4 Know the goals and findings of critical research.
LO5 Know some of the basic ideas of critical feminism.
LO6 Discuss how restorative justice is related to peacemaking
criminology.
AP Photo/US State Department
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
03/13/2019 - RS0000000000000000000001891694 (Amber Olivares) - Criminology: The Core
orFact FictiOn?
chapter Outline
Origins of Critical Criminology
Contemporary Critical Criminology
Defining Crime and Justice
Instrumental vs. Structural Theory
The Cause of Crime
Globalization
State (Organized) Crime
Policies and Issues in
Criminology
MaSS DeCepTIOn
Crime and Social Institutions
Profiles in Crime
RuSSIa’S DeaTh SquaDS
Forms of Critical Criminology
Left Realism
Critical Feminist Theory
power–Control Theory
peacemaking Criminology
Critical Theory and Restorative
Justice
The Concept of Restorative Justice
Reintegrative Shaming
The process of Restoration
Fact FictiOn? or
dd It is illegal for the police to
monitor people in public places
with cameras and secretly
record their activities.
dd The CIA has sent terror suspects
to foreign prisons where they
can be subjected to harsh
interrogation tactics.
On February 11, 2011, a popular revolt
overthrew the regime of longtime Egyptian
dictator Hosni Mubarak, ushering in a
period of turmoil in the Middle East that has
become known as the “Arab Spring.” Similar
protests broke out in Tunisia and Yemen, and
a popular uprising aimed at toppling the
government of dictator Muammar Gaddafi
started a civil war in Libya that resulted in
his ouster. However, when protests erupted
in Syria against the government of Bashar
al-Assad, troops loyal to the ruling party
cracked down hard. More than 70,000
people were killed. One youth, 13-year-old
Hamza al-Khatib, was brutally tortured and
killed by Syrian security forces and became
an international symbol of government
oppression. Not surprisingly, Syrian
government officials blamed the violence
on “terrorist groups” or “armed gangs.”
Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
denounced the violent crackdown as a
“barbarity” that is “inhumane” and “cannot
be digested.”1 The turmoil continued, and
in September 2012, the US ambassador to
Libya, J. Chr.
Violence is the number #2 cause of death of our children. 2nd only to car accidents. Its time to do something about it. The time to act is now. Can you help? Will you help?
Contact me if you'd like to support Leave Out Violence. http://leaveoutviolence.org/newyork/
Leave Out ViolencE (aka LOVE), was created to attack the issue of violence from the inside out, and at a level where we are most vulnerable: with our youth, our kids, our children. LOVE is compassionate; designed for both victim and perpetrator. It has to be, for that is the cycle - and circle - of violence.
The program works peer-to-peer, kid-to-kid, perp-to-perp. It works on many levels: social, societal, educational (the program is built inside of NYC public schools). LOVE is a rare organization because LOVE is helping solve the violence issue – by teaching kids how to eliminate violence from their lives.
In the end, the answer is complex: Its cultural, behavioral, societal, social. Its not just guns, and its not just mental health. Its everything. But facts don't lie. Countries like Japan, Scotland or the greater UK have practically eliminated gun violence (in terms of both raw numbers and percentage). Part of their solution is strict gun control. And the results speak for themselves and those nations should be proud that so many lives have been saved. Facts don't lie. The US has more gun related deaths than the next 22 nations COMBINED. Guns are a huge part of this problem, but are clearly NOT the only part. Other than guns, what is so vastly different in the US versus every where else in the world (meaning ALL other civilized, first world, high income nations)? Are we really just the sickest nation? Have all these countries solved the mental heath issues? Do they regulate video games? Have they solved the poverty issue? Have they solved the broken family issue? Do they ban violent movies? Do they have extremely high rates of church attendance? The answer is no. They haven't and they don't.
It's time to Act: Sign a petition. Write a letter to your congressman. Donate to Leave Out Violence. Volunteer. Speak up. Speak out. Ask your principal what their plan is. Help. Seize this moment with your action. Do something. Together we can stand up to violence.
Can you help? Will you help? Contact me if you'd like to support Leave Out Violence. http://leaveoutviolence.org/newyork/
Gender, Mental health and Violence Against Women Ranjani K.Murthy
This presentation looks at the inter-linkages between gender, mental health, violence against women and girls. It argues that it is only recently that International Conventions and Declarations have started looking at three variables together.
