By conducting a set of quantitative surveys, this study aimed to detecting the correlation between Jordanian
University students’ perceptions of terrorism and a variety of demographic variables. The results revealed that
the majority of students viewed terrorism as the most heinous crime, and is never justified, and that terrorists
are hard-core criminals, separatist groups that want to weaken the unity of the country. Therefore, they should
be treated as traitors and punished as they pose a threat to national interest, and the safety and security of
citizens. While a few of student indicated that there are some terrorist activities’ as a repercussion of repressed
needs and the demands of society, it should however be managed and the violations committed by states
against their nationals be confronted with the aim of eliminating injustices to vulnerable citizens. Most
students believe that poverty and material deprivation are of the most prominent causes of terrorism. They
also stress the necessity of providing food security and optimal life for citizens to limit the spread of the
phenomenon of terrorism and achieve societal solidarity to save human lives and stability of communities.
Furthermore, the results confirmed that there are no academic specializations, age, sex, academic level, and
monthly income statistically significant differences in perceptions of the terrorism among university students.
Economic Abuse of Women in Amman, Jordan: A Quantitative StudyRula alsawalqa
This document summarizes research on economic abuse of women. It defines economic abuse and differentiates it from financial abuse. The document reviews literature finding that economic abuse reduces women's productivity, income, and independence by depriving them of access to economic resources and decision making. Economic abuse is associated with other forms of intimate partner violence and can continue after a relationship ends through things like child support. The document then presents a study conducted with 500 married working women in Amman, Jordan that found economic abuse decreased as women's education and length of marriage increased, and was more likely if the husband had a high education or was unemployed. Overall, the study aimed to better understand the relationship between demographic variables and economic abuse of women in Jordan.
Cyberbullying, social stigma, and self-esteem: the impact of COVID-19 on stud...Rula alsawalqa
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the way people live, work, and socialize, and has perhaps
even altered the reasons why they harass one another. To our knowledge, the present study is one of the first
studies to address cyberbullying among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional objectives
were to reveal the causes and types of cyberbullying that university students from East and Southeast Asia have
experienced because of COVID-19, and to explore the relationship between cyberbullying and self-esteem. Of the
525 university students from different East and Southeast Asian countries and varied academic backgrounds who
were invited to participate in the study, 310 students agreed and were included. Moreover, a sample of 400
Jordanian undergraduate students, who participated in cyberbullying against East and Southeast Asian students
on social media, answered a questionnaire to reveal their reasons for engaging in bullying during the COVID-19
pandemic. This study also examined the relationship and differences between sex and nationality. The findings
revealed that cyberbullying contributed to low self-esteem in students of East and Southeast Asian descent who
were victims of bullying. Men were more likely to be bullies and cyberbullies than women. The bullies admitted
that the main reason for cyberbullying was humor, and that they were unaware that their harsh or aggressive
behaviors could be categorized as bullying. This study aimed to make a positive contribution to the scant literature on cyberbullying/cyber racism among university students in an Arab country. We believe our findings can
help guide the formulation of policies and solutions that address cyberbullying, especially between resident and
foreign students
Women’s abuse experiences in Jordan: A comparative study using rural and urba...Rula alsawalqa
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses
nterconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and
harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was
employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have
encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources
and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic
abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic
abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse
and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The
most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected
when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and
being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or
throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their
workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses interconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more economic and other forms of abuse than rural women, especially emotional and physical abuse.
Dialectical Relationship Between Terrorism and Human Security: A Sociological...Rula alsawalqa
This article analyzes the dialectical relationship between terrorism and human security to reveal its dimensions and their role in counterterrorism and to understand what motivates individuals to join terrorist groups. Adopting a qualitative methodological design, data were analyzed through deductive reasoning from the sociological perspective. The findings revealed that terrorist threats to human security could not be addressed through traditional mechanisms alone. They require a new consensus that recognizes the linkages and interdependencies between development, human rights, and national security through a comprehensive approach that uses a wide range of new opportunities.
The document discusses the potential negative effects of social media on young people's mental health and wellbeing. It notes that social media use is highly prevalent among young people aged 16-24, and that rates of anxiety and depression have risen significantly in recent decades. The document outlines how social media use has been linked to increased rates of anxiety, depression, poor sleep, and cyberbullying. It concludes by calling for actions to address these risks and ensure social media platforms support young people's mental health.
Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...Rula alsawalqa
The characteristics of sociopathy vary in the context of
its overlap with the concept of "psychopathy, and antisocial personality". The characteristic of social
intelligence is associated with who is infected with
sociopathy. Therefore, this article was designed to
follow the scientific heritage of sociopathy, to specify its
characteristics, and to analyze them in order to clarify
the possibility of describing the sociopath as being
intelligent socially. In light of the analysis of the concept
of social intelligence, it is not possible to describe the
sociopath as being intelligent socially, even if he has
apparent superficial charm.
The document discusses the causes and types of violence. It analyzes violence through four levels - biological/personal, close relationships, community, and societal. Violence is categorized into self-directed, interpersonal, and collective forms. The types of violence include physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, spiritual, and cultural forms. The document concludes that scientific strategies aimed at underlying causes, such as parenting programs, life skills training, and reducing substance abuse, have been effective in preventing violence.
This document discusses the importance of properly contextualizing and discussing data that shows disparities. It recommends considering the community, culture and systems involved when examining disparity data. The concern should be about disparities stemming from discrimination and oppression, not inherent flaws. The focus should be on identifying the root causes, such as social and structural conditions, that allow disparities to persist. The language used to describe disparities is also important, as it can perpetuate harm or place blame on groups. Systems-centered language should be used to place accountability on the systems and structures that cause inequities.
Economic Abuse of Women in Amman, Jordan: A Quantitative StudyRula alsawalqa
This document summarizes research on economic abuse of women. It defines economic abuse and differentiates it from financial abuse. The document reviews literature finding that economic abuse reduces women's productivity, income, and independence by depriving them of access to economic resources and decision making. Economic abuse is associated with other forms of intimate partner violence and can continue after a relationship ends through things like child support. The document then presents a study conducted with 500 married working women in Amman, Jordan that found economic abuse decreased as women's education and length of marriage increased, and was more likely if the husband had a high education or was unemployed. Overall, the study aimed to better understand the relationship between demographic variables and economic abuse of women in Jordan.
Cyberbullying, social stigma, and self-esteem: the impact of COVID-19 on stud...Rula alsawalqa
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the way people live, work, and socialize, and has perhaps
even altered the reasons why they harass one another. To our knowledge, the present study is one of the first
studies to address cyberbullying among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional objectives
were to reveal the causes and types of cyberbullying that university students from East and Southeast Asia have
experienced because of COVID-19, and to explore the relationship between cyberbullying and self-esteem. Of the
525 university students from different East and Southeast Asian countries and varied academic backgrounds who
were invited to participate in the study, 310 students agreed and were included. Moreover, a sample of 400
Jordanian undergraduate students, who participated in cyberbullying against East and Southeast Asian students
on social media, answered a questionnaire to reveal their reasons for engaging in bullying during the COVID-19
pandemic. This study also examined the relationship and differences between sex and nationality. The findings
revealed that cyberbullying contributed to low self-esteem in students of East and Southeast Asian descent who
were victims of bullying. Men were more likely to be bullies and cyberbullies than women. The bullies admitted
that the main reason for cyberbullying was humor, and that they were unaware that their harsh or aggressive
behaviors could be categorized as bullying. This study aimed to make a positive contribution to the scant literature on cyberbullying/cyber racism among university students in an Arab country. We believe our findings can
help guide the formulation of policies and solutions that address cyberbullying, especially between resident and
foreign students
Women’s abuse experiences in Jordan: A comparative study using rural and urba...Rula alsawalqa
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses
nterconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and
harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was
employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have
encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources
and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic
abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic
abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse
and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The
most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected
when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and
being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or
throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their
workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more
This study explored the patterns of economic abuse among working married women from rural and urban areas in Jordan, and identified their experiences with other abuses interconnected with economic abuse, including psychological, emotional, and physical abuse and harassment. A quantitative research approach using a descriptive comparative design was employed. The findings indicated that 55.5% of urban and 44.5% of rural women have encountered spousal economic abuse in two ways: (1) controlling their economic resources and managing their financial decisions and (2) exploiting their economic resources. Economic abuse was found to be intertwined with other forms of abuse; women who faced economic abuse also endured primarily emotional and psychological abuse, followed by physical abuse and harassment, as tactics to reinforce economic abuse and maintain control over them. The most common form of psychological abuse was being made to feel frustrated and neglected when requesting emotional support, while emotional abuse was typified by resentment and being told they are inadequate. Physical abuse included partners shaking, slapping, or throwing objects at them. Both rural and urban women reported being harassed at their workplace by their partners’ repeated phone calls. In general, urban women faced more economic and other forms of abuse than rural women, especially emotional and physical abuse.
Dialectical Relationship Between Terrorism and Human Security: A Sociological...Rula alsawalqa
This article analyzes the dialectical relationship between terrorism and human security to reveal its dimensions and their role in counterterrorism and to understand what motivates individuals to join terrorist groups. Adopting a qualitative methodological design, data were analyzed through deductive reasoning from the sociological perspective. The findings revealed that terrorist threats to human security could not be addressed through traditional mechanisms alone. They require a new consensus that recognizes the linkages and interdependencies between development, human rights, and national security through a comprehensive approach that uses a wide range of new opportunities.
The document discusses the potential negative effects of social media on young people's mental health and wellbeing. It notes that social media use is highly prevalent among young people aged 16-24, and that rates of anxiety and depression have risen significantly in recent decades. The document outlines how social media use has been linked to increased rates of anxiety, depression, poor sleep, and cyberbullying. It concludes by calling for actions to address these risks and ensure social media platforms support young people's mental health.
Is the sociopath socially intelligent? A new framework for understanding soci...Rula alsawalqa
The characteristics of sociopathy vary in the context of
its overlap with the concept of "psychopathy, and antisocial personality". The characteristic of social
intelligence is associated with who is infected with
sociopathy. Therefore, this article was designed to
follow the scientific heritage of sociopathy, to specify its
characteristics, and to analyze them in order to clarify
the possibility of describing the sociopath as being
intelligent socially. In light of the analysis of the concept
of social intelligence, it is not possible to describe the
sociopath as being intelligent socially, even if he has
apparent superficial charm.
The document discusses the causes and types of violence. It analyzes violence through four levels - biological/personal, close relationships, community, and societal. Violence is categorized into self-directed, interpersonal, and collective forms. The types of violence include physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, spiritual, and cultural forms. The document concludes that scientific strategies aimed at underlying causes, such as parenting programs, life skills training, and reducing substance abuse, have been effective in preventing violence.
This document discusses the importance of properly contextualizing and discussing data that shows disparities. It recommends considering the community, culture and systems involved when examining disparity data. The concern should be about disparities stemming from discrimination and oppression, not inherent flaws. The focus should be on identifying the root causes, such as social and structural conditions, that allow disparities to persist. The language used to describe disparities is also important, as it can perpetuate harm or place blame on groups. Systems-centered language should be used to place accountability on the systems and structures that cause inequities.
This report analyzes youth suicide data from Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham counties in Michigan. Key findings include:
1) Over 6% of youth reported attempting suicide, meaning about 2 students per classroom of 33.
2) Over 1,400 students (13.1%) reported seriously considering suicide.
3) Female students, especially in middle/high school, reported higher rates of suicidal ideation, planning, and sadness/hopelessness than male students.
4) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual students reported higher rates of suicidal ideation than heterosexual students.
