Marginalized people have little control over their lives which makes them handicap in delving
contribution to society. They are prevented from participating in local life, which in turn leads to further
isolation. It has a tremendous impact on development of human life, as well as on society at large. In this paper,
we have systematically reviewed the scientific literature on marginalization, its nature, types of marginalization,
marginalized groups and then we have focused on one marginalized group who suffer from HIV/AIDS related
stigma. We have highlighted promising strategies to address stigma related issues. We have focused on the
following key challenges: defining and reducing HIV/AIDS related stigma as well as assessing the impact of
stigma on the effectiveness of HIV prevention and treatment programs. Based on the literature and personal
observation we have concluded by offering a set of recommendations that may represent important next steps
that how can we bring this marginalized group into national stream through communication.
The document discusses how perspectives on the AIDS epidemic have evolved over time from a focus on viral transmission and risk behavior in the 1980s-1990s, to disease progression and treatment in the late 1990s-2000s, to impact mitigation and support for those affected from the 2000s onward. It also examines how different groups have constructed different narratives around AIDS and how problem frames have shifted from individual risk to structural vulnerability to rights and citizenship. Key differences between AIDS and other epidemics discussed are its slow progression, invisibility, association with stigma, and unprecedented mobilization of affected groups globally and locally.
Presented by Jo Valentine, MSW, Associate Director, Office of Health Equity, Division of STD Prevention, CDC, at the 2012 National Chlamydia Coalition meeting
HIV-related Citizenships: Exploring framings, identity and mobilisation of ma...IDS
This document discusses the evolution of framings and mobilization of marginalized groups affected by HIV/AIDS. It explores how groups like men who have sex with men (MSM) and sex workers (SWs) have been categorized and organized in response to the global AIDS response. Over time, there has been a shift from viewing these groups as "high risk" to recognizing their agency and rights. However, criminalization of behaviors like sex work and overlapping identities have also limited rights. The document argues for a nuanced concept of HIV-related citizenship that recognizes people's fluid and overlapping identities.
Women’s abuse experiences in Jordan: A comparative study using rural and urba...Rula alsawalqa
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses
nterconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and
harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was
employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have
encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources
and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic
abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic
abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse
and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The
most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected
when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and
being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or
throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their
workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses interconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more economic and other forms of abuse than rural women, especially emotional and physical abuse.
Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...Innovations2Solutions
The purpose of this report is to increase understanding of loneliness and social interaction to improve the quality of life of patients, older adults and carers, so they can progress and the organisations near them can perform better.
Identity Formation and Socialization of Urban Adolescent MalesDaniel P. Vitaletti
This document discusses identity formation and socialization of urban adolescent males. It examines how community disadvantage and social disorganization mediate these processes. Concentrated poverty in urban areas shapes community structure and interactions, altering conventional norms. Within this context, fear becomes normalized and an aggressive identity often emerges as an adaptation for survival. The paper analyzes this issue through macro theories like social stratification and micro theories of identity, morality, and socialization. It discusses how lack of social capital and resources hinders moral development and forces structural commitments oriented around survival rather than personal choices.
The document discusses how perspectives on the AIDS epidemic have evolved over time from a focus on viral transmission and risk behavior in the 1980s-1990s, to disease progression and treatment in the late 1990s-2000s, to impact mitigation and support for those affected from the 2000s onward. It also examines how different groups have constructed different narratives around AIDS and how problem frames have shifted from individual risk to structural vulnerability to rights and citizenship. Key differences between AIDS and other epidemics discussed are its slow progression, invisibility, association with stigma, and unprecedented mobilization of affected groups globally and locally.
Presented by Jo Valentine, MSW, Associate Director, Office of Health Equity, Division of STD Prevention, CDC, at the 2012 National Chlamydia Coalition meeting
HIV-related Citizenships: Exploring framings, identity and mobilisation of ma...IDS
This document discusses the evolution of framings and mobilization of marginalized groups affected by HIV/AIDS. It explores how groups like men who have sex with men (MSM) and sex workers (SWs) have been categorized and organized in response to the global AIDS response. Over time, there has been a shift from viewing these groups as "high risk" to recognizing their agency and rights. However, criminalization of behaviors like sex work and overlapping identities have also limited rights. The document argues for a nuanced concept of HIV-related citizenship that recognizes people's fluid and overlapping identities.
Women’s abuse experiences in Jordan: A comparative study using rural and urba...Rula alsawalqa
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses
nterconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and
harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was
employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have
encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources
and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic
abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic
abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse
and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The
most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected
when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and
being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or
throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their
workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses interconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more economic and other forms of abuse than rural women, especially emotional and physical abuse.
Social Interaction, Loneliness and Quality of Life in Healthcare and Older Ad...Innovations2Solutions
The purpose of this report is to increase understanding of loneliness and social interaction to improve the quality of life of patients, older adults and carers, so they can progress and the organisations near them can perform better.
Identity Formation and Socialization of Urban Adolescent MalesDaniel P. Vitaletti
This document discusses identity formation and socialization of urban adolescent males. It examines how community disadvantage and social disorganization mediate these processes. Concentrated poverty in urban areas shapes community structure and interactions, altering conventional norms. Within this context, fear becomes normalized and an aggressive identity often emerges as an adaptation for survival. The paper analyzes this issue through macro theories like social stratification and micro theories of identity, morality, and socialization. It discusses how lack of social capital and resources hinders moral development and forces structural commitments oriented around survival rather than personal choices.
Id pos0510222835 jivasio posvo health and social care studies b tech wolvcollJIVASIO POSVO
This document discusses regulations and policies passed by Parliament to govern organizations, with a focus on health and social care settings. It examines the concept of vulnerable adults/groups and the different factors that can contribute to vulnerability, such as individual/situational characteristics as well as social/historical/cultural influences. The author analyzes various definitions of vulnerable groups in the literature, including those relating to health issues, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, and other demographic factors.
This document discusses cultural competence in caring for patients with dementia from diverse cultural backgrounds. It begins by defining culture and cultural competence. It then outlines strategies for incorporating cultural competencies, such as addressing cultural barriers to improve access and treatment efficacy. The rest of the document discusses various cultural factors that may impact the experience and treatment of dementia, including beliefs about the nature and causes of dementia, familial and social roles, trust in healthcare systems, assessment and diagnostic tools, experiences of discrimination, caregiving practices, and the importance of respecting cultural differences.
- Minorities are the fastest growing segment of the older adult population aged 65 and over. Between 1990-2030, the minority population is projected to increase substantially.