The presentation calls for strategies to address the linkages at the policy, protocol development, capacity building (of service providers), programmes (for women's empowerment) and at the level of understanding perpetrators.and engaging with men and boys.
Domestic violence can be present in anyone’s relationship; it is not limited by economic status, age, race, education level, or even sexual preference.
It is an outcome of state of art systematic review of literature. It provides insights about the cause, consequences and future concerns of violence against women in India
Soci
al C
onfl
ict,
Crit
ical
Cri
mino
logy
,
and
Rest
orat
ive
Just
ice
Learning Objectives
LO1 Be familiar with the ideas that underpin critical criminology.
LO2 Link globalization to crime and criminality.
LO3 Define the concept of state (organized) crime.
LO4 Know the goals and findings of critical research.
LO5 Know some of the basic ideas of critical feminism.
LO6 Discuss how restorative justice is related to peacemaking
criminology.
AP Photo/US State Department
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
03/13/2019 - RS0000000000000000000001891694 (Amber Olivares) - Criminology: The Core
orFact FictiOn?
chapter Outline
Origins of Critical Criminology
Contemporary Critical Criminology
Defining Crime and Justice
Instrumental vs. Structural Theory
The Cause of Crime
Globalization
State (Organized) Crime
Policies and Issues in
Criminology
MaSS DeCepTIOn
Crime and Social Institutions
Profiles in Crime
RuSSIa’S DeaTh SquaDS
Forms of Critical Criminology
Left Realism
Critical Feminist Theory
power–Control Theory
peacemaking Criminology
Critical Theory and Restorative
Justice
The Concept of Restorative Justice
Reintegrative Shaming
The process of Restoration
Fact FictiOn? or
dd It is illegal for the police to
monitor people in public places
with cameras and secretly
record their activities.
dd The CIA has sent terror suspects
to foreign prisons where they
can be subjected to harsh
interrogation tactics.
On February 11, 2011, a popular revolt
overthrew the regime of longtime Egyptian
dictator Hosni Mubarak, ushering in a
period of turmoil in the Middle East that has
become known as the “Arab Spring.” Similar
protests broke out in Tunisia and Yemen, and
a popular uprising aimed at toppling the
government of dictator Muammar Gaddafi
started a civil war in Libya that resulted in
his ouster. However, when protests erupted
in Syria against the government of Bashar
al-Assad, troops loyal to the ruling party
cracked down hard. More than 70,000
people were killed. One youth, 13-year-old
Hamza al-Khatib, was brutally tortured and
killed by Syrian security forces and became
an international symbol of government
oppression. Not surprisingly, Syrian
government officials blamed the violence
on “terrorist groups” or “armed gangs.”
Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
denounced the violent crackdown as a
“barbarity” that is “inhumane” and “cannot
be digested.”1 The turmoil continued, and
in September 2012, the US ambassador to
Libya, J. Chr.
Deadly but Preventable Attacks: Killings and Enforced Disappearances of Those...Amnesty India
3,500 human rights defenders have been killed worldwide since 1998
281 HRDs killed globally in 2016—a significant increase from 156 defenders killed in 2015 and 136 in 2014
48 journalists killed worldwide in 2016 according to the Committee to Protect Journalists
India among deadliest countries for defenders of rights related to land, environment
The relationship between university students’ perceptions ofRula alsawalqa
By conducting a set of quantitative surveys, this study aimed to detecting the correlation between Jordanian
University students’ perceptions of terrorism and a variety of demographic variables. The results revealed that
the majority of students viewed terrorism as the most heinous crime, and is never justified, and that terrorists
are hard-core criminals, separatist groups that want to weaken the unity of the country. Therefore, they should
be treated as traitors and punished as they pose a threat to national interest, and the safety and security of
citizens. While a few of student indicated that there are some terrorist activities’ as a repercussion of repressed
needs and the demands of society, it should however be managed and the violations committed by states
against their nationals be confronted with the aim of eliminating injustices to vulnerable citizens. Most
students believe that poverty and material deprivation are of the most prominent causes of terrorism. They
also stress the necessity of providing food security and optimal life for citizens to limit the spread of the
phenomenon of terrorism and achieve societal solidarity to save human lives and stability of communities.
Furthermore, the results confirmed that there are no academic specializations, age, sex, academic level, and
monthly income statistically significant differences in perceptions of the terrorism among university students.
