The document discusses the issue of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that over 75,000 scientific papers on COVID-19 were published in 2020, with a new one appearing every few minutes. Additionally, over 1,000 clinical trials were registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. However, the large volume and rapid speed at which new information was being produced led to an "infodemic" or overabundance of information, some accurate and some inaccurate. This overwhelmed people and made it difficult to find reliable information, contributing further to the pandemic. Solutions proposed to address the "infodemic" include promoting fact-checking, ensuring abundant factual information, increasing public resilience to misinformation, and coordinating national strategies.
I was recently asked to put together a presentation on the fake news phenomenon for discussions with leading journalists and media institutions in a developing country, with extremely poor media literacy but strong growth around social media use, on how to both identify misleading content and also stem its flow, reach and influence.
Download the full presentation as a PowerPoint (with embedded videos) or as an Apple Keynote file, here - https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxbk4wYolphwcVk4bV85aEFtYXc
Censorship
Censorship
Taken from the English Circles Topics Page this ppt has excellent contributions from members of English Circles. The discussions surround internet censorship and the phenomena of 'Big Brother'.
Download from www.englishcircles.com
I was recently asked to put together a presentation on the fake news phenomenon for discussions with leading journalists and media institutions in a developing country, with extremely poor media literacy but strong growth around social media use, on how to both identify misleading content and also stem its flow, reach and influence.
Download the full presentation as a PowerPoint (with embedded videos) or as an Apple Keynote file, here - https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxbk4wYolphwcVk4bV85aEFtYXc
Censorship
Censorship
Taken from the English Circles Topics Page this ppt has excellent contributions from members of English Circles. The discussions surround internet censorship and the phenomena of 'Big Brother'.
Download from www.englishcircles.com
As my history teacher in Rhodesia reminded us: Beware the victor’s version!
As early as 1930, John Dewey observed that: We are exposed to the greatest flood of mass suggestion that any people has yet experienced.
Propaganda is to Democracies what violence is to Dictatorships.
- See more at: http://reformationsa.org/index.php/history/175-how-propaganda-changes-perceptions-and-people#sthash.bGt1QTXy.dpuf
The Impact of Mass and Social Media in People's Behavior as Reflected on Harv...Galuh Wuri Puspaningrum
Media were created to fulfill people’s need of communication and information. The variety of media in this modern era makes people consider media as one of their primary need especially in their social lives. Mass media are used as tools to gain information and social media to communicate each other. This study aims to find the impact of media on people’s behaviors in film entitled Girl Fight (2011)
This presentation slide was used for Information and Media Course for the 24th Ship for World Youth Program (http://www.shipforworldyouth.org/), taken place at Yoyogi, Olympic Center, Japan | Jan. 26, 2012
La INFODEMIA es un neologismo que expresa la sobreinformación que sobre un tema se genera, en algunos casos de forma precisa y en otros no, y que hace difícil a las personas encontrar fuentes fiables para encontrar orientación cuando se necesita. Este gran volumen de información de un tema específico en un corto periodo de tiempo origina una “infoxicación”, es decir, una intoxicación por información. Si esta intoxicación se asocia a una pandemia actual (como la COVID-19) el término infodemia guarda un razonable parecido, teniendo en cuenta que en el “totum revolutum” es campo sembrado para los dimes y diretes, para la rumorología, la información errónea y la manipulación de las noticias con intenciones dudosas. En la era de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación, de la Web 2.0, 3.0, 4.0… y las que vengan, este fenómeno se amplifica a través de las redes sociales, ese patio de vecinos sin control, extendiéndose más y más rápido que un virus esta información inválida o tóxica: de ahí el término “viralización”.
Si juntamos los efectos del virus SARS-CoV-2 con los efectos de la viralización de las redes sociales, y teniendo en cuenta dos principios conocidos en la comunicación periodística (que una buena noticia no es noticia y que las falacias se difunden más rápido que las verdades), tenemos el cóctel perfecto para crear el caos, el miedo y la COVIDofobia.
Y para que conste la preocupación por la infodemia basta revisar el documento adjunto de la PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), miembro de la Wordl Health Organization, donde se exponen algunos datos de interés para conocer la dimensión de este problema: en el último mes se han volcado 361 millones de vídeos en YouTube en relación con el tema de la COVID-19 y cerca de 20.000 artículos sobre el tema en Google Scholar, así como 550 millones de tweets en un mes que incluían el término COVID-19 o pandemia.