The report makes recommendations for prevention programs targeting individual, community, and systemic levels and incorporating youth input. It also calls
Social Support as a Protective Factor for Youth Suicide: An Intersectional an...Dr. Corbin J. Standley
Social Support as a Protective Factor for Youth Suicide: An Intersectional and Socioecological Approach
Standley, C. J. - MA Thesis
Thesis submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology.
This document discusses victimology and survivor studies in higher education. It provides background on victimology as the study of victimization, victims, and societal responses. It notes barriers to developing empathy for victims, such as desensitization from constant media exposure or viewing victims as responsible. The status of adult education and victim advocacy as social movements is examined. Current victim services in Canada are outlined. The document argues for increased academic study of victimology and notes challenges, such as considering diverse perspectives and ensuring accessibility. It proposes critical action research to identify stakeholder priorities to inform the development of victimology education in Canada.
This document discusses institutions of higher education and their response to sexual violence on campus. It begins with an introduction explaining that while access to higher education has increased, colleges still struggle to ensure safety and respect for all students. It then defines sexual violence and notes its high prevalence among college women. The document outlines various negative physical, mental, and academic outcomes for victims and discusses potential causes of sexual violence like gender inequality and the desire for power and control rather than sexual desire. It concludes by calling for continued efforts to prevent sexual violence and create safer learning environments.
Health Psychology of Urbanicity: Does it Increase Violent Behavior within Ado...Joseph White MPA CPM
This document provides background information for a research study examining whether factors related to urban living increase the likelihood of violent criminal behavior in adolescents. The study aims to identify scientific risk factors and create an equation to assess the probability of violence. Some potential risk factors discussed include access to quality education, race, and gender. The researcher hopes to determine practical crime reduction methods and increase safety in urban communities. The literature review discusses topics like the relationship between education and crime rates, impacts of unemployment, and how racial injustices can fuel conflicts. The goal is to better understand adolescent development and behavior within urban environments.
Social Capital and Fear of Crime: A Test of Organizational Participation Effe...AJHSSR Journal
This document discusses social capital and fear of crime. It begins by providing background on fear of crime research and three main theoretical models that explain fear of crime: the vulnerability model, disorder model, and social integration model. The study is framed within the social integration model, which argues those who are well socially integrated experience lower fear. It then discusses social capital and its potential benefits, including reduced crime and fear. While some studies found social capital elements like collective efficacy lower fear, other research finds little or no impact. The document aims to examine the effect of organizational participation on fear of crime in Nigeria, as previous Nigerian studies have not specifically tested social capital's influence.
Lgbt identity, violence, and social justiceIim Ibrahim
This document discusses LGBT identity, violence, and social justice. It begins by reviewing statistics on violence against LGBT people internationally and in the US. Reasons for this violence include challenging gender norms and laws/policies that criminalize LGBT identities. The psychological effects of victimization are also discussed. The document argues that mental health professionals should play a greater role in advocating for LGBT social justice issues and rights.
This document outlines a proposed program to prevent sexual violence on a college campus. It begins with introducing the problem of sexual violence on college campuses and defining key terms. It then discusses social and environmental determinants of sexual violence and presents data on prevalence of sexual assault among college students. The target population is identified as college-aged students, particularly women. A needs assessment was conducted through interviews with campus health experts and reviewing campus statistics. The document proposes using this information to develop goals, objectives, and strategies for a prevention program.
2017.04.06 Dynamics of Public and Private ViolenceNUI Galway
Dr Stacey Scriver, NUI Galway, presented this talk on the dynamics of public and private violence on behalf of the Conflict, Humanitarianism and Security research cluster at the 2017 Whitaker Institute Research Day held on the 6th of April 2017.
Statement of Erroll G. Southers before the US House of Representatives Commit...Elsevier
Counterterrorism expert and Elsevier Author Erroll Southers testifies at the Congressional Homeland Security Committee's first hearing on the Boston bombings.
Media access and exposure as determinants of the political Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media access and exposure on the political knowledge of undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television predicted higher political knowledge among respondents compared to print media. Most respondents preferred television as their main source of political information. The study recommended that governments and media organizations collaborate to increase youth access to print media and ensure broadcast media adhere to professional standards.
The document discusses corruption within justice systems and its etiological aspects. It notes that impersonation scams and identity theft can create access points for regime assaults within professional and civil service positions. When corruption infiltrates education and legal systems, crimes may be ignored or seen as petty. While some organized crime groups register businesses to launder money, corruption overall upsets economic balance and harms communities. Authorities may turn a blind eye to criminal activity to protect capital over helping victims.
Geographies of domestic violence in rural spaces: Case of rural Nepali commun...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recognition that past research on domestic violence largely concentrated on urban areas has
helped to generate a body of work focusing specifically on the rural. This work has begun to identify important
characteristics of the experience of intimate partner violence in rural communities and, in particular, to draw
attention to the problems of resourcing and delivering services in support of families and individuals living with
and escaping violence. A key direction of research has been the interrogation of rates of domestic violence in
the comparison of urban, suburban and rural areas. Some studies have extended this comparative approach in
highlighting the prevalence of different forms of violence across types of community. This focus on the rural has
been a welcomed response to academic criticisms of the lack of work on the rationality of space and violence
and to associated calls by geographers to foreground the centrality of space in work on both the experience and
conceptualization of violence. Three remote villages of Bank district of western Nepal has been selected for the
household survey at 90 households. In addition to that, KII and FGD as well as interactive interview with the
local stake holders have also been conducted. Main finding of this research is women in the rural and remote
areas are more likely than women in urban areas to experience domestic and family violence. Similarly, women
living in the rural and remote areas who experience domestic and family violence face specific issues related to
their geographical location and the cultural and social characteristics of living in small communities.
The Psychosocial Drivers of Gender Based Violence in Matabeleland South: Zimb...iosrjce
As documented by Ndamba, Lunga and Musarurwa, (2013) gender based violence (GBV) is one of
the key drivers of HIV, high mortality rate, crime and other non-conforming behaviours. The purpose of the
study was to investigate the psychosocial drivers of GBV in Matabeleland South. The study employed both
quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative aspects included questionnaires that were
administered to women of child bearing age, whilst the qualitative aspect involved secondary data review,
interviews of key informants and focus group discussions. The population of man, women, and youths was used
to make reasonable inferences on the issues fuelling GBV in Matabeleland South. Purposive and random
sampling techniques were used to identify the ideal participants for the survey. The key findings were that:
Cases of GBV were actually understated by documented statistics, so were their causes and outcomes. The term
Gender Based Violence was noted a value-laden word and as a result, different stakeholders had their
operational definitions, with some associating it with Feminism. Recommendations made include - development
of strategies that ensure maximum freedom and entitlements; policies that ensure attainment of human rights
including the basic living rights by communities; strategic and systematic rehabilitation of victims of abuse;
revival of recreational centres; and enforcement of some laws that involve human rights so as to ensure that the
communities (as bio-psychosocial beings) leave peacefully with each other.
STRYVE is a juvenile delinquency prevention program led by the CDC that aims to reduce youth violence. It is based on Social Bond Theory, which suggests that strong bonds between individuals and society prevent criminal behavior. STRYVE works to strengthen these bonds through community programs focused on parenting, relationships, activities, and belief systems. Research shows STRYVE effectively addresses known risk factors for youth violence and helps prevent this problem.
This document discusses environmental factors that contribute to crime and anomic behavior in urban spaces, using the city of Borazjan, Iran as a case study. It first defines key terms like social deviance, crime, anomie, violence, and the relationship between cities and abnormal behavior. It then discusses how characteristics of urban environments can increase rates of crime and anomie. Specifically, it finds that physical disturbance, functional disorders, and confusion of meaning and identity in urban spaces are the most effective factors leading to crime in Borazjan's deteriorated public areas. The document aims to identify these environmental influences to help eliminate crime-enabling factors and improve safety.
Adolescent suicide risk four psychosocial factorsferrellnl
This document summarizes a study examining four psychosocial factors (hopelessness, hostility, negative self-concept, and low social support) as predictors of suicide risk in adolescents. The study found that adolescents with higher scores on a suicide probability scale had significantly higher levels of hopelessness and reported more serious suicide attempts requiring medical care compared to those with lower scores. While no single demographic predicted risk, collectively the four psychosocial factors correlated with increased risk. The study suggests future research should further examine how addressing these psychosocial factors could help reduce adolescent suicide risk.
This document discusses definitions of terrorism from different perspectives and their implications. It examines definitions from international bodies, governments, law enforcement, counterterrorism groups, legal systems, and academics. While a universal definition has been elusive due to different biases and goals, the document emphasizes that terrorism involves premeditated violence against non-combatants for political, social, or psychological goals. Legal definitions are important for successful investigation and prosecution of terrorists, but they must balance security with civil liberties. Education is also discussed as significantly impacted by terrorism.
This document outlines an identity theory perspective on religiously and ethnically motivated terrorism. It proposes that terrorism arises from a combination of a strongly collectivist cultural identity rooted in fundamentalist religious or cultural principles, a social identity based on sharp contrasts between one's own group and perceived threats, and a foreclosed or aimless personal identity. The authors aim to identify commonalities across diverse conflicts where terrorism occurs in order to build an integrative theory and generate hypotheses to guide future research on countering terrorist organizations. They argue past efforts have failed to understand terrorism by viewing terrorists as psychopaths, criminals, or those lacking identity, rather than seeing terrorism as an expression of identities terrorists strongly hold.
This report analyzes youth suicide data from Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham counties in Michigan. Key findings include:
1) Over 6% of youth reported attempting suicide, meaning about 2 students per classroom of 33.
2) Over 1,400 students (13.1%) reported seriously considering suicide.
3) Female students, especially in middle/high school, reported higher rates of suicidal ideation, planning, and sadness/hopelessness than male students.
4) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual students reported higher rates of suicidal ideation than heterosexual students.
The report makes recommendations for prevention programs targeting individual, community, and systemic levels and incorporating youth input. It also calls
Social Support as a Protective Factor for Youth Suicide: An Intersectional an...Dr. Corbin J. Standley
Social Support as a Protective Factor for Youth Suicide: An Intersectional and Socioecological Approach
Standley, C. J. - MA Thesis
Thesis submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology.
This document discusses victimology and survivor studies in higher education. It provides background on victimology as the study of victimization, victims, and societal responses. It notes barriers to developing empathy for victims, such as desensitization from constant media exposure or viewing victims as responsible. The status of adult education and victim advocacy as social movements is examined. Current victim services in Canada are outlined. The document argues for increased academic study of victimology and notes challenges, such as considering diverse perspectives and ensuring accessibility. It proposes critical action research to identify stakeholder priorities to inform the development of victimology education in Canada.
This document discusses institutions of higher education and their response to sexual violence on campus. It begins with an introduction explaining that while access to higher education has increased, colleges still struggle to ensure safety and respect for all students. It then defines sexual violence and notes its high prevalence among college women. The document outlines various negative physical, mental, and academic outcomes for victims and discusses potential causes of sexual violence like gender inequality and the desire for power and control rather than sexual desire. It concludes by calling for continued efforts to prevent sexual violence and create safer learning environments.
Health Psychology of Urbanicity: Does it Increase Violent Behavior within Ado...Joseph White MPA CPM
This document provides background information for a research study examining whether factors related to urban living increase the likelihood of violent criminal behavior in adolescents. The study aims to identify scientific risk factors and create an equation to assess the probability of violence. Some potential risk factors discussed include access to quality education, race, and gender. The researcher hopes to determine practical crime reduction methods and increase safety in urban communities. The literature review discusses topics like the relationship between education and crime rates, impacts of unemployment, and how racial injustices can fuel conflicts. The goal is to better understand adolescent development and behavior within urban environments.