- Rates of dementia diagnoses vary among racial and ethnic groups. African Americans have a disproportionately high rate of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia diagnoses compared to other groups. Asian Americans also have higher rates of dementia than the general population.
- Cultural factors, lack of access to healthcare, and biases in assessment tools often lead to underdiagnosis of dementia in minority populations. Language barriers, stigma, and views of dementia as a normal part of aging also contribute to disparities.
This document discusses gender and diversity considerations in humanitarian responses. It notes that women often make up a majority of refugees and internally displaced people. They face high risks of sexual violence, exploitation, and lack of access to medical care. Women can also be targeted specifically due to their gender, such as through escalated violence or as part of ethnic cleansing campaigns. The economic impacts on women include loss of property and forced labor. The document then outlines seven principles of humanitarian assistance: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universality. It introduces the concepts of dignity, access, participation and safety (DAPS) as fundamental to ensuring protection for all people affected by crises.
This document discusses conceptual clarity around the social concepts of belongingness and loneliness and their importance for health research. It proposes that belongingness be explored qualitatively to better understand its facets and role in health and well-being. Clarifying these concepts will help identify intervention points for aging populations and develop measures of belongingness to quantify its health outcomes impact. The research aims to build on previous work clarifying loneliness through phenomenological interviews with diverse participants.
The document discusses violence against women as a global issue. It provides statistics showing high numbers of cases of violence against women in the United States and Philippines. Different types of violence are outlined, including physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and spiritual violence. The document also discusses laws and programs that have been implemented to address violence against women, but notes that many cases still occur annually.
The Developmment and Critique of the Social Model of DisabilityScott Rains
The Developmment and Critique of the Social Model of Disability
The objective of this paper is to provide a description and analysis of the social model of
disability, and how it has developed during the past 30 years. Both academics working
in the field of disability studies, as well as practitioners providing disability services
have been increasingly influenced by its underpinning philosophy. Furthermore, the
“disability movement” utilises the social model as a political platform and tool to secure
the “rights” of disabled people, with the objective of ensuring that they enjoy the status
of full citizenship within contemporary society.
The social model of disability should not be considered as a monolithic entity, butrather
as a cluster of approaches to the understanding of the notion of disablement.
This document discusses culture and its influence on health beliefs and practices. It defines culture and discusses key related terms like ethnicity, race, religion and spirituality. It also examines the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity in healthcare, including the need for healthcare providers to understand their own cultural backgrounds and avoid biases. The document provides guidance on conducting a cultural assessment of a patient, including building trust, active listening, and considering social and economic contexts. It raises questions about applying these concepts in a case study of a patient.
This document discusses cultural considerations in dementia care. It begins with an introduction that notes how culture shapes our lives and perspectives. It then outlines that caregivers and care recipients do not always share the same cultural backgrounds, which can lead to misunderstandings. The document will provide information over 15 minutes on cultural differences and challenges in care settings. It defines culture and discusses perspectives like cultural sensitivity, competence and humility that are useful for understanding differences. It also recommends an online resource from Georgetown University that provides tools for assessing one's ability to embrace cultural diversity in caregiving.
- The document discusses a research project examining factors that influence poverty rates in America, specifically looking at incarceration, health, income, and race.
- The researchers hypothesized that ethnic minorities with low incomes who are incarcerated are more likely to experience poverty due to barriers to employment and healthcare access after prison.
- Analysis of 2012 GSS survey data found those with criminal records were more likely to come from low-income backgrounds, supporting the hypothesis. However, relationships between other variables like health were less clear. Overall, the findings confirm race and income influence recidivism and perpetuation of poverty.
This document discusses the history of AIDS exceptionalism over the past 30 years. It begins by providing background on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting its widespread demographic, economic, and political impacts. It then describes how AIDS exceptionalism originated as a response to the initially frightening nature of the virus and its disproportionate effect on certain groups. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism referred to the unprecedented global response and resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic through organizations like UNAIDS. However, there has also been criticism of AIDS exceptionalism and claims that it receives too much funding compared to other health issues. The document aims to situate this debate in historical context by examining the shifting meaning of exceptionalism over time.
community against gender based violance Md Ataullah
This document discusses gender-based violence against women in India. It outlines several forms of violence faced by women, including physical, sexual, emotional, and economic abuse. The document notes that while women make up around 50% of the population, they have low representation in public life. Several objectives are listed, including studying different forms of violence against women and analyzing societal perceptions of gender discrimination. Statistics are provided on domestic violence, rape, and crimes against women from sources like the National Family Health Survey and National Crime Records Bureau. Challenges like cultural mindsets, superiority of men, and domestic violence are examined. The document concludes by suggesting interventions like education, family involvement, government policies and focus on women's rights to address the
Age discrimination can take many forms and negatively impact older individuals. This document discusses age discrimination in the healthcare context. It begins by outlining goals of defining age discrimination broadly, examining types that occur in healthcare, and exploring the social history that led to common stereotypes about the elderly. Several activities are proposed to help reflect on one's own perceptions. Age discrimination can be personal, institutional, intentional, or unintentional. Stereotypes are discussed as being exaggerated and harmful. The embodiment of stereotypes over the lifespan through psychological, behavioral and physiological pathways can negatively impact health outcomes. Addressing ageism is important for physicians to provide non-discriminatory care to older patients.
The document discusses the role of disability sport in transforming societies and reducing violence against people with disabilities. It outlines three models of disability - the medical model, social model, and bio-social model. The medical model views disability as a personal medical issue, while the social model sees societal barriers as the main issue. The bio-social model acknowledges both impairment and social factors. The document relates these models to direct, cultural and structural violence against disabled people, as defined in Galtung's triangle of violence, using historical and international examples.
The document discusses how perspectives on the AIDS epidemic have evolved over time from an initial focus on viral transmission and risk behavior in the 1980s-1990s, to disease progression and treatment in the late 1990s-2000s, and more recently to impact mitigation. It analyzes how different groups have constructed different narratives around AIDS and how problem frames have shifted from risk and vulnerability to rights and threats. Key differences between AIDS and other epidemics discussed are its slow progression, invisibility, association with stigmatized behaviors, and unprecedented mobilization of affected groups that have created large-scale change.
This document discusses research on refugees and their adjustment experiences. It notes that refugees face premigration trauma and difficulties adjusting due to involuntary migration, loss of social structures and identity. Comparative studies show refugees experience more psychological distress initially but can adjust well over time with social support. Frameworks for understanding refugee experiences include stress and coping, acculturation, cultural bereavement and learned helplessness models. Premigration trauma, social support networks, and achieving a bicultural identity influence refugee adjustment outcomes.