Es crítico disponer del acceso a la información, pero en el momento adecuado y en el formato adecuado. Hoy todo gira sobre lo mismo. Desayunamos, comemos, merendamos, cenamos y hasta dormimos con la misma noticia, visto desde tantas perspectivas y con tantos autoproclamados expertos que ya nos sabemos a qué atenernos. En este ambiente de infodemia, donde campa a sus anchas la prensa amarillista y los que sientan cátedra con la osadía de su desconocimiento, no se pueden aplicar los principios de calma y coherencia tan necesarios para la toma de decisiones.
Monitoring, Understanding, and Influencing the Co-Spread of COVID-19 Misinfor...Gregoire Burel
As part of the HERoS project, we developed and evaluated tools and methods to automatically detect and mitigate the impact of online misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analysed more than 3 years of fact-checks and social media data for understanding the relationship between fact-checking and misinformation across topics and demographics and developed the Fact-checking Observatory (FCO) (fcobservatory.org), a website that generates human-readable weekly reports about the spread of covid-related misinformation and fact-checks. As part of its research on misinformation, HERoS also investigated the effectiveness of a Twitter bot in reducing the sharing of misinforming content.
As my history teacher in Rhodesia reminded us: Beware the victor’s version!
As early as 1930, John Dewey observed that: We are exposed to the greatest flood of mass suggestion that any people has yet experienced.
Propaganda is to Democracies what violence is to Dictatorships.
- See more at: http://reformationsa.org/index.php/history/175-how-propaganda-changes-perceptions-and-people#sthash.bGt1QTXy.dpuf
The Impact of Mass and Social Media in People's Behavior as Reflected on Harv...Galuh Wuri Puspaningrum
Media were created to fulfill people’s need of communication and information. The variety of media in this modern era makes people consider media as one of their primary need especially in their social lives. Mass media are used as tools to gain information and social media to communicate each other. This study aims to find the impact of media on people’s behaviors in film entitled Girl Fight (2011)
This presentation slide was used for Information and Media Course for the 24th Ship for World Youth Program (http://www.shipforworldyouth.org/), taken place at Yoyogi, Olympic Center, Japan | Jan. 26, 2012
La INFODEMIA es un neologismo que expresa la sobreinformación que sobre un tema se genera, en algunos casos de forma precisa y en otros no, y que hace difícil a las personas encontrar fuentes fiables para encontrar orientación cuando se necesita. Este gran volumen de información de un tema específico en un corto periodo de tiempo origina una “infoxicación”, es decir, una intoxicación por información. Si esta intoxicación se asocia a una pandemia actual (como la COVID-19) el término infodemia guarda un razonable parecido, teniendo en cuenta que en el “totum revolutum” es campo sembrado para los dimes y diretes, para la rumorología, la información errónea y la manipulación de las noticias con intenciones dudosas. En la era de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación, de la Web 2.0, 3.0, 4.0… y las que vengan, este fenómeno se amplifica a través de las redes sociales, ese patio de vecinos sin control, extendiéndose más y más rápido que un virus esta información inválida o tóxica: de ahí el término “viralización”.
Si juntamos los efectos del virus SARS-CoV-2 con los efectos de la viralización de las redes sociales, y teniendo en cuenta dos principios conocidos en la comunicación periodística (que una buena noticia no es noticia y que las falacias se difunden más rápido que las verdades), tenemos el cóctel perfecto para crear el caos, el miedo y la COVIDofobia.
Y para que conste la preocupación por la infodemia basta revisar el documento adjunto de la PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), miembro de la Wordl Health Organization, donde se exponen algunos datos de interés para conocer la dimensión de este problema: en el último mes se han volcado 361 millones de vídeos en YouTube en relación con el tema de la COVID-19 y cerca de 20.000 artículos sobre el tema en Google Scholar, así como 550 millones de tweets en un mes que incluían el término COVID-19 o pandemia.