Social Capital and Fear of Crime: A Test of Organizational Participation Effe...AJHSSR Journal
This document discusses social capital and fear of crime. It begins by providing background on fear of crime research and three main theoretical models that explain fear of crime: the vulnerability model, disorder model, and social integration model. The study is framed within the social integration model, which argues those who are well socially integrated experience lower fear. It then discusses social capital and its potential benefits, including reduced crime and fear. While some studies found social capital elements like collective efficacy lower fear, other research finds little or no impact. The document aims to examine the effect of organizational participation on fear of crime in Nigeria, as previous Nigerian studies have not specifically tested social capital's influence.
Lgbt identity, violence, and social justiceIim Ibrahim
This document discusses LGBT identity, violence, and social justice. It begins by reviewing statistics on violence against LGBT people internationally and in the US. Reasons for this violence include challenging gender norms and laws/policies that criminalize LGBT identities. The psychological effects of victimization are also discussed. The document argues that mental health professionals should play a greater role in advocating for LGBT social justice issues and rights.
This document outlines a proposed program to prevent sexual violence on a college campus. It begins with introducing the problem of sexual violence on college campuses and defining key terms. It then discusses social and environmental determinants of sexual violence and presents data on prevalence of sexual assault among college students. The target population is identified as college-aged students, particularly women. A needs assessment was conducted through interviews with campus health experts and reviewing campus statistics. The document proposes using this information to develop goals, objectives, and strategies for a prevention program.
2017.04.06 Dynamics of Public and Private ViolenceNUI Galway
Dr Stacey Scriver, NUI Galway, presented this talk on the dynamics of public and private violence on behalf of the Conflict, Humanitarianism and Security research cluster at the 2017 Whitaker Institute Research Day held on the 6th of April 2017.
Statement of Erroll G. Southers before the US House of Representatives Commit...Elsevier
Counterterrorism expert and Elsevier Author Erroll Southers testifies at the Congressional Homeland Security Committee's first hearing on the Boston bombings.
Media access and exposure as determinants of the political Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between media access and exposure on the political knowledge of undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria. The study found that exposure to electronic media like television predicted higher political knowledge among respondents compared to print media. Most respondents preferred television as their main source of political information. The study recommended that governments and media organizations collaborate to increase youth access to print media and ensure broadcast media adhere to professional standards.
The document discusses corruption within justice systems and its etiological aspects. It notes that impersonation scams and identity theft can create access points for regime assaults within professional and civil service positions. When corruption infiltrates education and legal systems, crimes may be ignored or seen as petty. While some organized crime groups register businesses to launder money, corruption overall upsets economic balance and harms communities. Authorities may turn a blind eye to criminal activity to protect capital over helping victims.
Geographies of domestic violence in rural spaces: Case of rural Nepali commun...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recognition that past research on domestic violence largely concentrated on urban areas has
helped to generate a body of work focusing specifically on the rural. This work has begun to identify important
characteristics of the experience of intimate partner violence in rural communities and, in particular, to draw
attention to the problems of resourcing and delivering services in support of families and individuals living with
and escaping violence. A key direction of research has been the interrogation of rates of domestic violence in
the comparison of urban, suburban and rural areas. Some studies have extended this comparative approach in
highlighting the prevalence of different forms of violence across types of community. This focus on the rural has
been a welcomed response to academic criticisms of the lack of work on the rationality of space and violence
and to associated calls by geographers to foreground the centrality of space in work on both the experience and
conceptualization of violence. Three remote villages of Bank district of western Nepal has been selected for the
household survey at 90 households. In addition to that, KII and FGD as well as interactive interview with the
local stake holders have also been conducted. Main finding of this research is women in the rural and remote
areas are more likely than women in urban areas to experience domestic and family violence. Similarly, women
living in the rural and remote areas who experience domestic and family violence face specific issues related to
their geographical location and the cultural and social characteristics of living in small communities.
The Psychosocial Drivers of Gender Based Violence in Matabeleland South: Zimb...iosrjce
As documented by Ndamba, Lunga and Musarurwa, (2013) gender based violence (GBV) is one of
the key drivers of HIV, high mortality rate, crime and other non-conforming behaviours. The purpose of the
study was to investigate the psychosocial drivers of GBV in Matabeleland South. The study employed both
quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative aspects included questionnaires that were
administered to women of child bearing age, whilst the qualitative aspect involved secondary data review,
interviews of key informants and focus group discussions. The population of man, women, and youths was used
to make reasonable inferences on the issues fuelling GBV in Matabeleland South. Purposive and random
sampling techniques were used to identify the ideal participants for the survey. The key findings were that:
Cases of GBV were actually understated by documented statistics, so were their causes and outcomes. The term
Gender Based Violence was noted a value-laden word and as a result, different stakeholders had their
operational definitions, with some associating it with Feminism. Recommendations made include - development
of strategies that ensure maximum freedom and entitlements; policies that ensure attainment of human rights
including the basic living rights by communities; strategic and systematic rehabilitation of victims of abuse;
revival of recreational centres; and enforcement of some laws that involve human rights so as to ensure that the
communities (as bio-psychosocial beings) leave peacefully with each other.
STRYVE is a juvenile delinquency prevention program led by the CDC that aims to reduce youth violence. It is based on Social Bond Theory, which suggests that strong bonds between individuals and society prevent criminal behavior. STRYVE works to strengthen these bonds through community programs focused on parenting, relationships, activities, and belief systems. Research shows STRYVE effectively addresses known risk factors for youth violence and helps prevent this problem.
This document discusses environmental factors that contribute to crime and anomic behavior in urban spaces, using the city of Borazjan, Iran as a case study. It first defines key terms like social deviance, crime, anomie, violence, and the relationship between cities and abnormal behavior. It then discusses how characteristics of urban environments can increase rates of crime and anomie. Specifically, it finds that physical disturbance, functional disorders, and confusion of meaning and identity in urban spaces are the most effective factors leading to crime in Borazjan's deteriorated public areas. The document aims to identify these environmental influences to help eliminate crime-enabling factors and improve safety.
Adolescent suicide risk four psychosocial factorsferrellnl
This document summarizes a study examining four psychosocial factors (hopelessness, hostility, negative self-concept, and low social support) as predictors of suicide risk in adolescents. The study found that adolescents with higher scores on a suicide probability scale had significantly higher levels of hopelessness and reported more serious suicide attempts requiring medical care compared to those with lower scores. While no single demographic predicted risk, collectively the four psychosocial factors correlated with increased risk. The study suggests future research should further examine how addressing these psychosocial factors could help reduce adolescent suicide risk.
This document discusses definitions of terrorism from different perspectives and their implications. It examines definitions from international bodies, governments, law enforcement, counterterrorism groups, legal systems, and academics. While a universal definition has been elusive due to different biases and goals, the document emphasizes that terrorism involves premeditated violence against non-combatants for political, social, or psychological goals. Legal definitions are important for successful investigation and prosecution of terrorists, but they must balance security with civil liberties. Education is also discussed as significantly impacted by terrorism.
This document outlines an identity theory perspective on religiously and ethnically motivated terrorism. It proposes that terrorism arises from a combination of a strongly collectivist cultural identity rooted in fundamentalist religious or cultural principles, a social identity based on sharp contrasts between one's own group and perceived threats, and a foreclosed or aimless personal identity. The authors aim to identify commonalities across diverse conflicts where terrorism occurs in order to build an integrative theory and generate hypotheses to guide future research on countering terrorist organizations. They argue past efforts have failed to understand terrorism by viewing terrorists as psychopaths, criminals, or those lacking identity, rather than seeing terrorism as an expression of identities terrorists strongly hold.
Counter Terrorism and the Protection of Human Rights in the Perspective of th...paperpublications3
Abstract: In lay man’s language, terrorism is the spread of terror through the use of guns, bombs, chemical weapons or any other form of violent, coercive, ambush. Counter Terrorism, on the other hand, is to retaliate and put a check to it is what we know and address terrorism. At the UN level, the international community has adopted a number of international treaties that are designed to combat specific types of terrorism, such as the hijacking of aircrafts. However, till date there has been no agreement on a definition of terrorism. The recent attempt by the UN to define terrorism in UN General Assembly Report (28 January - 1 February) has been criticized for its lack of precision.
Counter Terrorism and the Protection of Human Rights in the Perspective of th...paperpublications3
Abstract: In lay man’s language, terrorism is the spread of terror through the use of guns, bombs, chemical weapons or any other form of violent, coercive, ambush. Counter Terrorism, on the other hand, is to retaliate and put a check to it is what we know and address terrorism. At the UN level, the international community has adopted a number of international treaties that are designed to combat specific types of terrorism, such as the hijacking of aircrafts. However, till date there has been no agreement on a definition of terrorism. The recent attempt by the UN to define terrorism in UN General Assembly Report (28 January - 1 February) has been criticized for its lack of precision.
11.challenges of global terrorism strategies, dimensions and response in sea...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the challenges of global terrorism, including its strategies, dimensions, and responses. It provides background on how globalization has contributed to terrorism becoming a global phenomenon. Key points made include:
- Terrorism has become more widespread, lethal, and indiscriminate, using tactics like suicide bombings.
- The number of terrorist groups and their capabilities have increased significantly since the 1990s.
- Major global terrorist groups today include al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah, and others based in various regions.
- Terrorists seek to polarize situations and sabotage peace negotiations through dramatic or lethal attacks.
- The threat of terrorists acquiring weapons of mass destruction like nuclear, chemical
Challenges of global terrorism strategies, dimensions and response in search...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the challenges of global terrorism, including its strategies, dimensions, and responses. It provides background on how globalization has contributed to terrorism becoming a global phenomenon. Key points made include:
- Terrorism has become more widespread, lethal, and indiscriminate, using tactics like suicide bombings.
- The number of terrorist groups and their capabilities have increased significantly since the 1990s.
- Major global terrorist groups today include al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah, and others based in various regions.
- Terrorists seek to polarize situations and sabotage peace negotiations through dramatic or lethal attacks.
- The threat of terrorists acquiring weapons of mass destruction like nuclear, chemical
Counter Terrorism and the Protection of Human Rights in the Perspective of th...paperpublications3
Abstract: In lay man’s language, terrorism is the spread of terror through the use of guns, bombs, chemical weapons or any other form of violent, coercive, ambush. Counter Terrorism, on the other hand, is to retaliate and put a check to it is what we know and address terrorism. At the UN level, the international community has adopted a number of international treaties that are designed to combat specific types of terrorism, such as the hijacking of aircrafts. However, till date there has been no agreement on a definition of terrorism. The recent attempt by the UN to define terrorism in UN General Assembly Report (28 January - 1 February) has been criticized for its lack of precision.
This document summarizes a paper on using soft power and diplomacy in counter-terrorism strategies, with a focus on Turkey. It begins with definitions of hard power and soft power, noting that hard power approaches to counter-terrorism have not always been effective. It then discusses reasons for terrorism, including social and political injustice, the belief that violence can create change, lack of education and poverty. The document reviews literature on the role of diplomacy and aims of soft power in counter-terrorism. It identifies specific soft power strategies like conducting information campaigns and creating negative images of terrorists. It concludes that while effective use of force is important, preventing radicalization through soft power is even more critical to counter-terrorism
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
Causal Analysis on TerrorismThe conventional definition of terro.docxcravennichole326
Causal Analysis on Terrorism
The conventional definition of terrorism portrays it as the use of violence in order to pursue political interests (Sandler, 2013). The awareness of terrorism increased along with the realization that human beings have the tendency of using violence to influence politics in order to suit their psychological, emotional, and physical needs. Likewise, terrorism has increased along with the understanding that governments can be forced to agree to the demands of specific groups. Arguably, the September 9/11 attack on the United States caught the attention of many people (Sandler, 2013). The successful attack on the most powerful nation revealed the extent of people’s vulnerability.