Bringing Marginalized Population Intonational Stream.iosrjce
Marginalized people have little control over their lives which makes them handicap in delving
contribution to society. They are prevented from participating in local life, which in turn leads to further
isolation. It has a tremendous impact on development of human life, as well as on society at large. In this paper,
we have systematically reviewed the scientific literature on marginalization, its nature, types of marginalization,
marginalized groups and then we have focused on one marginalized group who suffer from HIV/AIDS related
stigma. We have highlighted promising strategies to address stigma related issues. We have focused on the
following key challenges: defining and reducing HIV/AIDS related stigma as well as assessing the impact of
stigma on the effectiveness of HIV prevention and treatment programs. Based on the literature and personal
observation we have concluded by offering a set of recommendations that may represent important next steps
that how can we bring this marginalized group into national stream through communication.
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
In this Microsoft word file you can have a complete file of what is terrorism what are its various types and what are its impacts and also can have recommendations off how to control it and in last there are also a brief conclusion about the complete document
Identifying the Environmental Factors Contributing
to the Occurrence of Crime and Anomic Behavior
(Case Study: Urban Deteriorated Spaces of Borazjan City)
Counter Terrorism and the Protection of Human Rights in the Perspective of th...paperpublications3
Abstract: In lay man’s language, terrorism is the spread of terror through the use of guns, bombs, chemical weapons or any other form of violent, coercive, ambush. Counter Terrorism, on the other hand, is to retaliate and put a check to it is what we know and address terrorism. At the UN level, the international community has adopted a number of international treaties that are designed to combat specific types of terrorism, such as the hijacking of aircrafts. However, till date there has been no agreement on a definition of terrorism. The recent attempt by the UN to define terrorism in UN General Assembly Report (28 January - 1 February) has been criticized for its lack of precision.
Counter Terrorism and the Protection of Human Rights in the Perspective of th...paperpublications3
Abstract: In lay man’s language, terrorism is the spread of terror through the use of guns, bombs, chemical weapons or any other form of violent, coercive, ambush. Counter Terrorism, on the other hand, is to retaliate and put a check to it is what we know and address terrorism. At the UN level, the international community has adopted a number of international treaties that are designed to combat specific types of terrorism, such as the hijacking of aircrafts. However, till date there has been no agreement on a definition of terrorism. The recent attempt by the UN to define terrorism in UN General Assembly Report (28 January - 1 February) has been criticized for its lack of precision.
Human Rights Defenders Under Threat: A Shrinking Space For Civil SocietyAmnesty India
When the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted after the atrocities of World War II, 70
years ago, the atmosphere was very different from today. Then, there was a spirit of solidarity with and
support for the principles of freedom, justice and peace for all the members of the human family,1 which
underpinned the UDHR. In today’s world these principles are being eroded.
This article explains the intricate relationship between violence and health,
aiming to transcend the conventional and restricted perspectives through
which violence is typically perceived and conceptualized. The limitationregarding the conceptualisation of violence, by researchers, when the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is taken into consideration, leads us to think that those researching violence and health are limited to the WHO definition and conceptualisation of violence due to various historical processes of knowledge production and flows, which leads to a ‘violence of closure’. I follow a reflexive approach and identify several types of violence from which I focus on cognitive violence, epistemic violence, ontological violence, and neoliberal violence. Understanding of violence needs to acknowledge that multiple forms of violence overlap entangle and intersect in a rhizomatic manner. Only sticking to the WHO definition of violence leads to a condition that creates a condition of ‘violence of closure’ that neglects various systemic and structural processes through which violence is experienced at the individual micro-level.
Counter Terrorism and the Protection of Human Rights in the Perspective of th...paperpublications3
Abstract: In lay man’s language, terrorism is the spread of terror through the use of guns, bombs, chemical weapons or any other form of violent, coercive, ambush. Counter Terrorism, on the other hand, is to retaliate and put a check to it is what we know and address terrorism. At the UN level, the international community has adopted a number of international treaties that are designed to combat specific types of terrorism, such as the hijacking of aircrafts. However, till date there has been no agreement on a definition of terrorism. The recent attempt by the UN to define terrorism in UN General Assembly Report (28 January - 1 February) has been criticized for its lack of precision.
Similar to Violence: A Community Health Problem (20)
Workplace wellbeing relates to all aspects of working life, from the quality and safety of the physical environment, to how workers feel about their work, their working environment, the climate at work and work organization.