Es crítico disponer del acceso a la información, pero en el momento adecuado y en el formato adecuado. Hoy todo gira sobre lo mismo. Desayunamos, comemos, merendamos, cenamos y hasta dormimos con la misma noticia, visto desde tantas perspectivas y con tantos autoproclamados expertos que ya nos sabemos a qué atenernos. En este ambiente de infodemia, donde campa a sus anchas la prensa amarillista y los que sientan cátedra con la osadía de su desconocimiento, no se pueden aplicar los principios de calma y coherencia tan necesarios para la toma de decisiones.
Monitoring, Understanding, and Influencing the Co-Spread of COVID-19 Misinfor...Gregoire Burel
As part of the HERoS project, we developed and evaluated tools and methods to automatically detect and mitigate the impact of online misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analysed more than 3 years of fact-checks and social media data for understanding the relationship between fact-checking and misinformation across topics and demographics and developed the Fact-checking Observatory (FCO) (fcobservatory.org), a website that generates human-readable weekly reports about the spread of covid-related misinformation and fact-checks. As part of its research on misinformation, HERoS also investigated the effectiveness of a Twitter bot in reducing the sharing of misinforming content.
The Philosophy, Psychology, and Technology of Data in HealthcareDale Sanders
Over-application of data and analytics in healthcare is alienating clinicians and, for the most part, not bending the cost-quality curves. This lecture spends 60% of the time on the softer issues, 40% on the technology.
Prof Vian Bakir on COVID-19 as a global risk issue, suffused with uncertainty. On an inadequate foundation of knowledge about the virus, and with high potential for societal mood swings, governments across the world are instructing their citizens to engage in profound and rapid behaviour change (e.g. lockdowns, social distancing, better hygiene) in what can be characterised as a post-truth universe. The World Health Organisation announced in mid-February 2020 that the new COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by a ‘massive “infodemic” - an over-abundance of information – some accurate and some not – that makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it’. This talk discusses the scale and character of COVID-19 false information, and considers a range of multi-stakeholder solutions available to solve the ‘wicked problem’ of eliminating the spread and impact of false information on COVID-19.
Teaching analysis tools for infodemic managersTina Purnat
Scenario-based group class work for teaching differnet analytical tools for evidence generation in infodemic management. For Master of Public Health course - in class work.
The grand rounds lecture, "Combating Health Misinformation" was delivered by Dr. Michael Gisondi to Penn State Emergency Medicine on June 1, 2022. The talk covered methods for addressing health misinformation in clinical spaces and on social media.
Short panel presentation given in the context of the AI4EU WebCafe "The COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps" on June 23rd 2020, focusing on the problem of COVID-19 misinformation and how this could potentially affect the adoption of contact tracing apps.
Data, bots and drones – Transforming access to health through technologyILC- UK
This ILC webinar explored how digital technology can help improve access to health and increase uptake of vaccinations across Europe.
In 2019, ILC with the support of Sanofi, produced a report: Data, bots and drones: Can technology help increase uptake of adult immunisation?, which explored how technology could best increase access and overcome barriers to vaccination.
Workplace wellbeing relates to all aspects of working life, from the quality and safety of the physical environment, to how workers feel about their work, their working environment, the climate at work and work organization.
Workers wellbeing is a key factor in determining an organization’s longterm effectiveness
law is a body of norms
(or rules of conduct) of binding force and effect, specified
and enforced by a recognised authority. Law is used to
create rights and duties, which should be applied fairly
and consistently throughout society
PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY & LEGISLATIONS Health is the right of all persons and the duty of the State and is guaranteed by means of social and economic policies aimed at reducing the risk of illness and other hazards and at universal and equal access to all actions and services for the promotion, protection and recovery of health.
After completing this module you will able to..
1. Describe the access tools available to you for finding information
2. Identify effective search techniques
3. Describe the characteristics of Internet search engines , subject directory and databases.
4. Identify a range of information sources
5. Consider which sources are most likely to be useful for your search question
6. Understand why some information sources may be more helpful than others in the context of a particular information need.
After completing this module you will able to..
1. Analyze a research topic
2. Develop appropriate search strategies and conduct a search
3. Refine search results
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Misinformation management-tools
1. Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 1
Dr.Ahmed-Refat AG Refat
FOM-ZU 2021
COVID-19 Mis-
and
Disinformation:
Checking Tools
2. Only During the Year 2020 :
Information Tsunami
Over 75 000 scientific papers
have been
on COVID-19 across the world
and new one is appearing every
minutes in November
[2020].”