This document discusses the role of HIV/AIDS stigma in access to care. It aims to examine how stigma impacts testing behavior, disclosure of status, and entry into care, particularly for women and minorities. The goals are to define key terms around stigma, discuss prevalence of HIV stigma in the US, and strategies to address stigma. HIV stigma stems from existing prejudices and negatively impacts individuals with HIV and those associated with them through discrimination and barriers to services. Racial minorities face disparities in access to HIV care due to the effects of stigma.
AIDS And Stigma A Conceptual Framework And Research Agenda Final Report From...Brittany Brown
This document provides a conceptual framework for understanding AIDS-related stigma and proposes a research agenda on the topic. It discusses AIDS stigma at both the cultural and individual levels. At the cultural level, stigma is manifested through discriminatory laws/policies and negative portrayals. At the individual level, people with HIV experience primary stigma while their friends/family experience secondary stigma. Stigma stems from both a fear of HIV (instrumental stigma) and negative attitudes towards associated groups (symbolic stigma). Stigma interferes with HIV prevention and takes a psychological toll on those infected. More research is needed to inform policies that reduce stigma and its negative impacts.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document provides an overview of deviance and its implications for mental health from a biopsychosocial perspective. It begins by defining deviance as behavior that violates social norms and expectations. It then discusses several sociological theories of deviance, including social strain theory and symbolic interactionism. It also discusses how deviance can have both positive and negative effects on society. The document then defines mental health and discusses how sociological perspectives view the relationship between deviance and mental illness. Specifically, it notes that those with lower social status are more likely to be labeled as mentally ill. Finally, it discusses several theoretical perspectives on deviance and mental health, including sociological, biological, and psychological approaches.
This document provides an overview of prejudice and discrimination, outlining various types including racism, sexism, ageism, and homophobia. It discusses how stereotypes develop from social categorizations and can lead to prejudice. Discrimination occurs when individuals are treated differently based on their membership in a social group. While policies aim to promote equality and redress discrimination, implementation takes time, allowing prejudice and discrimination to persist. The document concludes that addressing prejudice requires categorizing its various forms and mitigating each aspect individually.
Id pos0510222835 jivasio posvo health and social care studies b tech wolvcollJIVASIO POSVO
This document discusses regulations and policies passed by Parliament to govern organizations, with a focus on health and social care settings. It examines the concept of vulnerable adults/groups and the different factors that can contribute to vulnerability, such as individual/situational characteristics as well as social/historical/cultural influences. The author analyzes various definitions of vulnerable groups in the literature, including those relating to health issues, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, and other demographic factors.
This document discusses cultural competence in caring for patients with dementia from diverse cultural backgrounds. It begins by defining culture and cultural competence. It then outlines strategies for incorporating cultural competencies, such as addressing cultural barriers to improve access and treatment efficacy. The rest of the document discusses various cultural factors that may impact the experience and treatment of dementia, including beliefs about the nature and causes of dementia, familial and social roles, trust in healthcare systems, assessment and diagnostic tools, experiences of discrimination, caregiving practices, and the importance of respecting cultural differences.
- Minorities are the fastest growing segment of the older adult population aged 65 and over. Between 1990-2030, the minority population is projected to increase substantially.
- Rates of dementia diagnoses vary among racial and ethnic groups. African Americans have a disproportionately high rate of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia diagnoses compared to other groups. Asian Americans also have higher rates of dementia than the general population.
- Cultural factors, lack of access to healthcare, and biases in assessment tools often lead to underdiagnosis of dementia in minority populations. Language barriers, stigma, and views of dementia as a normal part of aging also contribute to disparities.
This document discusses gender and diversity considerations in humanitarian responses. It notes that women often make up a majority of refugees and internally displaced people. They face high risks of sexual violence, exploitation, and lack of access to medical care. Women can also be targeted specifically due to their gender, such as through escalated violence or as part of ethnic cleansing campaigns. The economic impacts on women include loss of property and forced labor. The document then outlines seven principles of humanitarian assistance: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universality. It introduces the concepts of dignity, access, participation and safety (DAPS) as fundamental to ensuring protection for all people affected by crises.
This document discusses conceptual clarity around the social concepts of belongingness and loneliness and their importance for health research. It proposes that belongingness be explored qualitatively to better understand its facets and role in health and well-being. Clarifying these concepts will help identify intervention points for aging populations and develop measures of belongingness to quantify its health outcomes impact. The research aims to build on previous work clarifying loneliness through phenomenological interviews with diverse participants.
The document discusses violence against women as a global issue. It provides statistics showing high numbers of cases of violence against women in the United States and Philippines. Different types of violence are outlined, including physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and spiritual violence. The document also discusses laws and programs that have been implemented to address violence against women, but notes that many cases still occur annually.
The Developmment and Critique of the Social Model of DisabilityScott Rains
The Developmment and Critique of the Social Model of Disability
The objective of this paper is to provide a description and analysis of the social model of
disability, and how it has developed during the past 30 years. Both academics working
in the field of disability studies, as well as practitioners providing disability services
have been increasingly influenced by its underpinning philosophy. Furthermore, the
“disability movement” utilises the social model as a political platform and tool to secure
the “rights” of disabled people, with the objective of ensuring that they enjoy the status
of full citizenship within contemporary society.
The social model of disability should not be considered as a monolithic entity, butrather
as a cluster of approaches to the understanding of the notion of disablement.
This document discusses culture and its influence on health beliefs and practices. It defines culture and discusses key related terms like ethnicity, race, religion and spirituality. It also examines the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity in healthcare, including the need for healthcare providers to understand their own cultural backgrounds and avoid biases. The document provides guidance on conducting a cultural assessment of a patient, including building trust, active listening, and considering social and economic contexts. It raises questions about applying these concepts in a case study of a patient.
This document discusses cultural considerations in dementia care. It begins with an introduction that notes how culture shapes our lives and perspectives. It then outlines that caregivers and care recipients do not always share the same cultural backgrounds, which can lead to misunderstandings. The document will provide information over 15 minutes on cultural differences and challenges in care settings. It defines culture and discusses perspectives like cultural sensitivity, competence and humility that are useful for understanding differences. It also recommends an online resource from Georgetown University that provides tools for assessing one's ability to embrace cultural diversity in caregiving.
- The document discusses a research project examining factors that influence poverty rates in America, specifically looking at incarceration, health, income, and race.
- The researchers hypothesized that ethnic minorities with low incomes who are incarcerated are more likely to experience poverty due to barriers to employment and healthcare access after prison.