Consequently, many studies which attempted to explain the causes of terrorism in the contemporary society emerged. In the past, scholars placed much emphasis on low-level education, few economic opportunities, and poverty as the primary facilitators of terrorism. However, terrorism has not reduced despite the implementation of interventions which focused on redressing such factors (Sandler, 2013). It means that there is still a gap in the information regarding the cause of terrorism regardless of the studies. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine terrorism as a response to political conditions while proving that low-level education, poverty, and religious and cultural differences are not the primary causes of the problem.Discussion
A study conducted by Enders and Hoover (2012) to determine the relationship between poverty and terrorism forms a part of the basis underpinning this discussion. The study methodology involved the analysis of information entailing the extent of domestic and international terrorism. It also involved the estimation of models which could predict a nonlinear relationship between poverty and terrorism (Enders & Hoover, 2012). The study determined that poverty can cause terrorism, but not to the extent to which it has been exaggerated by the media and some scholars. In fact, poverty can only significantly influence domestic terrorism. The study also established that the difference in population characteristics and political freedom can facilitate terrorism relatively more compared to poverty and lack of economic opportunities (Enders & Hoover, 2012). Comment by Author: Transition between these sentences to show you are adding on a fact that helps to support the points you are making about false causes.
In a different discussion, Cinar in conjunction with Epoka University (2010) reviewed several literature sources and determined that it is misleading to perceive terrorism as a response to inadequate education or lack of thereof. Likewise, the difference in ideological roots, religious, and cultural diversity are not the predominant causes of terrorism. In the past, terrorists used religion to find acceptable justification for their acts. Otherwise, religion cannot influence people to form a particular political opinion ...
This document examines the relationship between globalization and transnational terrorism. It begins with distinguishing between "old" and "new" terrorism, noting how new terrorism since the 1990s has shifted to religious motivations and become more lethal. The author then reviews literature on defining terrorism and globalization. Several dimensions of globalization are discussed, including how economic globalization has increased terrorists' access to information, funding, and weapons through new technologies and financial systems. Regression analysis is used to analyze the impact of different aspects of globalization on transnational terrorist attacks and casualties.
This research paper is an attempt to investigate the
phenomenon of global terrorism and its threats to the security of the state. The study clarifies the concept of terrorism
and it its definition, then the categories of terrorism. Next,
it shows how terrorism became a global phenomenon
through the historical overview of international terrorism
and the theories explaining it and its current situation. The
causes of international terrorism are economic causes,
social causes, religious causes, political causes, and other
causes.
International terrorism scope, causes and the role of education in combating ...SARON MESSEMBE OBIA
The global dimension of international security and violence has stimulated the rise of youth in the world and Africa in particular. The focus is no longer on policing terrorism, but rather understanding the mutations and how education can help combat terrorism.
This paper analyzes media attention given to terrorist attacks worldwide from 1998 to 2012 using data from the Global Terrorism Database. The summary is:
1) Suicide terrorist attacks receive significantly more media coverage than non-suicide attacks, which could explain their increased popularity among terrorist groups seeking attention.
2) Attacks in countries further away from the US receive less media attention.
3) Terrorist attacks in countries governed by leftist administrations receive more coverage, though this is not the case for suicide attacks specifically in leftist countries.
4) Attacks receive more coverage the more the targeted country trades with the US.
This document analyzes media attention given to terrorist attacks worldwide from 1998 to 2012. It finds that suicide attacks receive significantly more media coverage than other attacks. This extra attention could explain the rising popularity of suicide missions among terrorist groups who are seeking media coverage. The document also finds that less media attention is given to attacks further from the US, and attacks in countries ruled by leftist governments receive more coverage. However, this is not the case for suicide attacks in leftist-ruled countries. Overall media coverage of an attack predicts future attacks in that country.
This document examines the threat of violent Islamic extremism in the United States. It aims to evaluate fears about this threat, understand pathways to radicalization, and determine if there is a connection between Islam and jihadist beliefs. The author reviews literature on definitions of terrorism and radicalization. Studies show domestic terrorist attacks and plots have increased since 9/11, though the number of deaths is lower than other forms of political violence. There is debate around how to define and understand the radicalization process, with disagreement on whether there are clear pathways or if it is a complex, individual process influenced by ideology and happenstance. More research is needed to fully understand radicalization.
A Study Of Terrorism And The Terrorist
Internal Terrorism in India
Hindutva Essay
Worldview On Terrorism : Terrorism
Essay on The War on Terror
Cross Border Terrorism And Kashmir
Essay on Terrorism
Terrorism in India
Counter Terrorism Laws And Human Rights
Essay on Terrorism in the Media
Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4ASSIGNMENT 4Assignment 4 Da.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4
ASSIGNMENT 4
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Student Name
Affiliate Institution
Evidence-based researched data to indicate there is a problem
Terrorism is considered a historical and major problem for the U.S. Since 2001, the significance of the problem has increased. Therefore, several organizations and facilities collect and store terrorism data for events like attempted and occurred activities. The main data source for terrorism activities is the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The mandate of this arm of government is to protect Americans both in locally and internationally against crime activities but terrorism seems the greatest enemy of American citizen wherever they are in the world.
Numerous and most useful data for terrorism is found from the following federal agency and private databases:
· The National Security Agency (NSA)
· Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
· National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Response to Terrorism (NCSTRT) and
· Global Terrorism Database (GTD). (FBI, 2014; GTD, 2014)
Information from the above databases are analyzed to present diverse quantitative and qualitative terrorism data that cover several years including life threats to the U.S. soil. According to these databases, terrorism is an old problem and continues to intensify due to availability of uninterrupted new technology as well as growing financial power of their organizations. The Federal Agencies data bases provide information on terrorism activities and information on several strategies that have been used in the past and are currently used to curb the vice (FBI, 2014).
The other terrorist’s data sources are the media agencies. News agencies such as online newspapers and broadcasting corporations provide terrorism data as it occurs. Although these agencies might not provide analyzed data, their role is to increase public awareness about terrorism occurrences and development.
References
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2014). Crime Statistics. Retrieved on May 22, 2015 from http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/crimestats
Global Terrorism Database (2014). Overview of the GTD. Retrieved on May 22, 2015 from http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/about/
2
Running Head: Terrorism Stakeholders
Terrorism
Terrorism Stakeholders
Student name
Affiliate Institution
Terrorism
Modern day terrorism has caused sufficient harm to the society both in the political, social and the economic sectors. External and internal forces have influenced terrorism activities within the governments therefore increasing the intensity of the terrorism acts (Chong, 2007). After the terror attack that occurred in the U.S on the 9/11, 2001, it was realised that there have been low information sharing amongst the agencies that conducts the security surveillance of the country. Various institutions and agencies directly or indirectly are linked to the terrorist attack that takes p ...
Terrorism a new challenge to nigeria`s stability in the 21st centuryAlexander Decker
Terrorism poses challenges for defining the concept. Historically, terrorism dates back to organized human interactions and was used as a tool to achieve political and religious goals starting in the French Revolution. In the 20th century, terrorism shifted to opposition groups challenging existing authorities. Nigeria now faces threats from terrorism, as evidenced by Boko Haram's insurgency in northern Nigeria adopting tactics similar to global terrorist groups. The paper aims to examine the impact, origins, scale and threats of terrorism on Nigeria's stability in the 21st century.
Similar to The relationship between university students’ perceptions of (20)
The Role of Dramatic Dialogue in Teaching Arabic to Non-Native Speakers.pdfRula alsawalqa
Objectives: The present study aimed to reveal the role of the dramatic dialogue technique in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers, and to explore the roles of nationality, religion, sex, age, and the student’s duration of study of the Arabic language in exposure to the dramatic dialogue technique in teaching. Methods: A quantitative research approach was conducted via a survey using a purposeful sample of all Arabic language students affiliated with the Centre for teaching Arabic to speakers of other Languages at the University of Islamic Sciences, Jordan, where the dramatic dialogue technique was applied in the previous semesters. Results: The results revealed that the dramatic dialogue technique has a positive and effective role in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers, and that nationality, religion, sex, age, and the student’s duration of study of the Arabic language has no significant affect when applying the dramatic dialogue technique in teaching. Conclusion: Dramatic dialogue is a valuable educational method for language learning that can harness learners' imaginations and stimulate their desire to communicate and participate. Therefore, the curricula of teaching must be enriched with dramatic dialogic texts. Additionally, designing appropriate classrooms to accommodate dramatic dialogue in teaching Arabic to non-native speakers is recommended
Empowering hearts and shaping destinies: unveiling the profound influence of ...Rula alsawalqa
This study investigates the impact of education on women’s empowerment in the realm of mate selection within Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Employing a mixed-method research approach, the study conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with educated women and distributed a Likert Scale questionnaire to 500 women. The qualitative findings reveals that education significantly influences women’s perspectives, guiding their priorities, and instilling a desire for compatibility and shared values in their relationships. Educated women also display resilience, confidence, and a readiness to challenge prevailing societal norms and gender stereotypes when selecting a life partner. Quantitative analysis establishes a statistically significant positive correlation between education and women’s empowerment in mate selection. These findings underscore the pivotal role of education in enhancing women’s agency and autonomy in a critical aspect of their lives. The study’s implications extend to policy recommendations advocating for increased access to quality education and the implementation of gender-sensitive curricula in Malakand Division and analogous regions. Recognizing education’s potential to empower women in mate selection is vital for fostering a more equitable and inclusive society.
Sustainable digital communication using perceived enjoyment with a technology...Rula alsawalqa
The technology acceptance model (TAM) has garnered considerable attention within higher education in Jordan, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we still need to understand how to progress the TAM to enhance educational sustainability. “Perceived enjoyment” (PE) is a significant predictor of perceived ease of use, intention to use technology, use e-learning systems for educational sustainability, and attitudes toward using the TAM. This study aims to reveal the role of sustainable digital communication using PE with the TAM within higher education in Jordan. An online survey was conducted using a random sample of students at the University of Jordan, which reached 576 participants. The results of a subsequent path analysis of the survey data revealed that PE, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitudes toward using digital communication strategies were dominant in affecting student intention to use sustainable digital communication. We found that the students would like to use digital communication strategies due to their ease of use and because they can enhance self-education. However, students need to enhance their usage skills, and to better understand digital communication strategies. Moreover, we found that the TAM, PE, perceived ease of use (PEU), and perceived usefulness (PU) immediately and favorably affect attitudes toward usage (ATU) and behavioral intention (BI). PEU negatively affected the intention of students to use technology through ATU, while PE had a significant impact on the PU, PEU, ATU, and BI of using digital communication strategies. Information and communication technologies (ICT) developers in the Jordanian Higher Education environment should create systems that are user-friendly and pertinent to the sustainability of student education, to raise their perceived ease of use. Managers should also encourage students to use ICT.
Food security is a multifaceted and manifold paradox that includes social,
biological, nutritional and economic aspects. Food is not only related to dietetic
sources but also plays numerous roles in social life and is closely linked to cultural
differentials. Despite its multi-dimensional approach, food security has been
molded in a number of ways since its dawn. However, food security was
transformed from a micro to a macro level during the World Food Conference of
1974. Food security exists “when all people at all times have physical, economic
and social access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, essential for meeting their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. The present
study was conducted in light of a sociological perspective in the district of Torghar,
Northern Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess the household food security
status. A sample of 379 household head was selected out of 26464 as per the
proportional allocation method. Moreover, descriptive and inferential statistics was
further used at descriptive and bivariate analysis. With regards to demographic
profile of the respondents 37% of household heads were between the ages of 46-
55, with 42% of illiterates, 70% of household heads were part of a joint family
system, and 84 percent were waiting for rain to irrigate their agricultural area.