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 2
3. Only During the Year 2020 :
Information Tsunami
Moreover, “an
extraordinary number of
COVID-19 trials have
been registered
ClinicalTrials.gov lists
1087 Studies
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 3
4. Only During the Year 2020 :
Information Tsunami
Not only was the volume of
information growing
rapidly, but the speed at
which new information was
appearing unlike
anything seen before.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 4
5. Only During the Year 2020 :
Information Tsunami
the volume & the speed at which new
information was appearing
“Preprint postings in MedRxiv have
increased over (from 586 for the
last 15 weeks of 2019 to
2572 for the first 15 weeks of 2020),
while views and downloads
have increased
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 5
6. Only During the Year 2020 :
Information Tsunami
• 361,000,000 videos were uploaded on
in the last 30 days under the
“COVID-19” and “COVID 19” classification, and
about
• In the month of March, around 550
million included the terms
coronavirus, corona virus, covid19, covid-19,
covid_19, or pandemic
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 6
7. Director-General of WHO
Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that
“the COVID-19 epidemic
is going through an
‘infodemic’ of
mis…..information”
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 7
9. Secretary-General of UN
On March 28, in line with WHO, Antonio Guterres, the Secretary-General of UN, tweet that
“Our common
enemy is COVID19, but
our enemy is also an
‘infodemic’ of
mis…information”
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 9
10. Director of WHO's Health Emergencies
Programme
Dr. Mike Ryan, Executive Director of WHO's Health Emergencies Programme said that
‘we need a
vaccine against
mis…information,
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 10
11. infodemiology
Prof. Gunther Eysenbach is credited as having
coined the term "infodemiology" in 2002.
• :“the study of the determinants and
distribution of health information and
misinformation—which may be useful in
guiding health professionals and
patients to quality health information
on the Internet.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 11
12. Infodemic
Like pathogens in epidemics,
misinformation spreads
further and faster and adds
complexity to health
emergency response.”
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 12
13. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INFODEMIC
• 1) the volume of information
generated, and
• 2) the velocity with which it
appears.
• 3) the forms of wrong
information.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 13
14. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INFODEMIC
Accurate stories rarely
reached more than 1,000
people, yet the most
prominent false-news items
routinely reached between
1,000 and 100,000 people.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 14
15. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INFODEMIC
False news travels
6 times faster on
Twitter than
truthful news
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 15
16. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INFODEMIC
The degree of novelty
and the emotional
reactions of recipients
may be responsible for
the differences
observed.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 16
18. Mis-, Dis- , & Mal- Information
Misinformation is false
information which is being
shared unconsciously and
without any purpose to make
harm to anyone .
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 18
19. Mis-, Dis- , & Mal- Information
Misinformation
“false information that is
spread, regardless of whether
there is intent to mislead.”
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 19
20. Mis-, Dis- , & Mal- Information
Disinformation is false
information and shared
consciously to make harm
intentionally.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 20
21. Mis-, Dis- , & Mal- Information
Disinformation
“intentionally misleading
or biased information;
manipulated narrative or
facts.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 21
22. Mis-, Dis- , & Mal- Information
Malinformation; which is
authentic private information
shared with the public to
cause harm by creating hate
speech and harassment
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 22
23. Types of Disinformation
• Misleading content, or information and half-truths presented
in such a way as to place a person or an issue in a negative light.
• Imposter content, or information from a source that
intentionally impersonates a known and trustworthy source.
• False content, where legitimate, truthful content is mixed with
intentionally false content to give credibility to the false content.
• Fabricated content, or information that is composed
completely of information the source knows to be false.
• False connection, or information that implies something in a
headline, photo, video clip, or caption that is not a fair
representation of the body of the article or other content.
• Manipulated content, or content that is intentionally altered
to create a false impression. An example is photo-shopping an
individual into a photo at an event where he or she was were not
present.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 23
24. Some of COVID-19 Vaccine Myths
• The mRNA vaccines being developed for COVID-19
will alter human DNA.
• The COVID-19 vaccine will use microchip surveillance
technology created by Bill Gates-funded research.
• The COVID-19 vaccine has been proven to cause
infertility in 97 percent of its recipients.