- Analysis of 2012 GSS survey data found those with criminal records were more likely to come from low-income backgrounds, supporting the hypothesis. However, relationships between other variables like health were less clear. Overall, the findings confirm race and income influence recidivism and perpetuation of poverty.
This document discusses the history of AIDS exceptionalism over the past 30 years. It begins by providing background on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting its widespread demographic, economic, and political impacts. It then describes how AIDS exceptionalism originated as a response to the initially frightening nature of the virus and its disproportionate effect on certain groups. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism referred to the unprecedented global response and resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic through organizations like UNAIDS. However, there has also been criticism of AIDS exceptionalism and claims that it receives too much funding compared to other health issues. The document aims to situate this debate in historical context by examining the shifting meaning of exceptionalism over time.
community against gender based violance Md Ataullah
This document discusses gender-based violence against women in India. It outlines several forms of violence faced by women, including physical, sexual, emotional, and economic abuse. The document notes that while women make up around 50% of the population, they have low representation in public life. Several objectives are listed, including studying different forms of violence against women and analyzing societal perceptions of gender discrimination. Statistics are provided on domestic violence, rape, and crimes against women from sources like the National Family Health Survey and National Crime Records Bureau. Challenges like cultural mindsets, superiority of men, and domestic violence are examined. The document concludes by suggesting interventions like education, family involvement, government policies and focus on women's rights to address the
Age discrimination can take many forms and negatively impact older individuals. This document discusses age discrimination in the healthcare context. It begins by outlining goals of defining age discrimination broadly, examining types that occur in healthcare, and exploring the social history that led to common stereotypes about the elderly. Several activities are proposed to help reflect on one's own perceptions. Age discrimination can be personal, institutional, intentional, or unintentional. Stereotypes are discussed as being exaggerated and harmful. The embodiment of stereotypes over the lifespan through psychological, behavioral and physiological pathways can negatively impact health outcomes. Addressing ageism is important for physicians to provide non-discriminatory care to older patients.
The document discusses the role of disability sport in transforming societies and reducing violence against people with disabilities. It outlines three models of disability - the medical model, social model, and bio-social model. The medical model views disability as a personal medical issue, while the social model sees societal barriers as the main issue. The bio-social model acknowledges both impairment and social factors. The document relates these models to direct, cultural and structural violence against disabled people, as defined in Galtung's triangle of violence, using historical and international examples.
The document discusses how perspectives on the AIDS epidemic have evolved over time from an initial focus on viral transmission and risk behavior in the 1980s-1990s, to disease progression and treatment in the late 1990s-2000s, and more recently to impact mitigation. It analyzes how different groups have constructed different narratives around AIDS and how problem frames have shifted from risk and vulnerability to rights and threats. Key differences between AIDS and other epidemics discussed are its slow progression, invisibility, association with stigmatized behaviors, and unprecedented mobilization of affected groups that have created large-scale change.
This document discusses research on refugees and their adjustment experiences. It notes that refugees face premigration trauma and difficulties adjusting due to involuntary migration, loss of social structures and identity. Comparative studies show refugees experience more psychological distress initially but can adjust well over time with social support. Frameworks for understanding refugee experiences include stress and coping, acculturation, cultural bereavement and learned helplessness models. Premigration trauma, social support networks, and achieving a bicultural identity influence refugee adjustment outcomes.
This document discusses the role of HIV/AIDS stigma in access to care. It aims to examine how stigma impacts testing behavior, disclosure of status, and entry into care, particularly for women and minorities. The goals are to define key terms around stigma, discuss prevalence of HIV stigma in the US, and strategies to address stigma. HIV stigma stems from existing prejudices and negatively impacts individuals with HIV and those associated with them through discrimination and barriers to services. Racial minorities face disparities in access to HIV care due to the effects of stigma.
AIDS And Stigma A Conceptual Framework And Research Agenda Final Report From...Brittany Brown
This document provides a conceptual framework for understanding AIDS-related stigma and proposes a research agenda on the topic. It discusses AIDS stigma at both the cultural and individual levels. At the cultural level, stigma is manifested through discriminatory laws/policies and negative portrayals. At the individual level, people with HIV experience primary stigma while their friends/family experience secondary stigma. Stigma stems from both a fear of HIV (instrumental stigma) and negative attitudes towards associated groups (symbolic stigma). Stigma interferes with HIV prevention and takes a psychological toll on those infected. More research is needed to inform policies that reduce stigma and its negative impacts.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document provides an overview of deviance and its implications for mental health from a biopsychosocial perspective. It begins by defining deviance as behavior that violates social norms and expectations. It then discusses several sociological theories of deviance, including social strain theory and symbolic interactionism. It also discusses how deviance can have both positive and negative effects on society. The document then defines mental health and discusses how sociological perspectives view the relationship between deviance and mental illness. Specifically, it notes that those with lower social status are more likely to be labeled as mentally ill. Finally, it discusses several theoretical perspectives on deviance and mental health, including sociological, biological, and psychological approaches.
This document provides an overview of prejudice and discrimination, outlining various types including racism, sexism, ageism, and homophobia. It discusses how stereotypes develop from social categorizations and can lead to prejudice. Discrimination occurs when individuals are treated differently based on their membership in a social group. While policies aim to promote equality and redress discrimination, implementation takes time, allowing prejudice and discrimination to persist. The document concludes that addressing prejudice requires categorizing its various forms and mitigating each aspect individually.
In this presentation, given at the end of this semester's CM443/743 class (New Media and Public Relations), I predict the end of the world, and whether social media will be the cause of it. I also create the "Societal Collapse Index," a score inspired by the HANDY model that is based on a country's EPI (Environmental Performance Index) and its World Bank Gini score. Based on their most recent EPI and Gini scores, the top five societies I predict the collapse of are: The Central African Republic, South Africa, Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi.
This document provides an agenda and materials for a training session on discrimination and stigma. The training will discuss perceived discrimination and stigma among LGBT, aging, and disabled populations. Participants will learn to recognize and address discrimination among these groups and discuss how to avoid and undo discrimination. An activity is planned where participants receive labels and interact to experience being treated in a stereotyped way. The goals are for participants to understand the health impacts of stigma and how public health can work to promote inclusion and well-being for all.
The document discusses social work and marginalized populations. It defines social work as a practice-based profession that promotes social change, empowerment, and human rights. The history of social work involves assisting marginalized groups. Marginalization can occur through social, economic, and political exclusion and is multidimensional. It discusses the main types of marginalization and provides examples of marginalized groups such as people with disabilities, ethnic minorities, women, the elderly, children, and the long-term ill.