Workers wellbeing is a key factor in determining an organization’s longterm effectiveness
law is a body of norms
(or rules of conduct) of binding force and effect, specified
and enforced by a recognised authority. Law is used to
create rights and duties, which should be applied fairly
and consistently throughout society
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY & LEGISLATIONS Health is the right of all persons and the duty of the State and is guaranteed by means of social and economic policies aimed at reducing the risk of illness and other hazards and at universal and equal access to all actions and services for the promotion, protection and recovery of health.
After completing this module you will able to..
1. Describe the access tools available to you for finding information
2. Identify effective search techniques
3. Describe the characteristics of Internet search engines , subject directory and databases.
4. Identify a range of information sources
5. Consider which sources are most likely to be useful for your search question
6. Understand why some information sources may be more helpful than others in the context of a particular information need.
After completing this module you will able to..
1. Analyze a research topic
2. Develop appropriate search strategies and conduct a search
3. Refine search results
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Violence: A Community Health Problem
1. www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat
Violence:
A Community Health
Problem
Selected Topics from "World report on violence" WHO-2002
http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/
Dr. Ahmed-Refat A.G Refat (2013)
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2. www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat
Contents
Definition of Violence
Typology of violence
The nature of violent acts
Types of data and data sources
The roots of violence: an ecological model
How can violence be prevented?
Multifaceted responses
Public health Approach
Haddon's Matrix
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WHO Defining violence as
"The intentional use of physical force or power,
threatened or actual,
against oneself, another person, or against a
group or community,
that either results in or has a high likelihood of
resulting in
injury, death, psychological harm,
maldevelopment or deprivation".
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The definition used by the World Health
Organization associates intentionality with the
committing of the act itself, irrespective of the
outcome it produces. Excluded from the definition
are unintentional incidents – such as most road
traffic injuries and burns.
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The inclusion of the word ‘‘power’’, in addition
to the phrase ‘‘use of physical force’’, broadens the
nature of a violent act and expands the conventional
understanding of violence to include those acts that
result from a power relationship, including threats
and intimidation. The ‘‘use of power’’ also serves to
include neglect or acts of omission, in addition to
the more obvious violent acts of commission. Thus,
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‘‘the use of physical force or power’’ should be
understood to include neglect and all types of
physical, sexual and psychological abuse, as well as
suicide and other self-abusive acts.
This definition covers a broad range of
outcomes – including psychological harm,
deprivation and maldevelopment.
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Typology of violence
In its 1996 resolution WHA49.25, declaring
violence a leading public health problem, the
World Health Assembly called on the World Health
Organization to develop a typology of violence that
characterized the different types of violence and the
links between them.
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Types of violence
The typology proposed here divides violence into
three broad categories according to characteristics
of those committing the violent act:
1. self-directed violence;
2. interpersonal violence;
3. collective violence.
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1- Self-directed violence
Self-directed violence is subdivided into suicidal
behaviour and self-abuse.
The suicidal behaviour includes
suicidal thoughts, attempted suicides – also called
‘‘parasuicide’’ or ‘‘deliberate self-injury’’ in some
countries – and completed suicides.
Self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as self-
mutilation.
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2- Interpersonal violence
Interpersonal violence is divided into:
. Family and intimate partner violence – that is,
violence between family members and intimate
partners, usually, taking place in the home.
Includes forms of violence such as child abuse,
intimate partner violence and abuse of the elderly.
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. Community violence – violence between individuals
who are unrelated, and who may or may not know
each other, generally taking place outside the home.
Community violence includes youth violence,
random acts of violence, rape or sexual assault by
strangers, and violence in institutional settings such
as schools, workplaces, prisons and nursing homes.
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3- Collective violence
Collective violence is subdivided into: social,
political and economic violence.
Unlike the other two broad categories, the
subcategories of collective violence suggest
possible motives for violence committed by larger
groups of individuals or by states.
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Collective violence that is committed to advance a
particular social agenda includes, for example,
crimes of hate committed by organized groups,
terrorist acts and mob violence.
Political violence includes war and related violent
conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out
by larger groups.
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Economic violence
includes attacks by larger groups motivated by
economic gain – such as attacks carried out with the
purpose of disrupting economic activity, denying
access to essential services, or creating economic
division and fragmentation. Clearly, acts committed
by larger groups can have multiple motives.