The current study, which was conducted in the district Dir (Upper) in Khyber
Pukhtunkhwa Pakistan, investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and
the prevalence of hypertension. A total of three hundred and thirty one sample size
was determined from 2500 respondents as per the Sekarn criteria. The sampled
respondents were recruited from Rural Health Centers (RHC) and other clinics and
dispensaries in Tehsil (Sub-division) Sheringal of district Dir Upper, Khyber
Pukhtunkhwah Pakistan using a convenient sampling method. Further, the data
were collected through a structured questionnaire covering the study variables,
which were dietary habits (independent variable) and hypertension (dependent
variable). Moreover, the selected data were analyzed by the application of SPSS
(25 version) by applying descriptive statistics and chi-square test statistics
analysis. Furthermore, all the attributes of hypertension were indexed and crosstabulated to expose the association with dietary habits at bivariate level analysis.
With descriptive statistics, the results indicated that majority of the respondents,
with regards to gender identity, who suffered from hypertension were male,
between the age group of 40-59 years, with a high illiteracy level. At bivariate level
a significant association was found between hypertension and lack of proper food;
less vegetable consumption; and excessive usage of salty food was the major
cause of hypertension. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is possible to
conclude that the respondents' poor daily food habits were the root cause of their
hypertension. Furthermore, the consumption of fatty and salty foods rather than
vegetables was discovered to be additional contributing factors to hypert
Exploring Jordanian women's resistance strategies to domestic violence: A sco...Rula alsawalqa
Despite there being an abundant gender and social science research on domestic violence (DV) in Jordan, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is limited understanding and knowledge of women's resistance strategies to DV. To fill this gap, this study conducted a scoping review to synthesize and analyze 11 articles published in English-language scholarly journals between 2001 and 2021 by following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The databases of the University of Jordan Library, Dar Almandumah, PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched in December 2021. Our review found no scientific articles that primarily discussed Jordanian women's resistance to DV and explicate it as a secondary aim within the context of screening for the causes, consequences, and prevalence of DV. Therefore, while a few articles implicitly conceptualized women's resistance in the context of the patriarchal structure—either as tactics of physical, social, economic survival, and to protect their family and honor, or as consequences of DV—no article provided an explicit definition of this concept. The articles also deliberated on 12 resistance strategies that women use to deal with DV; predominant among them are daily resistance, activities hidden for immediate and de facto gains (e.g., to avoid beatings, divorce and family disintegration, the decision to keep their children, and maintaining economic stability). The most common strategies are silence and not seeking help, reporting to family members or friends, seeking legal and social advice, and reporting to the police or healthcare provider.
The role of patriarchal structure and gender.pdfRula alsawalqa
In Jordan, premarital romantic relationships are still socially
unacceptable as they contradict traditional values and
norms. Although previous studies have examined cyber
dating abuse (CDA), few have utilized an exploratory qualitative design to clarify male abusers' perceptions of their
motivations, particularly in Arabic and clan environments.
Therefore, this study conducted a thematic qualitative
analysis of 47 male university students aged 19–26 and
asked about their experiences and beliefs regarding their
engagement in CDA against female romantic partners via
social media (WhatsApp, Facebook) and mobile phone.
Two themes were identified: (1) contexts and motivations
for male perpetration of CDA (2) consequences of CDA for
the male perpetrators. The results revealed that control and
direct aggression and sexual behaviors are common practices among male perpetrators; gender identity and male
entitlement are related factors, enabling and normalizing
male abusive behavior. Women, taught to be submissive by
Jordanian society, are unable to defend themselves. violence-related Hence,
CDA also predicts offline intimate partner behaviors. Moreover, the main motives for CDA from
the perspective of male perpetrator's are anger, jealousy,
revenge, abandonment, feeling betrayed by female partners, earning money, sexual exploitation, and inci
Music Students’ Perception Towards Music Distance.pdfRula alsawalqa
During COVID-19 pandemic countries faced various levels of
COVID-19 infection rates. This affected the educational process where universities were forced to switch to online learning. This situations crated various
challenges for university schools in general and music schools in specific, in
dealing with this situation that necessitates emergency measures to continue the
academic course amid the lock-downs and social distancing measures. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of online methods of learning and to decide their feasibility and appropriateness for music students. Thus,
this research aimed at investigating Music Students’ Perception towered Music
E-learning Education during COVID-19 Pandemic. Also it aims at investigating
music Distance learning knowledge, attitudes and practices and challenges faced
to provide suggestions for solving the challenges. An online survey distributed to
a sample of (83) students from the music department at the University of Jordan.
The survey sought population and socio-economic information and information
relating to electronic and online musical training; musical education during the
COVID-19 pandemic; mental music assessments; and the skills, attitudes and
practices of E-learning. Most respondents (76.2%) agreed that distance learning
is applicable in music department. (54.2%) of the respondents agreed distance learning is a possible substitute for standard education. However, E-learning has actually been created as a modern way of improving the process of learning and improving learning performance.
تناقش هذه الدراسة اشكالية علم االجتماع يف الوطن العريب بعدما تعالت األصوات اليت تنادي بعدم أمهيته، وضعف منهجه، والتشكيك بعلمية اخلطاب السوسيولوجي، ووصفه علم يقض املضاجع، ورغم تناول الباحثني العرب هذه االشكالية بزخم طيلة السنوات السابقة، من انحية أتصيله وتباين االجتاهات النظرية واملنهجية و مدى تطبيق يه آبليته املنهجية والفكرية يف فهم الواقع العريب ومناقشته يف ظل أسبقية فكر اآلخر على واقع األان، وتقدمي قراءات نقدية ألبرز التحدايت اليت تواجه الدراسات السوسيولوجية يف الوطن العريب اليت سعت للكشف عن معرفة العالقة بني علم االجتماع ورهاانته ابجملتمع وتطوراته، واليت وصفت من قبل البعض ابألزمة، إالّ اجملال السوسيولوجي يف الوطن أن هذه الدراسة جاءت لتحلل واقع العريب يف ظل الثورة التقنية والتكنولوجية وظهور اجملتمعات االفرتاضية كمجتمعات بديلة، وثورات الربيع العريب،
The Relationship between Aggressive Behaviour and Social-Psychological Adjust...Rula alsawalqa
This article aims to detect the relationship between aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in students from the
Faculty of Sports Education, and to identify differences in aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in accordance with
(gender and academic level) variables. The scale of aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment were distributed to
(80) undergraduate students in the Department of Physical Education
at An-Najah National University. The study results suggest that the
average level of aggressive behaviour amongst students was (2.79),
while the level of social-psychological compatibility was high at
(3.72). Moreover, the findings reveal that there is a close relationship
between social and psychological adjustment and aggressive behaviour
in students. Additionally, the variables of gender and academic level
have no effect on the level of aggressive behaviour and socialpsychological adjustment of students.
The Threat of the covid‑19 pandemic to human rightsRula alsawalqa
The document discusses how Jordan responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects on human rights. While Jordan largely contained the spread of the virus, the government's response faced criticism for undermining rights like freedom of expression. Labor rights were also threatened as weaknesses in Jordan's labor market and social protections were exposed. The pandemic exacerbated issues like unemployment, reduced wages, and lack of coverage for many workers. Going forward, Jordan needs to ensure its emergency measures do not infringe on basic rights and adopt a human rights-based approach for future crises.
Emotional burnout of the most important psychosocial phenomena which has roots Grounded in social
relations—reactions in social interactions—especially in
the work environment, and it goes beyond mental health
by focusing on specific stressors in the workplace to
emphasize total life and environmental pressures affecting
health. This article examines and reveals the levels of
Emotional Burnout among working wives, and how this
relates to the demographic dimension. For this purpose,
the general social surveying method was used to collect
data. T
The Relationship between Emotional Labor and Emotional Exhaustion “A Field St...Rula alsawalqa
This study aims to explore the relationship between the emotional labor of nurses and emotional exhaustion. Also, aims to examine the relationship between the emotional labor of nurses and each
of the variables: Age, work department, the social status, shift, Job satisfaction, and the nurse’s job position. The Emotional labor Scale and Emotional Exhaustion Scale were used as a data collection
tool. The study population consisted of all (42) private hospitals in the capital, Amman. A regular random sample of (494) nurses was chosen from five private hospitals in the capital, Amman. The
results revealed that Levels of emotional labor and emotional exhaustion were moderate for nurses. Moreover, there is a positive correlation between the emotional labor and the emotional exhaustion among nurses. However, in practicing emotional labor, nurses rely more on deep acting than superficial acting. And the dimensions of the emotional labor of the nurses came in the following order (duration, frequency, diversity, deep acting, superficial acting) Also, there were statistically significant differences in the levels of emotional labor among nurses due to the variables of (age, work department and Job satisfaction).
Values Conflict in Virtual Space "A Systematic Approach to the Study of Soci...Rula alsawalqa
This study clarifies the concept of values conflict and identifies the most prominent topics in the virtual space by guiding the issues of interactive symbolic theory to find out its causes and understand its
dimensions. The results found, most prominent topics that raised values conflict of individuals in the economic field is gain and consumption and in the social field, emerged the issue of generational conflict, electronic violence, deepening the lack of social belonging, spread and promote deviant behavior and abnormal sexual orientation. In the political field, reshaping political awareness emerged through the ability promoting new ideologies and political trends in the interest of individuals, their homelands in a way provoking conflict, reviving religious factors returning it to the public field, promote values of loyalty ,belonging, emergence of digital citizenship, contributing promotion of principles of democracy and liberation. Regarding the cultural field, phenomenon of alienation, everything related to the identity, cultural specificity of members of society emerged, which was targeted by intellectual cultural invasion, leading to subordination, self-reliance, surrender, and denial of nationalism, national and personal identity.
The Impact of Electronic Media in Formation Social Awareness Study in Socio...Rula alsawalqa
The aim of this study isto reveal the impact of electronic media in the formation of social
awareness among Jordanian university students (governmental and private). The sample was
selected to represent a two-dimensional study community: Al Balqa Applied University
(Government University) & Amman Private University (Private University). A random sample of
(585) students was selected. (392) students from Applied University of Balqa and (193) students
from Amman Private University. The study applied a questionnaire of 27 subjects to measure the
impact of electronic media in shaping the social awareness of university students. The results
found that the electronic media has influenced the formation of social awareness among Jordan
university students; The variable is due to the type of university for the favor of the students of
public universities and not to the gender variable.
Keywords: Cyber sociology; Socio-informatics; Electronic media; Social awareness.
The relationship between social intelligence and emotional intelligence: a ...Rula alsawalqa
This document examines the relationship between social intelligence and emotional intelligence through a critical analysis of previous qualitative research studies. It finds that emotion is an essential part of social intelligence, and that social intelligence includes emotional intelligence but is broader in scope. Social and cultural contexts are key to understanding emotions, as displaying and organizing emotions is culturally dependent. While biological factors influence emotions, socialization and culture play a significant role in how individuals experience, express, perceive and organize their emotions.
Marriage Burnout: When the Emotions Exhausted Quietly Quantitative ResearchRula alsawalqa
Background: When the spouses are aware of the fact that each one has emotional needs thatmust be fulfilled, it will lead to decrease
the marital satisfaction, such as the lack of awareness which will lead to marriage burnout in a long-term period.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of the spouses’ age, years of marriage, and the nature of marriage
burnout dimensions, especially the emotional exhaustion.