Resource book for marginalized girl childNeha Goel
This resource book provides guidelines for parents, teachers, and communities to help marginalized girl children. It defines marginalized groups as those excluded from power and privilege, like women, disabled people, scheduled castes, tribes, elderly, and children. Problems marginalized girl children face include female foeticide, neglect, early marriage, dowry practices, domestic violence, sexual harassment, and gender bias. These issues stem from expectations of domesticity, safety concerns, and lack of infrastructure. The resource book aims to educate others and solve these problems through constitutional provisions, human rights, and helpful activities.
The document summarizes a workshop on culturally sensitive, gender-responsive and human rights-based reporting on HIV/AIDS. The workshop covered analyzing current media coverage, defining key concepts, and recommendations. It found that media coverage can stigmatize or criminalize those living with HIV/AIDS. It emphasized understanding how culture, gender, and human rights impact transmission and treatment of HIV/AIDS to improve reporting.
This document discusses orthodontic self-esteem and the impact of orthodontic treatment on diet and oral hygiene. It notes that the smile is an important way to convey emotion and self-esteem, especially for young adults. Individuals may feel unsatisfied with their dental appearance if they feel it does not meet cultural standards of beauty. Orthodontic treatment can lead patients to eat softer foods and have worse oral hygiene, increasing plaque, debris, and risk of demineralization. The document examines the perceptions of these dietary and hygiene restrictions associated with orthodontic appliances.
A Call For Community Two Papers On HIV And AIDS Related Stigma In AfricaAndrew Parish
This document contains two papers on HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Africa. The first paper discusses the importance and causes of stigma, how it manifests in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, and its effects on specific groups. The second paper outlines recommendations for governments, civil society, religious organizations and others to help reduce stigma through policy changes, empowerment, education and addressing stigma at religious and community levels. The document emphasizes that stigma exacerbates the epidemic and should be a top priority in the global response to HIV/AIDS.
Research is so important to psychology because it helps researchers.docxwrite4
Research is critical to psychology for helping understand human behavior. It helps explain why people think, feel and act in certain ways. Research is important for developing accurate theories about broad topics in psychology and providing information to address real-world issues. Overall, research helps psychology understand how culture and the world influence human behavior.
The document discusses three topics:
1) Homelessness has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic exposing health disparities for homeless people and increasing their risk of contracting and having negative outcomes from COVID-19.
2) Suicide rates are influenced by modernization and social/cultural factors like social isolation and economic hardship. Culture also influences perceptions of suicide.
3) Poverty is a global problem affecting about 10% of the world's population, and is caused by factors like inequality, lack of access to opportunities, and unequal positioning especially for women.
Discrimination in society1Discrimination in society6.docxlynettearnold46882
Racial discrimination has caused significant harm in American society in recent years, especially with police shootings of black people. While laws have sought to prohibit discrimination based on attributes like race, discrimination persists and negatively impacts people's social and economic development. The document discusses various ways discrimination can be measured and occurs, and how it can accumulate over time to limit opportunities. While efforts have been made to address discrimination, more work is still needed to promote equality and overcome its harmful impacts.
This document discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS among Kenyan youth. It notes that Kenyans aged 15-24 are particularly vulnerable to infection. HIV/AIDS is a serious challenge in Kenya affecting development goals. The document asks questions about knowledge of HIV, who is affected, testing, and prevention. It discusses how HIV/AIDS spreads within a social context and notes stigma associated with the virus can negatively impact mental health and access to services.
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DIVERSITY PRESENTATION
LEARNER’S NAME
CAPELLA UNIVERSITY
CULTURE, ETHNICITY, AND DIVERSITY
DIVERSITY PRESENTATION
MARCH, 2019
1
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction to gender identity and the transgender community
Key terms and definitions
Importance of self-acceptance of the transgender identity
Role of transgender support groups
Challenges faced by the transgender community
Health and well-being
Solution
s and strategies to reduce stigma, prejudice, and discrimination
Hello, and welcome to today’s presentation on gender identity. This presentation attempts to showcase the concept of gender identity and the transgender community. The following slides will provide definitions and key terms related to gender identity, analyze the challenges faced by the transgender community, and identify solutions to combat these challenges. It is necessary to increase awareness about the struggles faced by transgender people to reduce the stigma attached to the community and facilitate inclusivity.
2
INTRODUCTION TO GENDER IDENTITY AND THE TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY (1)
Gender is shaped by the cultural and social forces of society
These forces place gender within the binary classification of male and female
Social structures and institutions dictate gender roles and gender expression according to an individual’s birth-assigned sex
Individuals who deviate from the gender role assigned at birth could be perceived as a threat to society (Capous-Desyllas & Barron, 2017)
Gender, sex, and identity are intricately connected to the heteronormative ideology of society. According to Schilt and Westbrook (2009), heteronormative ideology is based on the binary conception of gender (male and female). This ideology presupposes birth assigned-sex to be the sole determinant of gender and naturalizes heterosexual relationships (as cited in Capous-Desyllas & Barron, 2017).
3
INTRODUCTION TO GENDER IDENTITY AND THE TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY(2)
“Transgender” is the term used to refer to individuals whose personal experience of gender is incongruent with their birth-assigned sex (Hughto, Reisner, & Pachankis, 2015)
Transgender people view their gender and sexual orientation in several ways, which can range across the binary spectrum as well outside it (Dentice & Dietert, 2015)
Transgender people can choose to identify their gender in multiple ways such as transgender man, transgender woman, and genderqueer
They may undergo transitions to align their gender expression
with their gender identity. These transitions can be social
or medical (Hughto, Reisner, & Pachankis, 2015)
Schilt and Westbrook explain that transgender people are perceived as gender deviants or the “other” as they fail to comply with the societal expectations of gender-related behavior and expression (as cited in Hughto et al., 2015). Davidson (2007) has explained how these transitions can help them either conform to the traditional gender binary (such as transitioning from male to female) or choose to live ...
This presentation provides an overview of gender identity and the transgender community. It begins with key definitions such as gender identity, transgender, and cisgender. It then discusses the importance of self-acceptance for transgender individuals and the role of support groups. Major challenges faced by the transgender community are outlined, including discrimination, violence, and lack of access to healthcare and other resources. Health issues like higher rates of suicide and substance abuse are also summarized. Finally, several solutions are presented, such as improving education, healthcare training, advocacy, and implementing inclusive policies to reduce stigma and discrimination.