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The nature of violent acts
The nature of violent acts can be:
1. physical;
2. sexual;
3. psychological;
4. involving deprivation or neglect.
The horizontal array in Figure shows who is
affected, and the vertical array describes how they
are affected.
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Types of data and potential sources for
collecting information
These types of data include:
— health data on diseases, injuries and other
health conditions;
— self-reported data on attitudes, beliefs,
behaviours, cultural practices, victimization and
exposure to violence;
— community data on population characteristics
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and levels of income, education and unemployment;
— crime data on the characteristics and
circumstances of violent events and violent
offenders;
— economic data related to the costs of
treatment and social services;
— data describing the economic burden on
health care systems and possible savings
realized from prevention programmes;
— data on policy and legislation.
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Sources of data
Sources of the various types of information include:
— individuals;
— agency or institutional records;
— local programmes;
— community and government records;
— population-based and other surveys;
— special studies
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Estimates of mortality
In 2000, an estimated 1.6 million people worldwide
died as a result of self-inflicted, interpersonal or
collective violence, for an overall age-adjusted rate
of 28.8 per 100 000 population
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The vast majority of these deaths occurred in low- to
middle-income countries. Less than 10% of all
violence-related deaths occurred in high-income
countries.
Nearly half of these 1.6 million violence-related
deaths were suicides, almost one-third were
homicides and about one-fifth were war-related.
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Estimates of non-fatal violence
The above-mentioned mortality figures are almost
certainly underestimates of the true burden of
violence. In all parts of the world, deaths represent
the ‘‘tip of the iceberg’’ as far as violence is
concerned.
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Examining the roots of violence: an
ecological model
No single factor explains why some individuals
behave violently toward others or why violence is
more prevalent in some communities than in
others. Violence is the result of the complex
interplay of individual, relationship, social,
cultural and environmental factors.
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Multiple levels
Considering the ecological model help understand
the multifaceted nature of violence.
Ecological model first introduced in the late 1970s
, this ecological model was initially applied to
child abuse and subsequently to youth
violence . More recently, researchers have
used it to understand intimate partner violence
and abuse of the elderly .
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The model explores the relationship between
individual and contextual factors and considers
violence as the product of multiple levels of
influence on behavior
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1- Individual
The first level of the ecological model seeks to
identify the biological and personal history factors
that an individual brings to his or her behaviour. In
addition to biological and demographic factors,
factors such as impulsivity, low educational
attainment, substance abuse, and prior history of
aggression and abuse are considered. This level of
focuses on the characteristics of the individual that
increase the likelihood of being a victim or a
perpetrator of violence.
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2- Relationship
The second level explores how proximal social
relationships – for example, relations with peers,
intimate partners and family members – increase
the risk for violent victimization and perpetration of
violence. In the cases of partner violence and child
maltreatment, for instance, interacting on an almost
daily basis or sharing a common domicile with an
abuser may increase the opportunity for violent
encounters.
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Because individuals are bound together in a
continuing relationship, it is likely in these cases
that the victim will be repeatedly abused by the
offender
In the case of interpersonal violence among youths,
research shows that young people are much more
likely to engage in negative activities when those
behaviours are encouraged and approved by their
friends . Peers, intimate partners and family
members all have the potential to shape an
individual’s behaviour and range of experience.
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3- Community
The third level of the ecological model examines the
community contexts in which social relationships
are embedded – such as schools, workplaces and
neighbourhoods – and seeks to identify the
characteristics of these settings that are associated
with being victims or perpetrators of violence.
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A high level of residential mobility (where people do
not stay for a long time in a particular dwelling, but
move many times), heterogeneity (highly diverse
population, with little of the social ‘‘glue’’ that
binds communities together) and high population
density are all examples of such characteristics and
each has been associated with violence.
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4- Societal
The fourth and final level of the ecological model
examines the larger societal factors that influence
rates of violence. Included here are those factors
that create an acceptable climate for violence, those
that reduce inhibitions against violence, and those
that create and sustain gaps between different
segments of society – or tensions between different
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groups or countries. Larger societal factors include:
— cultural norms that support violence as an
acceptable way to resolve conflicts;
— attitudes that regard suicide as a matter of
individual choice instead of a preventable act
of violence;
— norms that give priority to parental rights
over child welfare;
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— norms that entrench male dominance over
women and children;
— norms that support the use of excessive force
by police against citizens;
— norms that support political conflict.