• COVID-19 vaccines will contain aborted human fetal
tissue.
• he COVID-19 vaccine being developed by Oxford
University and AstraZeneca will turn people into
monkeys.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 24
25. The image was published here on Facebook on July 21, 2021, and has since been
shared more than 1,300 times.
It shows a flattened package for 10 multidose vials of AstraZeneca’s Covid-19 vaccine,
with a pink arrow pointing to a date on the side of the box that reads: “2018.07.15.”
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 25
26. Infodemic
In the information age, this
phenomenon is amplified
through social networks,
spreading farther and faster
like a virus.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 26
27. Infodemic Implications
Misinformation can circulate and be absorbed
very quickly,
• <<<<<< changing people’s behavior, and
potentially leading them to take greater risks.
• <<<< All this makes the pandemic much more
severe, harming more people and risking the
reach and sustainability of the global health
system.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 27
28. Infodemic make the pandemic worse
•Makes it hard for people, and health workers
to find reliable guidance when they need it.
•People may feel anxiety, depression,
overwhelmed, and emotionally drained.
•It can affect decision-making processes when
immediate answers are expected and not
enough time is allocated to deeply analyze the
evidence
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 28
29. implications for national security.
The spread of false health-
related information, especially
during health emergencies, has
implications for national
security.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 29
30. At National Level: Strategies
proposed strategy:
• 1. Intervene against false and damaging content
as well as the sources propagating it
• 2. Promote and ensure the abundant presence
and dissemination of factual information
• 3. Increase the public’s resilience to
misinformation and disinformation
• 4. Coordination of a national strategy that
includes input from social and news media,
government, national security officials, public
health officials, scientists, and the public
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 30
31. Population Level : Resilience
• systemic changes are needed, they should also
include ways to help the public become more
resilient to false information—so that when
people see misinformation online, little of it
would penetrate,
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 31
32. Population Level : Resilience
• To do this, we should promote health and
digital literacy through multiple sources
including schools, community organizations,
social media, and news media. We should also
provide consumers with tools to choose
responsible sources of information and
increase their awareness of disinformation
tactics and approaches.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 32
33. Personal Level
• Here are some basic rules when it comes to identifying
and dealing with false information.
• If you see false information online
• Don’t repeat or retweet the lie, even with a correction!
• If you don’t know the source or know if the source is
legitimate, limit direct engagement.
• Report it to social media companies.
• Provide true information.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 33
34. Ways to check for false information
• Use web-based tools and services that can provide
unbiased assessment of source credibility.
• Verify the information with other news sources, trusted
people in your network, or cross-referencing with the best
information available.
• Ensure that the source is known, credible, and trusted by
taking a close look at the social media account, web URL, or
layout that might suggest lack of editorial oversight.
• Think twice about messages that seem designed to appeal
to emotions.
• Increase awareness of disinformation campaign tactics and
personal biases that influence judgment of sources and
information, as well as one’s capacity to change opinion
when presented with new evidence.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 34
35. Fact-checking Web sites
1. snopes.com,
2. politifact.com,
3. factcheck.org,
4. truthorfiction.com,
5. hoax-slayer.com.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 35
43. SciCheck
• SciCheck (U.S.)
• In 2015, the University of Pennsylvania’s
Annenberg Public Policy Center
launched SciCheck as a new channel for
FactCheck.org. The project specifically focuses
on science and health claims, generally made
by U.S. politicians, that have the potential to
affect policy decisions.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 43
45. MetaFact
• Metafact (Australia)
• In 2018, the Australian science fact-checking
project Metafact launched a website using a
crowdsourcing model. Anybody can submit claims,
which are then reviewed by multiple verified Ph.D.s,
researchers and medical specialists. Within hours, the
project assigns an aggregate score to each claim — a
percentage of Negative to Affirmative based on the
expert reviews. So far, 10,000 unpaid experts in over
350 fields have contributed to the Metafact consensus
fact-checks.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 45
48. S.I.F.T model
S = Stop / pause and check your emotions
(content evoking strong emotions should
particularly be checked)
I = Investigate the Source (read laterally to
check facts - see what others say about the source)
F = Find better coverage
T = Trace claims, quotes, media to the original
context / source (go "upstream" to the source)
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 48
51. Critical Thinking: Evaluation
Authority & Source
• Authority refers to the reliability and
credibility of the source.