Discrimination in society7Discrimination in society1.docxlynettearnold46882
Discrimination in society 7
Discrimination in society 1
Discrimination in Society
Advanced General Psychology
Tony Williams
Argosy University
Lisa Unger
Discrimination in Society
While racial discrimination has become a more pertinent issue in society, racial discrimination LU Lisa Unger Remember for week 3 you need an abstract. is far most the worst. While there have been a lot of issues affecting the American Society, racial discrimination has caused more harm and caused chaos in the recent years in the wake of the recent police shooting on the black people in the community LU Lisa Unger Supporting citation. . In the past discrimination was more widespread in most if not all states of America but in the recent years, though existent, it has come with less outcry and in a more hidden way. Racial discrimination has been quite evident in sectors like housing and employment among others LU Lisa Unger Supporting citation . Others include the healthcare, housing, credit markets and consumer interactions. Discrimination is commonly defined as the unfair treatment to or against a person, based on their social class, wealth, popularity, racial origins, and ethnicity among many other religion (Napedu, 2004).
Racial discrimination according to the nap education webpage can be measured through many ways LU Lisa Unger Don’t cite that – no web sources in literature review. . One of them may be laboratory tests and the other may be field-based experiments. Other methods may be statistical inference, surveys and records of experiences. These measures are used to measure discrimination that occurs at specific time frames. According to the webpages, if a closer look is taken on the forms of discrimination that happen overtime, a whole lot of issues can be sorted out. For example, generational discrimination may not adversely affect the current generation than it can affect the next. Through mistakes committed in the past like gender discrimination, racial discrimination in health, education, wealth and societal classes, opportunities for the future generation are limited. If poor health becomes an issue, then the future kids will struggle with limited resources (Napedu, 2004).
The other reasons tend to be an across process LU Lisa Unger Expound – not sure what you mean by this? . Discrimination in places like elementary schools and grade school may affect a child’s academic performance in the college. This is due to the fact that discrimination affects the sub-conscience of a human being LU Lisa Unger Need to support with a citation – show reader where you getting that information from. . This also happens in employment places and this means that certain opportunities are stifled and due to it. Another reason may be discrimination across independent organizations but yet in the long run connected by special factors. Measuring discrimination can be quite had as the timing is difficult to trace as well as the extent. Therefore accuracy can’t b.
Stigma is negative attitudes and beliefs directed towards people based on attributes like health status. HIV-related stigma refers specifically to stigma against people living with HIV. Discrimination occurs when stigma leads to unjust treatment, like denial of rights. HIV stigma is common and can negatively impact healthcare uptake and outcomes for people living with HIV. Reducing stigma requires education to increase understanding and sympathy for those affected by HIV.
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Bringing Marginalized Population Intonational Stream.
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 20, Issue 1, Ver. 1 (Jan. 2015), PP 78-82
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20117882 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
Bringing Marginalized Population Intonational Stream.
Dr. Khalid Iraqi
Dean Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Abstract: Marginalized people have little control over their lives which makes them handicap in delving
contribution to society. They are prevented from participating in local life, which in turn leads to further
isolation. It has a tremendous impact on development of human life, as well as on society at large. In this paper,
we have systematically reviewed the scientific literature on marginalization, its nature, types of marginalization,
marginalized groups and then we have focused on one marginalized group who suffer from HIV/AIDS related
stigma. We have highlighted promising strategies to address stigma related issues. We have focused on the
following key challenges: defining and reducing HIV/AIDS related stigma as well as assessing the impact of
stigma on the effectiveness of HIV prevention and treatment programs. Based on the literature and personal
observation we have concluded by offering a set of recommendations that may represent important next steps
that how can we bring this marginalized group into national stream through communication.
I. Introduction
The term 'marginalization' describes the overt actions or tendencies of human societies, where people
who they perceive to objectionable or without useful function are excluded, i.e., marginalized. The people who
are marginalized are outside the existing systems of protection and integration. This limits their opportunities
and means for survival. The term has been defined in the different ways:
Merriam-Webster's online dictionary defines the term, marginalize , is "to consign to an insignificant,
or powerless position within a society or group".Laitin describes that marginality is demeaning for economic
growth, human dignity and for physical security. Marginalized people face irrevocable discrimination by
members of dominant society.These definitions are mentioned in different contexts, and show that
marginalization is a slippery and multilayered concept. To further clarify the meaning and concept we will
discuss certain features of marginalization.
Sometimes, whole societies can be marginalized at national and global levels, while classes and
communities can be marginalized from the dominant social order within the local level. In some other contexts,
the same community can be marginalized in certain country (Jews in Germany or Russia) whereas they are not
marginalized in another country (Jews in the U.S.A.).
Marginalization also increases or decreases at certain stages of life cycle. For example, the
marginalized status of children and youth may decrease as they get older; the marginalized status of adults may
increase as they become older; the marginalized status of single mother may change as their children grow up.
Individuals or groups might enjoy high social status at some point of time, but as social change takes place, they
may lose this status and become marginalized.
Thus, marginalization is a complex as well as shifting phenomenon linked to social status. The purpose
of this paper is to describe marginalization and to propose a new conceptual framework to help inform thinking
about the processes of stigma & discrimination, about the way these processes relate to HIV/AIDS, and about
potential interventions to address stigma & discrimination and minimize their impact through communication.
To do this, the paper: i. describes the nature and types of marginalization. ii. Defines marginalized groups. iii.
Analyzes the sources of Stigma & Discrimination and, its consequences. iv. Proposes an agenda for bringing
this marginalized group into national stream through communication.
Nature of Marginalization
Marginalization is a multidimensional, multi causal, historical phenomenon. There are no general laws
to understand and comprehend the complex nature of marginalization. The analytical tools that can be used in
most cases include class, in relation to specific social, cultural, economic and political conditions, as well as
ideological systems, social awareness, and human action. The nature of marginalization varies in different
settings for example, the marginalization of women in India is not the same as Iraq, though they broadly share
some features. The religious, ideological system, political economy of a country, and the overall social system
have an impact on the marginalization of specific groups or an individual.
2. Bringing Marginalized Population Intonational Stream.
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20117882 www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
Types of marginalization
To be marginalized is to be distanced from power and resources that enable self determination in
economic, political and social settings. Though there are various types of marginalization, we identify some
broad types, such as social, economic, and political marginalization. Those who are socially marginalized are
deprived from social opportunities. They are stigmatized and often receive negative public attitude which
creates social isolation. Economic marginalization relates to economic structure which directly or indirectly
affects people‟s well being and health where as political marginalization doesn‟t allow people to participate in
decision making.