Larger societal factors also include the health,
educational, economic and social policies that
maintain high levels of economic or social inequality
between groups in society
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How can violence be prevented?
The first two steps of the public health model
provide important information about populations
requiring preventive interventions, as well as on the
risk and protective factors that need addressing.
Putting this knowledge into practice is a central goal
of public health.
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Types of prevention
Public health interventions are traditionally
characterized in terms of three levels of prevention:
. Primary prevention – approaches that aim to
prevent violence before it occurs.
. Secondary prevention – approaches that focus
on the more immediate responses to violence,
such as pre-hospital care, emergency services
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or treatment for sexually transmitted diseases
following a rape.
. Tertiary prevention – approaches that focus on
long-term care in the wake of violence, such as
rehabilitation and reintegration, and attempts
to lessen trauma or reduce the long-term
disability associated with violence.
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These three levels of prevention are defined by
their temporal aspect – whether prevention takes
place before violence occurs, immediately
afterwards or over the longer term. Although
traditionally they are applied to victims of violence
and within health care settings, secondary and
tertiary prevention efforts have also been regarded
as having relevance to the perpetrators of violence,
and applied in judicial settings in response to
violence.
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Researchers in the field of violence prevention
have increasingly turned to a definition of prevention
that focuses on the target group of interest. This
definition groups interventions as follows
1. . Universal interventions
2. . Selected interventions
3. . Indicated interventions
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. Universal interventions – approaches aimed at
groups or the general population without
regard to individual risk; examples include
violence prevention curricula delivered to all
students in a school or children of a particular
age and community-wide media campaigns.
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. Selected interventions – approaches aimed at
those considered at heightened risk for
violence (having one or more risk factors for
violence); an example of such an intervention
is training in parenting provided to lowincome,
single parents.
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Multifaceted responses
Because violence is a multifaceted problem with
biological, psychological, social and environmental
roots, it needs to be confronted on several different
levels at once. The ecological model serves a dual
purpose in this regard: each level in the model
represents a level of risk and each level can also be
thought of as a key point for intervention.
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Dealing with violence on a range of levels
involves addressing all of the following:
. Addressing individual risk factors and taking
steps to modify individual risk behaviours.
. Influencing close personal relationships and
working to create healthy family environments,
as well as providing professional help and
support for dysfunctional families.
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. Monitoring public places such as schools,
workplaces and neighbourhoods and taking
steps to address problems that might lead to
violence.
. Addressing gender inequality, and adverse
cultural attitudes and practices.
. Addressing the larger cultural, social and
economic factors that contribute to violence
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and taking steps to change them, including
measures to close the gap between the rich and
poor and to ensure equitable access to goods,
services and opportunities.
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Actions against violence at all levels
Long-term successes in the prevention of violence
will increasingly depend on comprehensive
approaches at all levels.
1. Local
2. National
3. Global
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1- Local level
At the local level, partners may include health care
providers, police, educators, social workers,
employers and government officials. Much can be
done here to promote violence prevention. Small
scale pilot programmes and research projects can
provide a means for ideas to be tried out and –
perhaps as important – for a range of partners to
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become used to working together. Structures such
as working groups or commissions that draw
together the different sectors and maintain both
formal and informal contacts are essential for the
success of this type of collaboration.
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2- National level
Multisectoral partnerships are highly desirable at
the national level as much as at the local level. A
variety of government ministries – and not only
those concerned with law enforcement, social
services and health – have important contributions
to make in preventing violence.
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Education ministries
are obvious partners, given the importance of
intervening in schools. Ministries of labour can do
much to reduce violence in the workplace,
especially in collaboration with trade unions and
employers .
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Defence ministries can positively shape the
attitudes towards violence of large numbers of
young men under their control, by encouraging
discipline, promoting codes of honour, and
impressing a strong awareness of the lethalness of
weapons.