Methods: The researcher of the present study applied a Maslach burnout inventory (MBI) scale to 392 families whose ages were
within the range of (23 - 67) years. Those spouses were married for (1 - 35) years and had children.
Results: Descriptive statistics showed a higher marriage burnout level among the spouses who work in a full-time job and the ones
who do not work in comparison to the ones who work in a part-time job. Emotional exhaustion is mostly influenced by the increase
in the spouses’ ages and years of marriage. Although there was no impact for the years of marriage on depersonalization, personal
accomplishment and depersonalization were mostly influenced by the spouses’ nature of work.
Conclusions: Marriage burnout is a painful state of emotional exhaustion and physical and emotional depletion experienced by
spouses. This state results from emotional exhaustion, work exhaustion, and failure to fulfill the requirements of their marital
relationships, especially the emotional requirements. Spouses having children are more exposed to experience marriage burnout.
Keywords: Marriage Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Years of Marriage
Emotional labour, social intelligence, and narcissism among physicians in JordanRula alsawalqa
Although many studies have investigated relationships between emotional labour and
emotional intelligence among hospital staff, few have paid attention to social intelligence in
this field. This study explored the relationships between emotional labour, social intelligence,
and narcissism among physicians in governmental hospitals in Jordan. The goal was to
improve the understanding of the causes of patients abusing physicians in Jordan. Some
patients have maintained that physicians are responsible for hostile behaviour against them,
as these resulted from medical errors, physician negligence, and a failure to provide adequate
care, exacerbated by physician narcissism, lack of empathy, verbal miscommunication, and
lack of sympathy in critical cases. Findings confirmed that whenever physicians engage in
strategies of emotional labour, they display higher social intelligence and lower levels of
narcissism. Moreover, social intelligence does not mediate the relationship between emotional labour and narcissism. The results of the study suggest that interventions by the Jordan
Medical Association to reduce physical and verbal assaults on physicians should encompass
more than a mere legal focus.
There are a daunting number of maritime security threats and challenges in the
north-western Indian Ocean region, both extant and potential. Indeed, the mere
fact that the Indian Ocean constitutes the world’s largest swath of maritime
space that is prone to the major menace of piracy (in the Gulf of Oman, the
Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Aden and in the waters off the north-east African
coastline), as well as the sporadic threat of terrorism (by Islamic militias of
Al-Shabaab in Somalia and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen), signifies
that the region will arguably remain the maritime area with the greatest array of
security challenges. However, while anti-piracy measures ought to have shaped
regional policymaking, and the resources that a large and diverse group of states
has devoted to addressing these maritime challenges have never been adequate to
the task, largely successful coalition-building exercises and joint naval task-force
operations have been encouraging. The transformation of Somali piracy from a
haphazard activity into a highly organised, professionalised criminal enterprise is
briefly elucidated by greed-grievance theory and supplemented by the theory of
crime, also known as routine-activity theory
Understanding the Man Box: the link between gender socialization and domestic...Rula alsawalqa
The “Man Box” refers to a rigid set of expectations, perceptions, and behaviors that are considered “manly” and/or a “real man's” behavior, imposed on men by the society, such as superiority, cruelty, emotional suppression, lack of physical intimacy with other men, and expectations of socially aggressive and/or dominant behavior. Gender-based types of aggression and violence are central in the production of dominant heterosexual masculinities and male superiority that impose the dominating and violating behavior on men, and make these behaviors acceptable and naturalized. Therefore, adherence to the Man Box is one of the causes of violence against women, and to the creation and reinforcement of social environments conducive to domestic violence. This study shows how Jordanian males internalize and agree with “Man Box” beliefs and how these meanings affect their lives and behavioral patterns. Perceptions of Jordanian women on these issues were also included in the data collected through a survey distributed to 1,029 participants (525 men and 504 women) who live in Amman, Jordan. The results show that Man Box beliefs still prevail in Jordanian culture, promoted by parents, partners, and acquaintances. A total of 49.9% of the respondents show agreement with Man Box ideas. Jordanian men believe that society imposes rigid masculine gender roles, views on heterosexuality and homophobia, and expectations of aggression and control. Their personal attitudes, however, rejected the dictates of solving their own personal problems without help and fighting back when they were threatened. Most Jordanian women reported personal agreement with Man Box ideals for men, particularly in the areas of self-sufficiency, acting tough, and control, all of which can prevent men from breaking out of the Man Box. Our results also show that life inside the Man Box can impede men's formation of emotionally connected friendships and encourage them to show transgressive emotional behaviors. Furthermore, some men were more probable to violate the Man Box rules, such as being likely to talk to friends about something deeply emotional and feeling comfortable crying in front of them, or continuing to rely primarily on their mothers and romantic partners for emotional support. Additionally, inside the Man Box, men are more likely to experience physical and online bullying and perpetrate verbal and physical bullying; however, they are also more likely to attempt to intervene to stop violence.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
293
occurs for implementing an individual or joint criminal project, and aims at terrifying people by hurting
them or making their lives, freedoms or security subject to risk, causing damage to the environment or
one of the public or private facilities and properties or occupying them, or making any of the national
resources subject to risk (Al-Sawalqh, 2019).
Often the term “terrorism” tends to affirm the intention of terrorists who cause terror and fear
among a targeted public rather than the harms caused (Krueger & Malecˇkova, 2003). According to
White (2020), terrorism is generally defined as "a form of politically motivated violence and
intimidation, using communication strategies to amplify its intended effect of causing terror" (p.8: vii).
It also, means “premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets
by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience” (Krueger &
Malecˇkova, 2003: p 120). On the other hand, Brents & Mshigeni (2004) points out that terrorism is one
of many tactics potentially used by any social movement to achieve political ends.
The concept of terrorism is applied to a large variety of groups with different goals and origins.
Terrorists are not irrational actors; they may follow their own rationalities based on extremist
ideologies or specific terrorist logics. The extremist ideologies of a secular or religious nature are often
adopted as a consequence of political or personal reasons (Borum, 2003: p 5)
Terrorism may be an individual or collective act, and its scope may be national, regional or
international, while it has varied means and mechanisms such as using different forms of violence,
explosives and car bombs, assassinations and abduction, sabotage of the significant and active political
and economic entities, tunnels, bridges, hotels, embassies and transportation stations. Terrorism
appears in different forms stemming from its motives or means used by the terrorist whether individual
or group; as it might be a doctrinal terrorism that is resulting from ideologizing religious texts for
serving a certain class interest behind that ideologization, or even resulting from the extremism that
results in excluding holders of contrary doctrines or ideologies, in addition to the ideological terrorism
which is a type of terroristic acts that are committed before violent acts, and means an ideology that is
believing in not respecting the others’ opinion while preventing them from their right of the freedom
of expression and doctrine, where it restricts mindsets and freedoms such as racism, sectarianism,
atonement, violation to human rights, dictatorial policies and violation to women's rights. Biological
terrorism falls under intellectual terrorism and means intentionally spreading viruses, bacterial, toxic,
and harmful factors that result in human, animals or plants illness or death (Al-Sawalqh 2019, Tauzend
2014, Anderson 2018).
Terrorism can occur in wealthy and poor countries, in democracies or authoritarian states
(Borum, 2003). The most prominent motives behind terrorism represented in economic deprivation;
i.e. in situations of poverty and inequality inside the country, social factors such as the spread of
financial and administrative corruption, lack of education that leads to intellectual exploitation by
extremists, deteriorated healthcare and health services, social exclusion, absence of social justice, and
political factors related to political violence and deprivation, reduced political participation and lacking
political freedom especially in the semi-open societies (partial democracies), return of counter-
revolutionary waves and former regimens with their autocratic aspects, oppressive features and
vengeful desires, which paves the way for practicing terroristic acts (Al-Sawalqh 2019, Krieger &
Meierrieks 2011). Some psychologists found understanding terrorism in terms of political and group
dynamics and processes rather than terms of individual ones, and concern in the meaning of individual
subconscious fear of death and personal significance, may help to explain some aspects of terrorist
actions and people’s reactions because of it (DeAngelis, 2009). Borum (2003: p5) indicates that there is
a set of preconditions and precipitants for the emergence of various forms of terrorism, Therefore,
terrorism has no single root cause or a common set of causes.
The multiplicity of the motives causes or preconditions of terrorism, and the diversity of terrorist
activities, have an impact on the different perceptions and attitudes of the public regarding terrorism.
Several factors have played a prominent role in directing public opinion on terrorism. Abdullah et al.
(2012) found that the ethnicity and religiosity have important bearings toward political violence and
terrorism, and gender, race, religion, and occupation play a part in determining perception on acts of
3. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
294
terror. Based on the structural equation model, Ekici & Akdogan (2020) found that the external powers
and religion are the major factors in the formation of terrorism perceptions. Freis-Beattie (2020) argues
that the US public’s fear of terrorism is not just a fear of violence but instead reflects racial tensions
and anxieties in a rapidly changing world.
Usually, terroristic groups look for supporters among the educated youth at schools and
universities; for being open to exchanging opinions and conversations while refining intellect after
formation. Krueger & Malecˇkova (2003) indicates that terrorist organizations may prefer to select
those who have a better education, and a high level of educational attainment can predict one’s
commitment to a cause and determination, and a signal of a person`s ability to prepare for a terrorist
assignment and carry it out. This imposes increased responsibility on the educational institution for
confronting acts of attracting students to the terroristic groups. Quartermaine (2014) pointed out to
UK Counter-Terrorism Strategy, known as Prevent (2011), which confirmed that the education system
needs to include certain counter-terrorism measures into their administrative and teaching
procedures. It is worth mentioning that the outburst of the global terrorism in 1968 resulted from the
failure of the students’ revolution and movements spread globally in the sixties of the last century,
known as the Global Youth Movement, since terroristic violence incidents along with the resulting
losses increased since 1968 as a result of the emergence of some highly dangerous terroristic
organizations among students, such as the Bader Meinhof Komplex (Ahmad 2018, Khalil 2002).
Education is one of the terrorism confrontation means, because of its role played in creating
generations that have open intellect and aware mindsets capable to face destructive ideas spread by
the terroristic and extremist groups, and because of the importance of educational curricula in raising
society awareness in a way that contributes in enabling society members of avoiding terroristic and
extremist groups (Kofi Annan Foundation, 2017). Hertog & Gambetta (2017) concluded having a strong
relationship between the experimental scientific specializations and endeavor towards terrorism or
extremism practiced by the Islamic Radical Groups. While Kurger & Maleckova (2003) concluded that
focusing on education as a mean for eliminating terrorism is not actually supported by field evidence,
and neither does poverty or education have a direct, causal impact on terrorism. While the study of
each of Al-Sharari (2007) and Al-Thawabah and Al-Harahsheh (2009) concluded having no relation
between the trends of university students and their academic specialization and year. Within the same
context; the current study aims at indicating the relationship between the Perceptions of students at
the University of Jordan and their academic specializations.
2. Research Questions
Three research questions were developed to guide the research process, they are:
RQ1: What are the attitudes of the University of Jordan students towards terrorism?
RQ2: Are there statistically significant differences in the mean perceptions for the University of
Jordan students on the (SMAT) according to academic specializations ?
RQ3: Are there statistically significant differences between the perceptions of students at the
University of Jordan towards terrorism with each of the following variables: (age, sex, academic level,
monthly income)?
3. Methods
3.1 Research Design
A quantitative research approach was used to collect and analyze the data, which was gathered from
Stratified random samplings electing respondents using a questionnaire that was self-administered.
The questionnaire included demographic questions (students’ academic level, academic
specializations, age, sex, monthly income). Results were obtained and analyzed to providing insight for
future studies.
4. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
295
3.2 Participants
As shown in Table 1, the study participants were male and female University of Jordan B.A students.
Their ages ranged between 18 and 26 years, during the 2019–2020 Academic level. A stratified sample
was selected which reached (400) students.
Table 1: Demographics of the sample
Demographics Categories N %
Sex
Male 200 50
%
Female 200 50
%
Total 400 100
%
Age
18
-
20 125 31.3%
21
-
23 199 49.8%
24
-
26 76 19.0%
Academic discipline
Scientific 200 %50.0
Humanities 200 %50.0
Academic year
First 64 16.0%
Second 73 18.3%
Third 55 %13.8
Fourth 208 %52.0
Monthly income
JD
Under 750 237 59.2
%
751–1,000 80 20
%
1,001–1,250 11 2.8
%
1,251 and over 72 18
%
3.3 Measure
We used The Scale Measuring Attitude towards Terrorism (SMAT) developed by Sanyal (2018),
consisting of 40 items. Participants rated each item using a five-point Likert scale (ranging from1
(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), the values of the arithmetic means will be treated as follows
with regards to the quintuple gradation: 3.67 and above is high, 2.34 - 3.66 is medium, and 2.33 and
below is low.
3.4 Data analysis
To perform the statistical analysis, we used SPSS-22 software. Descriptive statistics including frequency
distribution and percentage of the data were used to present the demographic characteristics of the
respondents. Pearson's correlation coefficient was also used to measure the strength and direction of
the association between items the scales. Independent Samples T Test was used to determine if there
exists a significant difference between variables, and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). This scale
Cronbach Alpha coefficient value was 0.78, there by indicating high reliability. A scale is considered
reliable if the value of the latter coefficient is greater than 0.60 (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). The skewness
coefficient values for all the study’s variables were less than 1; that mean the study data were normally
distributed (Hair et al., 2013). To further test this distribution, we also conducted Kurtosis tests. All the
survey variables were normally distributed (Hair et al., 2013). Furthermore, the KOLMOGOROV-
SMIRNOVA test’s results showed the lack of statistically significant differences for all themes
(independent and dependent) at the α≤0.05 significant level that meant all the items were normally
distributed. To assess construct validity, Pearson’s correlation was employed to demonstrate that the
item-total correlation amongst items were found to be acceptable, as the majority of the items had
good correlation with other items except for a few exceptions. The item-total correlations were found
5. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
296
to be within .30 to .54 and can be considered acceptable (de Vaus, 2004). Table 2 showed that.
Table 2: Inter-item (SMAT) Pearson correlations
N.Items Pearson’s r N. Items Pearson’s r N. Items Pearson’s r
1 0.043 14 0.103 27 0.157
2 0.33 15 0.153 28 0.264
3 0.359 16 0.078 29 0.111
4 0.226 17 0.26 30 0.261
5 0.058 18 0.299 31 0.121
6 0.099 19 0.131 32 0.335
7 0.197 20 0.144 33 0.425
8 0.348 21 0.336 34 0.357
9 0.234 22 0.415 35 0.26
10 0.166 23 0.288 36 0.341
11 -0.015 24 0.351 37 0.19
12 0.054 25 0.433 38 0.125
13 0.056 26 0.196 39 0.298
40 0.071
4. Results
4.1 Research Question 1: What are the attitudes of the University of Jordan students towards terrorism?
To evaluate the perceptions for the university of Jordan students towards terrorism, we measured the
mean and frequency distribution of (40) items asked of Jordanian students. The finding table 3 showed
that the overall mean of the sample’s attitudes towards all the items study scale (SMAT) is moderate
(M=3.042; SD= 0.2396).
Table 3: Mean and Standard Deviation of the perceptions towards terrorism Levels Among university
students
(SMAT) Items M SD
1. Terrorism is never justified 4.46 1.052
2. Terrorism means to finish tyranny or kill a tyrannical person, therefore it should be supported 1.57 1.041
3. Terrorists are misguided, unemployed frustrated youth, Govt. should consider their demand
sympathetically
2.78 1.326
4. Execution of terrorists is absolutely not justified because they are always fighting in poor’s interest 1.88 1.117
5. Most of the terrorists are hard-core criminals. They should be punished in national interest 4.18 1.037
6. Terrorist disregard constitutional right in their personal interest, therefore they should be treated
as a traitor.
4.18 1.035
7. Activities of extremists(terrorist) are exaggerated by mass media 3.06 1.178
8. Political violence is necessary for social change 2.23 1.021
9. I keep friends of extremist ideology 2.14 0.928
10. On the whole, terrorists are honest 1.82 0.94
11. Terrorism cannot be regarded as a rational method of dealing with the national problems 4.21 1.129
12. The public will feel less secure if strong steps were not taken against terrorism 4.5 0.858
13. Every terrorist irrespective of his/her offence should be punished 4.16 1.015
14. Terrorists are social misfits and are dangerous to the society, therefore it is best to execute them 3.49 1.317
15. It would not bother me if my friends were terrorists 1.77 1.219
16. Any person man or woman young or old who threaten the integrity of the country should be
punished strongly
4.1 1.053
17. Statistics show that terrorism is the repercussion of repressed needs and demands of society, it
should however be handled
3.7 1.176
6. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
297
(SMAT) Items M SD
18. We cannot call ourselves civilized as long as we have terrorist activities in the country 3.17 1.184
19. Terrorism is the most heinous crime of our time 4 1.119
20. Terrorist activities hindered the routine of the people 3.5 1.187
21. Herculean task of terrorists frequently attract me 1.78 1.052
22. Terrorism may be brutal but it is the best way to streamline national policies 1.68 0.894
23. Terrorism is basically unjustified but it is necessary under the present context 1.77 0.96
24. Because terrorists are more politically conscious people their activities are rational 1.68 0.938
25. Without political violence constructive change is not possible 2.21 1.265
26. Rather than going to execute terrorists, society should try to help them through treatment 3.21 1.265
27. Terrorists are separatist groups and they want to weaken the unit of the country 3.96 1.064
28. When society sentences a terrorist, we ourselves become terrorists and thereby a vicious circle of
moral culpability starts to function
2.83 1.22
29. Terrorism is worst senseless violence, it should be condemned 3.98 1.22
30. It does not make any difference to a common man whether Govt. curbed the terrorist activities or
not
2.24 1.258
31. I worry a lot about terrorist activities 3.4 1.241
32. A frustrated man has right to rebel against the state 1.94 1.058
33. Later or sooner people will know about the importance of political violence, and they will
gradually accept it
2.09 1.037
34. Terrorists’ ultimate goal is polis political, they do not harm common people 2.36 1.236
35. Mastermind behind the terrorism are foreign extremist ideology and Govt. should alarm the
people
3.64 1.06
36. Terrorism is the by-product of social upheaval, so it is bound to occur in a developing society 3.42 1.11
37. Political motivation or ideology is used as rationality of behavior by terrorist, though violence is a
natural phenomenon
3.88 0.95
38. I feel anguish when some people advocate the ideology of terrorists 3.86 1.122
39. A cowardly person can only support non-violence in present times 2.64 1.135
40. I firmly support the philosophy of non-violence 3..42 0.24
Total (SMAT) Score 3.042 0.24
4.2 Research Question 2: Are there statistically significant differences in the mean perceptions for the
University of Jordan students on the (SMAT) according to academic specializations ?
We evaluated the statistically significant differences in perceptions of terrorism among students’
according to academic specializations through independent samples T Test. As shown in Table 4, there
are no statistically significant differences in the mean perceptions of terrorism on the (SMAT) between
students of different academic specializations.
Table 4: Independent Sample T-Test for perceptions terrorism differences in academic specializations
among university student
Academic specializations N Mean SD t df sig
Scientific 200 2.68 .3490
1.007 0.3114
0.0000
Humanities 200 2.64 0.349 0.0000
4.3 Research Question 3: Are there statistically significant differences between the University of Jordan
students ’attitudes towards terrorism with each of the following variables: (age, sex, academic level,
monthly income)?
Table (5) shows that the Independent Sample T-Test showed no significant effect for sex. Also, table (6)
shows, through a one-way ANOVA, that there are no age, sex, academic level, monthly income statistical
significant differences in the mean perceptions of terrorism on the (SMAT) among university students.
7. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
298
Table 5: Independent Sample T-Test for perceptions of terrorism differences in sex among university
students
Academic Specializations N Mean SD t sig
Male 200 2.695 0.353
1.646 0.101
Female 200 2.638 0.324
Table 6: ANOVA Results of the demographic variables
Variable Variance Sum of Squares F Mean Square T Sig.
Age
Between Groups 1.593 8 0.199
1.757 0.084
Within Groups 43.413 383 0.113
Total 45.005 391
Academic year
Between Groups .064 3 0.021
0.183 0.908
Within Groups 44.942 388 0.116
Total 45.005 391
Monthly income
Between Groups 0.109 3 0.036
0.315 0.815
Within Groups 44.896 388 0.116
Total 45.005 391
5. Discussion
Terroristic groups might be looking for supporters among the educated youth especially at the
educational institutions, schools, institutes, and universities for being the places of youth gathering,
learning, discussing, and refining and forming intellect, which entitles the educational institutions of
increased liability for confronting the movements attracting students, since the intellectual and
political currents and movements are created in the first place among the youth. The educational
systems in the Arab countries usually depend on instruction, repetition and memorization without
even activating the role of mind in analysis and criticism among students, which makes students as
recipients who accept everything provided by the professor, while being more susceptible to accepting
some of the terroristic groups ideas or beliefs, thus joining them to commit their acts without even
thinking about or analyzing the results; while annulling the mind function (Al-Yousef, 2006) .
Terrorist activities have a destabilizing impact causing distress and fear amongst the population
(Rubaltelli et al. 2018). The media plays an important role in shaping perceptions about the fear of
terrorism; White (2020) confirms that the media’s relationship with regards to terrorism is a strong
contribution. Media can and sometimes does contribute to the recruitment and mobilization of
violence, and has a power to both amplify and suppress the social and psychological effects of terrorism,
e.g.; levels of fear or social cohesion. Terrorist organizations are exploiting media to formulating,
disseminating the terrorist messages, and spread fear (Al-Ameri, 2013). Freis-Beattie (2020) found that
media coverage fueled the racial tensions and anxieties of terrorism, and mass media content shaped
the fear of violent victimization at the hands of minorities and pervasive. Elmas (2020) emphases, based
on victimization and vulnerability perspectives, that there is a relationship between fear of terrorism
and perceived risk of terrorism, and should not underestimate the influence of individual-level
predictors of fear, crime literature, media exposure, and indirect victimization. According to Ekici and
Akdogan (2020), terrorism perceptions are significant factors in determining social and political policy
responses, and most perceptions become cognitive in individuals at an early age. Moreover, the media
coverage for terrorism-related pictures has negative effects on university students, that the perceived
likelihood of future attacks affected by the interaction between exposure to terrorism pictures and
psychophysiological reactivity stress (Rubaltelli et al. 2018).
One of the reasons behind terroristic groups targeting youth, especially those receiving technical
education and scientific specialization, is for exploiting their skills necessary for implementing their
8. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
299
terroristic plans; particularly with regards to the social media means, cyber security and manufacturing
developed explosives (Enderlini et al, 2017). Accordingly, a controversial idea is recently spread and
imposed among researchers who provided various interpretations thereof; which is having several
Islamic Jihadists being correlated to scientific specializations; including engineering, medicine,
physics, and other natural and experimental sciences, which clarifies having relation between
specialization and extent of extremism and tendency to violence and terrorism (Khushaib, 2019).