Marginalized groups
In this section we will discussed about the most vulnerable marginalized groups in almost every
society. i. Marginalization is one of the manifestations of gender inequality or gender identity. In every culture
and country women are always marginalized relative to men. Eunuchs are also marginalized. ii. People with
certain disabilities (mentally or physically handicap) / diseases (HIV/AIDS, Leprosy and TB) suffer from biased
assumptions which left them in a severe state of impoverishment for centuries. iii. Ethnic and religious
minorities are also marginalized in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power.
Discrimination against these groups takes place in terms of physical, psychological, emotional and
cultural abuse. All these factors affect their physical and psychological well being and their quality of life.
As we discussed above that there are many marginalized groups but in this paper we will discussed
about HIV/AIDS related marginalized group and stigma and discrimination which is associated with this disease
and how it can be resolved.
HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination
HIV-related stigma and discrimination have been acknowledged as an hindrance to mitigating the HIV
epidemic since its early days, yet programming and activities to reduce stigma and discrimination have been
given much less attention than other aspects of the epidemic. Fortunately, in recent years there has been an
increase in the literature on HIV stigma as the issue has gained visibility and greater conceptual clarity and as
means to measure stigma have been refined. Despite international efforts to tackle HIV/AIDS since then, stigma
and discrimination remain among the most poorly understood aspects of the epidemic. Peter piot, executive
director of UNAIDS In 2000, identified stigma as a “continuing challenge” that prevents rigorous action at
community, national, and global levels.
Analyzing Stigma and discrimination
The sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) defined stigma as a “significantly discrediting” attribute
possessed by a person with an “undesired difference”. Stigma is a powerful means of social control applied by
marginalizing, excluding and exercising power over individuals who display certain traits. It is a common
response to perceived threat when escape from, or the destruction of, this threat is impossible. While the societal
rejection of certain social groups (e.g. “homosexuals”, injecting drug users, sex workers and migrants) may
predate HIV/AIDS, the disease has, in many cases, reinforced this stigmatization. McGrath (1992) stated that
“by attributing blame to specific individuals and groups, society can absolve itself from the responsibility of
caring for and looking after such populations”. To analyze stigma and discrimination it is essential to understand
its sources.
Sources of HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination
De Bruyn has identified five factors as contributing to HIV/AIDS-related stigma:
The fact that HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening disease; the fact that people are afraid of contracting HIV;
the disease‟s association with behaviors (such as sex between men and injecting drug use) that are already
stigmatized in many societies; the fact that people living with HIV/AIDS are often thought of as being
responsible for having contracted the disease; religious or moral beliefs that lead some people to conclude that
having HIV/AIDS is the result of a moral fault (such as promiscuity or “deviant” sex) that deserves punishment.
From early in the AIDS epidemic, a series of powerful metaphors was mobilized which serve to
reinforce and legitimate stigmatization. These include HIV/AIDS as death (e.g. through imagery such as the
Grim Reaper); HIV/AIDS as punishment (e.g. for immoral behavior); HIV/AIDS as a crime (e.g. in relation to
innocent and guilty victims); HIV/AIDS as war (e.g. in relation to a virus which needs to be fought); HIV/AIDS
as horror (in which infected people are demonized and feared); and HIV/AIDS as “otherness” (in which the
disease is an affliction of those set apart). (Omangi, 1997) has found, “ it is widespread belief that HIV/AIDS is
shameful” , these metaphors constitute a series of “ready-made” but highly inaccurate explanations that provide
a powerful basis for both stigmatizing and discriminatory responses. These stereotypes also enable some people
to deny that they personally are likely to be infected or affected.
3. Bringing Marginalized Population Intonational Stream.
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20117882 www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
People living with HIV/AIDS are seen as ignominious in many societies. Where the infection is
associated with minority groups and behaviors (for example, homosexuality), HIV/AIDS may be linked to
“perversion” and those infected punished (Mejia, 1988). (Kegeles et al., 1989) are of that “ in individualistic
societies, HIV/AIDS may be seen as the result of personal irresponsibility”. In some circumstances, HIV/AIDS
is considered as a reason for bringing shame upon the family and community (Panos, 1990; Warwick et al.,
1998). The manner in which people respond to HIV/AIDS therefore varies with the ideas and resources that
society makes available to them. (Warwick et al., 1998) have come with the view, “While negative responses to
HIV/AIDS are by no means inevitable, they not infrequently feed upon and reinforce dominant ideologies of
good and bad with respect to sex and illness, and proper and improper behaviors”.
Sexuality
HIV/AIDS-related S&D are most closely related to sexual stigma. This is because HIV is mainly
sexually transmitted and in most areas of the world, the epidemic initially affected populations whose sexual
practices or identities are different from the “norm.” HIV/AIDS-related S&D has now appropriated and
reinforced pre-existing sexual stigma related with sexually transferable diseases, promiscuity, homosexuality
prostitution, and sexual “deviance” (Gagnon and Simon 1973; Plummer 1975; Weeks 1981). The belief that
homosexuals are to blame for the epidemic or that homosexuals are the only group at risk of HIV is still
common. Promiscuous sexual behavior by women is also commonly believed to be responsible for the
heterosexual epidemic, regardless of the epidemiological reality. (Parker and Galvão 1996) maintained that “ In
Brazil, for example, where surveillance data have shown high rates of HIV infection among monogamous
married women, HIV-positive women are still widely perceived to be sexually promiscuous”.
Gender
HIV/AIDS-related S&D are also linked to gender-related stigma. Aggleton and Warwick (1999)
observed that, “The impact of HIV/AIDS-related S&D on women reinforces pre-existing economic, educational,
cultural, and social disadvantages and unequal access to information and services”. In settings where
heterosexual transmission is significant, the spread of HIV infection has been associated with female sexual
behavior that is not consistent with gender norms. For example, prostitution is widely perceived as non-
normative female behavior, and female sex workers are often identified as “vectors” of infection who put at risk
their clients and their clients‟ sexual partners. Equally, in many settings, men are blamed for heterosexual
transmission, because of assumptions about male sexual behavior, such as men‟s preference or need for multiple
sexual partners.
Race, ethnicity and class
Racial and ethnic stigma & discrimination also interact with HIV/AIDS related stigma &
discrimination, and the epidemic has been characterized both by racist assumptions about “African sexuality”
and by perceptions in the developing world of the West‟s “immoral behavior.” Racial and ethnic S&D
contribute to the marginalization of minority population groups, increasing their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS,
which in turn exacerbates stigmatization and discrimination. New forms of social exclusion associated with
these global changes have reinforced pre-existing social inequalities and stigmatization of the poor, homeless,
landless, and jobless. As a result, poverty increases vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, and HIV/AIDS exacerbates
poverty (Parker, Easton, and Klein 2000). HIV/AIDS-related S&D interacts with pre-existing S&D associated
with economic marginalization. In some contexts, the epidemic has been characterized by assumptions about the
rich, and HIV/AIDS has been associated with affluent lifestyles.