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3- Global level
As has been shown, for instance, in the international
response to AIDS and in the field of disaster relief,
cooperation and exchange of information between
organizations globally can produce significant
benefits – in the same way as partnerships at the
national and local levels. The World Health
Organization clearly has an important global role
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to play in this respect as the United Nations agency
responsible for health. Other international agencies,
though, also have a considerable amount to offer in
their specialized fields. These include the Office of
the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights (in relation to human rights), the Office of
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
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Refugees (refugees), the United Nations Children’s
Fund (children’s well-being), the United Nations
Development Fund for Women and the United
Nations Population Fund (women’s health), the
United Nations Development Programme (human
development), the United Nations Interregional
Crime and Justice Research Institute (crime) and
the World Bank (financing and governance), to
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name just a few. A variety of international donors,
bilateral programmes, nongovernmental
organizations and religious organizations are
already involved in violence prevention activities
around the world
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Public health Approach
The principles of public health provide a useful
framework for both continuing to investigate and
understand the causes and consequences of
violence and for preventing violence from occurring
through primary prevention programmes, policy
interventions and advocacy.
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The activities of VPA are guided by the scientifically-
tested and proven principles and recommendations
described in the World report on violence and
health.
This public health approach to violence prevention
seeks to improve the health and safety of all
individuals by addressing underlying risk factors that
increase the likelihood that an individual will become
a victim or a perpetrator of violence.
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The approach consists of four steps:
1. To define the problem through the systematic
collection of information about the magnitude,
scope, characteristics and consequences of
violence.
2. To establish why violence occurs using
research to determine the causes and correlates
of violence, the factors that increase or decrease
the risk for violence, and the factors that could be
modified through interventions.
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3. To find out what works to prevent violence
by designing, implementing and evaluating
interventions.
4. To implement effective and promising
interventions in a wide range of settings. The
effects of these interventions on risk factors and
the target outcome should be monitored, and
their impact and cost-effectiveness should be
evaluated.
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Public Health Approach
1. Define the health problem.
2. Identify risk factors associated with the
problem.
3. Develop and test community-level
interventions to control or prevent the cause
or the problem.
4. Implement interventions to improve the
health of the population.
5. Monitor those interventions to assess their
effectiveness.
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Haddon Matrix
Haddon’s Matrix is a brainstorming tool that combines
the epidemiology triangle (host, agent, environment)
and levels of prevention.
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Structure
Haddon's Matrix consists of the following four
columns and three rows.
Columns
1. The Host refers to the person at risk .
2. The Agent .
3. The Physical Environment includes all the
characteristics of the setting in which the injury event
takes place .
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4. The Social Environment refers to the social and legal
norms and practices in the culture and society at the time
Rows
1. Pre-injury event phase / Primary prevention..
2. Injury event phase / Secondary prevention..
3. Post injury event phase / Tertiary prevention
(Treatment and Rehabilitation).
.
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Host / Agent Physical Social
person ffected or vehicle environment environment
Reliance on
Car design &
Driving skill; private, rather
Pre-event handling;
Time pressures than public
Anti-lock Road design;
(→ primary (in a rush to get
brakes, etc; Speed limits
transportation
prevention) home?); raises traffic load;
Maintenance of
Inebriated? Compliance with
car
seatbelt laws
During the Quality of
Air bags
Weather emergency
event Wearing working?
conditions; assistance;
(→ secondary seatbelt? Size of car &
ice on road? Assistance from
crash resistance
prevention) bystanders
Ability to call
Post-event for help Emergency Continued funding
Tendency of car
(→ tertiary (phone
to catch on fire
vehicle access to for emergency
prevention) available?); collision site services
Knows first aid?
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Haddon's Countermeasures
Haddon also proposed a generic sequence of 10 countermeasures
to reduce the risk of injuries. This can be applied to many types of
events or injuries, and it also covers prevention in general.
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Here we have applied it to smoking:
Example (reducing smoking-
Countermeasure
related diseases)
1. Prevent the creation of the
Eliminate cigarettes
hazard
2. Reduce the amount of hazard Reduce tobacco growing by
brought into being changing agricultural policies
3. Prevent the release of the
Forbid tobacco sales to minors
hazard
4. Modify rate of release of the Develop cigarette that burns
hazard slowly
5. Separate hazard from person Limit times that vending machines
being protected by time and space are open
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6. Separate hazard from person
being protected by a physical Filters on cigarettes
barrier
7. Modify basic qualities of the Reduce nicotine content of
hazard cigarettes
Limit exposure to synergistic
8. Make what is to be protected
causes (e.g., environmental
more resistant to hazard
carcinogens)
Screening program to detect early
9. Counter damage done by hazard
cancers
Provide good health care for
10. Stabilize, and repair damage
cancer patients
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