• What are the author’s qualifications?
• Is the author or source affiliated with a
reputable organization?
• Is there a contact person listed?
• Is there evidence of quality control?
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 51
53. At our student’s Level
Attend…
• Course syllabus: - Faculty of Medicine
http://www.medicine1.zu.edu.eg › Physiology › C...
• Faculty of Medicine. Zagazig University
... Course director: Ahmed-Refat Abdel-
Ghafar Ahmed-Refat ... Title: Internet and
Computer application in Medicine.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 53
54. B- Intellectual Skills
• B-1- Locate the proper medical
information source
• B-2- Create an effective search
statement
• B-3-Interpret the retrieved results .
• B-4- Evaluate the validity of
internet health information
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 54
55. Solutions Remain Elusive
• Fake news, false news, misinformation and
disinformation-
• Whatever the problem is called, solutions remain
elusive, especially at a time when fact-checking
sites themselves are often accused of bias.
“People don’t like to be told that they are wrong,
so they tend to find a way to counter argue their
points even if they’ve been debunked-and then
attribute bias to the fact-checking site that
disagreed with them
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 55
56. The Confirmation Bias
• The confirmation bias is the tendency to listen more often to
information that confirms our existing beliefs. Through this bias,
people tend to favor information that reinforces the things they
already think or believe.
• Examples include:
• Only paying attention to information that confirms your beliefs
about issues such as gun control and global warming
• Only following people on social media who share your viewpoints
• Choosing news sources that present stories that support your views
• Refusing to listen to the opposing side
• Not considering all of the facts in a logical and rational manner
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 56
57. The Confirmation Bias
• There are a few reasons why this happens.
• One is that only seeking to confirm existing opinions helps
limit mental resources we need to use to make decisions.
• It also helps protect self-esteem by making people feel that
their beliefs are accurate.
• People on two sides of an issue can listen to the same story
and walk away with different interpretations that they feel
validates their existing point of view. This is often indicative
that the confirmation bias is working to "bias" their
opinions.
• The problem with this is that it can lead to poor choices, an
inability to listen to opposing views, or even contribute
to othering people who hold different opinions.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 57
58. Different Terms … Different Solutions
• It is important to maintain the distinction between misinformation
• and disinformation, because the solutions to each
• are likely to be different.
• Large doses of good information will
• certainly help in the struggle against misinformation, as will
• a renewed effort on improving scientific literacy.
• But disinformation will use the same channels as good information
and do everything possible to be indistinguishable from it.
• The urge to issue disinformation has psychological, socio-political
• and cultural roots.
• For a variety of reasons, people are
• deliberately poisoning the well
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 58
59. Legal restrictions
• Legal restrictions as the best cure for
disinformation –
• It may be time to make Internet publishers
(mainly the social media platforms) liable for
the content they publish, just as publishers in
the analogue world face legal consequences if
they promote stimuli to violence, abuses of
human rights, the proliferation of hate and
other illegal speech, …
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 59
61. Health On the Net HON
• Health On the Net HON ,which applies an ethical
code in providing a certificate to websites dealing
with health information.
• The HON Code is based on eight principles: a site
can be certified if it is 1.authoritative, 2.supports
(not replaces) the relationship that exists
between patient and physician, 3.respects
privacy,4.provides attribution to source data,
5.justifies opinions with evidence,
• 6.is transparent, 7.discloses its financial backing,
and has 8. a defensible advertising policy.
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 61
62. TLD top level domain
• Dot com
• Dot org
• Dot net
• Dot edu
• Dot gov
• Dot tv
• Dot health
تخصيص
لفرز نطاق اسم
ذات الصحية الصفحات و المواقع واستضافة
المصداقية
..........
العالمية الصحة منظمة اقتراح
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 62
63. dot health
WHO proposes dot health as a
restricted TLD
dedicated to screened health
information providers, as
distinguished from the unregulated
information on general TLDs
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 63
64. dot health www.number1.health
• In 1998, the WHO began working on
a proposal to establish a top-level
domain called >>>>>> .health
• This was to provide a safe home for
websites that had been certified as
being trustworthy
Ahmed-Refat AG Refat 64