Thus, we can infer that, stigmatization is a process that involves identifying differences between groups
of people, and using these differences to determine which groups fit into structures of power. Stigma and
discrimination are used or can be used to produce and reproduce social inequality. Stigmatization, therefore, not
only helps to create difference in society but also plays a key role in transforming difference based on sexuality,
gender, race, ethnicity or class in to social inequality.
Fear of contagion and disease
HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening illness that people are afraid of contracting. (UNAIDS 2000; Malcolm
et al. 1998; Daniel and Parker 1993) have found the following:
The various metaphors associated with AIDS have also contributed to the perception of HIV/AIDS as a
disease that affects “others,” especially those who are already stigmatized because of their sexual behavior,
gender, race, or socioeconomic status, and have enabled some people to deny that they personally could be at
risk or affected.
HIV/AIDS-related S&D is, therefore, the result of interaction between diverse pre-existing sources of
S&D and fear of contagion and disease. The pre-existing sources, such as those related to gender, sexuality, and
4. Bringing Marginalized Population Intonational Stream.
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20117882 www.iosrjournals.org 81 | Page
class, often overlap and reinforce one another. This interaction has contributed to the deep-rooted nature of
HIV/AIDS-related S&D, limiting our ability to develop effective responses. It has also created a vicious circle
of S&D which works in two ways.(i) HIV/AIDS is associated with marginalized behaviors, and people living
with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) are stigmatized because they are assumed to be from marginalized groups. (ii) Already
marginalized groups are further marginalized because they are assumed to have HIV/AIDS.
Thus, stigmatization is a process that involves identifying differences between groups of people based
on sexuality, gender, race, ethnicity or class in to social inequality. Now we will examine consequences of
stigma and discrimination.
Consequences of stigma and discrimination
Individual
Daniel and Parker (1993) noticed that “in contexts where HIV/AIDS is highly stigmatized, fear of
HIV/AIDS-related S&D may cause individuals to isolate themselves to the extent that they no longer feel part of
civil society and are unable to gain access the services and support they need “. This has been called internalized
stigma. In some cases, premature death through suicide is commonplace. A fear of negative and hostile
reaction from other is lingering threat for individuals who are already marginalized, reflecting the interaction
between HIV/AIDS-related and pre-existing sources of Stigma & discrimination.
Family
The family is the main source of care and support for PLHA in most developing countries. However,
negative family responses are common. “Infected individuals often experience S&D in the home, and women
are often more likely to be badly treated than men or children “(Bharat and Aggleton 1999). Women, suffering
from HIV/AIDS, are faced with the negative community and family responses including blame, rejection, and
loss of children and home. (Panos 1990; Misra 1999; Mpundu 1999; Mujeeb 1999) have found, “since
HIV/AIDS-related S&D reinforce and interact with pre-existing S&D, families may reject PLHA not only
because of their HIV status but also because HIV/AIDS is associated with promiscuity, homosexuality, and drug
use”. HIV/AIDS-related S&D in families and communities is commonly manifested in the form of blame, scape
goating, and punishment. Communities often shun or gossip about those perceived to have HIV or AIDS. It has
turned into form of violence in some extreme cases; for example, some reports have come into sight about the
physical assault on the men who are supposed to be gay.
Society
Kegeles et al. (1989) are of the view that cultural systems of the societies place greater emphasis on
individuals : hence HIV/AIDS is taken as a result of self irresponsibility, so the individuals are charged for
prone to infection . On the contrary, societies where cultural systems place greater weight on collectivism,
HIV/AIDS is regarded as reason for ignominy on the family and community (Panos 1990; Warwick et al. 1998).
The type of cultural system will therefore define the ways in which communities respond to HIV/AIDS and the
ways in which S&D are manifested.
Bringing this marginalized population into national stream through communication
Isolated and marginalized groups face particular constraints with regard to access to information and
communication, and thus have limited participation and voice in the public sphere and in decision-making
processes affecting their lives. They belong to the culture of silence. They are on the wrong side of the digital
divide, unable to participate in the Information Society and thus risk further marginalization, politically, socially
and economically.
Communication as process
The Challenge for Change Program‟s work with the Fogo Islanders in the 1960s has often been seen as
a turning point in the development of participatory communication processes. The Fogo Process was one of the
first examples of filmmaking and video as a process to obtain social change in a disadvantaged community. It
included a series of working practices that have influenced many participatory communication programs
throughout the world and that are still very valid. Key ingredients included: (i) Communication as a process for
empowerment, for conflict resolution, and to negotiate with decision makers to modify policy. (ii)
Communication technology and media only as tools to facilitate the process. (iii) Programms planned and
produced with and by the marginalized themselves, about their social problems, and not just produced by
outsiders. (iv)The professional quality of the product becomes secondary to content and process. (v) The
importance of interpersonal communication and the role of a facilitator, a community worker or a social
animator. (vi) Community input into the editing of the material, and dialogue with decision makers.
“The Fogo Process provides evidence of how local communities who have been marginalized by
5. Bringing Marginalized Population Intonational Stream.
DOI: 10.9790/0837-20117882 www.iosrjournals.org 82 | Page
economic and political structures can become empowered through communication to transform conditions of
uneven development”. (Crocker, 2003).
Fogo is one of the best example which can be utilized with HIV/AIDS people and through which we
can help this marginalized population to get out of trouble and play a productive role in socity.
II. Conclusion
Marginalization is a complex phenomenon which is link to social status. Marginalized people are
largely deprived of social opportunities. There are several marginalized groups and people living with
HIV/AIDS also one of them. HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination is considered a major barrier to
effective responses to the HIV epidemic. Yet, there is little or no consensus among policy makers and
intervention program implementers about how to define measure and diminish this phenomenon. This paper
argues that we need a new way of understanding about stigma related intervention programs and through
communication we can bring marginalized population into national stream.
For marginalized communities, increased community empowerment through access to information,
improved networking and opportunities for women, access to medical information for isolated communities and
new employment opportunities are only a few of the examples that have bolstered the belief that these
technologies have a key role to play in the development of these communities.While the work described in this
paper doesn‟t claim to offer the last word on the above mentioned matters, it does highlight a series of practical
steps that can be taken in programming, policy and research.
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