In this context, our results found that there are no academic specializations, age, sex, academic
level, and monthly income statistically significant differences in perceptions of terrorism among
university students. This result is contradictory with the findings of Aricak et al. (2008) which indicate
that there are sex differences in Turkish student’s perception of terrorism in the affective and cognitive
domains. This may be due to the difference in the age group of the sample, as students’ age ranged
from 9 to 15.ِ Also, contradictory with Hertog & Gambetta (2017) who concluded having a strong
relationship between the experimental scientific specializations and endeavor towards terrorism or
extremism practiced by the Islamic Radical Groups. While consistent with the findings of Al-Sharari
(2007) and Al-Thawabah and Al-Harahsheh (2009) concluded having no relation between the trends
of university students and their academic specialization and academic level.
The controversial relationship between education and terrorism is resulting from several
indicators and evidences that include; organizations targeting recruitment of some of the Jihadists of
postgraduates in different fields, including natural and experimental sciences, such as physics,
chemistry, engineering, and communications sciences and engineering, which are obvious evidences
of terroristic organizations targeting the educated categories to join their forces; as a result of their
needs and to keep pace with societies’ development and modernity. This includes having varied forms
of terrorism; since it developed as a result of its members employing modern techniques and natural
sciences in manufacturing explosives, directing terroristic strikes remotely and making bombs, missiles
and explosives, with the potential of using biological terrorism through spreading viruses in particular
countries or public entities, targeting networks’ security, stealing important and confidential
information of states and other terroristic organizations; in order to access some of the targeted
locations by terrorists or benefit from intelligence information of particular states for the purposes of
all forms of terrorism (Khushaib, 2019).
In a study that was republished in a book titled “Jihad Engineers”; both Gambetta & Hertog (2017)
argued of having strong relation between the experimental-scientific specializations and tendency
towards extremism or terrorism practiced by the Islamic radicalistic groups, and that despite difference
in personalities along with the social, economic and geographic conditions of such extremists; that type
of specializations is considered a strong common space that interestingly combines them.
There is another level of explaining the controversial relationship between terrorism and
education, which is related to the technical, informatics and operational needs of terroristic
organizations; such as manufacturing bombs and maintaining security of confidential communication
technology-dependent networks. But this is not an irrevocable statement, nor does it explain the
relation between the level of education and skills that the terroristic organizations aim at having among
the selected individuals; because of having a number of determinants that might prove or deny
relationship; such as: organization strategy of recruitment, whether the organization prefers high
educational level and technical skills of the joining members, or rather seeks increasing level of
membership only. Manufacturing bombs is a small specialized function at the organization, which
makes increasing engineers’ membership unjustified; such as for example the Islamic Resistance
Movement “Hamas”, whereas most bomb creators therein received education in Islamic studies.
However; it is proved that bomb creators form around 10% of the total organization; while engineers
are specialized in most organizational aspects and leading positions, thus the reasons behind that
relationship may not be only related to the state of frustration and discontentment felt by them because
of not having available jobs appropriate for their academic levels in most of the third world countries.
This theory is denied by the other statements related to the extremists emerging in the western
countries and graduating from the most prominent universities; while not being definitely related to
9. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
300
the technical needs of such organizations, thus reasons behind that relation tend to be correlated to
the nature of specialization itself (Sageman, 2004).
Experimental natural sciences are physical sciences that deal with matter as a subject of research,
and in which the researcher and the researched do not have a single subject similar to the human and
social sciences, thus the first methodology of research is considered more objective and accurate, and
these sciences do not have much space for freedom of opinion and the expression of impression or
opposition along with intellectual argument and mental criticism, since their facts are either white or
black, right or wrong, and there is no place for grey areas in which a lot can tolerate debate, unlike
social and human sciences where opinion, argument, criticism and non-acceptance of the prevailing
axioms are necessary elements for thinking and formulating theories, as they are sciences that greatly
contribute to the formation of the critical spirit of the individual, the skeptical philosophical spirit that
is always questioning and rejecting ready data provided as facts that cannot be debated or refuted.
Therefore, the logic of experimental natural sciences is closer to the logic of extremist groups in their
dual view of the world between right and wrong (Khushaib, 2019).
With regards to university students' perceptions of terrorism, our results revealed that most
Jordanian students viewed terrorism as the most heinous crime, and is never justified, and that
terrorists are hard-core criminals, separatist groups that want to weaken the unity of the country.
Therefore, they should be treated as traitors and punished as they pose a threat to national interest,
and the safety and security of citizens. While a few of student indicated that there are some terrorist
activities’ as a repercussion of repressed needs and the demands of society, it should however be
managed, and the violations committed by states against their nationals must be confronted with the
aim of eliminating injustices to vulnerable citizens. Most students believe that poverty and material
deprivation are of the most prominent causes of terrorism. They also stress the necessity of providing
food security and an optimal life for citizens in order to limit the spread of the phenomenon of
terrorism and achieve societal solidarity to save human lives and stabilize communities. Jordanian
students’ rejection of all kinds of terrorism and its causes is due to the sound social upbringing and the
policy of King Abdullah II that adopts world peace and provides the needs of Jordanian citizens, in
addition to His Majesty's successive directions to the Jordanian governments to spread cultural
awareness towards rejecting extremism, exaggeration and terrorism, nevertheless adopting peaceful
intellect through press interviews and conferences. It is also worth mentioning issuance of the Amman
Message in 2004, in which His Majesty called on the Islamic world to tolerate, unity and fight
extremism.
Ahmed et al. (2018) found that university students’ are concerned about the domestic triggers of
terrorism and students’ place of origin impacts upon the experiences of terrorism. Malik & Batool (2018)
found that students perceived poverty, foreign interference, wrong interpretation of Islamic preaching,
and social injustice as the main causes of terrorism. Furthermore, Ahmad (2019) concluded that the
students of higher educational institutions agreed that extremists’ activities disturbed the daily
functioning of institutions and created fear among learners. There is an interesting finding, which
relates to individual perceptions of terrorism and counter terrorism, Brogan et al. (2020) found that
Americans feel there is little they can do about terrorism and though the government is working to
protect the nation, the public feels the government cannot stop or prevent, terrorist acts from
occurring.
There is an urgent need to enhancing students' perceptions that injustice and economic
deprivation are not justifications for terrorism and harm to others, and that there are other means
instead of intimidation to achieve social justice and achieving the demands of vulnerable and
marginalized groups. "Violence begets violence", "hate begets hate" (King, 2010), and terrorist activities
are not the best means for the development of society. On the contrary, they are devastating to
individuals and society. Peace between citizens and human security is the basis for the stability of
societies. The reality in life is that there will always be radical and extremist groups that will make it
their goal to exploit the innocent for self-gain and justification to obtain and support their ideologies
and actions against honest and innocent members of a society. As with the Covid virus this attempt by
10. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
301
extremists is not prevented by religion, culture, nationality, gender, or circumstances. Given this fact,
the unfortunate situation of the innocent who strive to live a good and honorable life will always be a
soft target and subject to this exploitation. Unfortunately, many students whom due to their personal
circumstances in life become more vulnerable and easy targets in being persuaded to accept or partake
in the extreme and unjust activities of terrorism. The solid base of a well-balanced family life during
the developing years of a student when having a vacuum or imbalance due to one or more of the
following reasons: unconditional: love, support, understanding, forgiveness, security, fairness, equal
treatment, and recognition of siblings in the family could label them as a soft target to partake in
terrorism. The student could experience an imbalance in their life and to rectify this resort to partaking
in terrorism as this they believe this would fill the vacuum they experience or restore the balance they
so desperately need to be happy. Unknowingly, they will only be exploited more by these self-centered
recruiting agents of terrorism. The developing years for the student in a normal loving and caring family
circle of love, trust, support, security equal treatment and understanding is therefore vital in protecting
them from being easily influenced or intimidated by acts of terrorism.
6. Conclusion
This article investigated the relationship between university students’ perceptions of terrorism and
their academic specializations. It also examined the relationship between age, sex, income, as well as
the academic level and perceptions of terrorism. This study provides information about perceptions of
terrorism at a university level in an Arab country, which has the potential for the development of
policies and solutions that address phenomenon “infodemic” of misinformation the students have
about terrorists and their motivation’s, to create awareness about the causes of terrorism and separatist
groups. Therefore, future studies can further investigate the contradictions between perceptions of
terrorism and academic specializations using different samples, as well as different measures, reflecting
the fact this relation can be understood in different ways. Internationally it is a known fact that youth
are easily influenced and subjected to peer pressures to follow an ideology in order to feel part of the
group, especially if they are unhappy in their current family life and social circles which leaves them
very vulnerable.
References
Abdullah, K., Sukma, R., Jamhari, M., Musa, M. (2012). Perception and Attitudes toward Terrorism in a Muslim
Majority Country. Asian Social Science Archives, 8 (4): 77-89. http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n4p77.
Ahmad, A. (2018). Analytical study on the phenomenon of terrorism, Al-Furat Studies Center
http://firatn.com/?p=590.
Ahmad, S. (2019). Influence of Terrorism on Educational Institutions: Perceptions of University Students. Journal of
Education and Practice, 10 (1): 27-32. http://doi.org/10.7176/JEP/10-1-04.
Ahmed, Z. S., Yousaf, F., & Zeb, K. (2018). Socio-economic and Political Determinants of Terrorism in Pakistan: University
Students’ Perceptions. International Studies, 55(2), 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881718790689
Aricak, T., Bekci, B., Siyahhan, S., Martinez, R. (2008).Turkish Elementary School Students' Perceptions of Local
and Global Terrorism. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 6 (14): 117-134.
https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v6i14.1261.
Al-Hasan, A. (2008). Sociology of Violence and Terrorism: An Analytical Study on Terrorism and Political and Social
Violence, (1st
Edition), Amman: Wael Publishing House.
Al-Ameri, M. S. (2013). Media and USF Students' Perception of Terrorism. Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4429.
Al-Sawalqh, R. (2019). Dialectical Relationship Between Terrorism and Human Security: A Sociological, Utopía y
praxis latinoamericana. 26 (1): 275-285. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4556274
Al-Thawabiya, A., Al-Harahsheh, M. (2009). Tendencies of Tafila Technical University students towards terrorism,
Al-Manara, 15 (3):45-63.
Al-Yousef, A. (2006). Social systems and their role in resisting terrorism and extremism, (1st
edition), Naif Arab
University for Security Sciences, Riyadh.
11. E-ISSN 2240-0524
ISSN 2239-978X
Journal of Educational and Social Research
www.richtmann.org
Vol 11 No 4
July 2021
302
Al-Zubaidi, J, Al-Helo, H. (2015). Terrorism in International Law: Legal Comparative Study, (1st
Edition), Academic
Book Center.
Anderson, E. V. (2018). Genealogies of terrorism: revolution, state violence, empire. Columbia University Press.
Borum, R. (2003). Psychology of terrorism. Tampa: University of South Florida.
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/208551.pdf
Brogan, M., Rusciano, F.L.,Thompson, V., Walden, K. (2020). Perceptions of Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Fear,
Risk and the 2016 Trump Effect. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 17(1): 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2018-0023.
Brents, B., & Mshigeni, D. (2004). Terrorism in Context: Race, Religion, Party, and Violent Conflict in Zanzibar. The
American Sociologist, 35(2), 60-74. Retrieved May 21, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27700385.
DeAngelis, T. (2009). Understanding terrorism. Monitor on Psychology, 40(10).
http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/11/terrorism.
De Vaus, D. (2004). Surveys in Social Research (5th ed.). London: Routledge.
Elmas, M.S. (2020). Perceived risk of terrorism, indirect victimization, and individual-level determinants of fear of
terrorism. Secur Jhttps://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00242-6.
Enderlini, S., Quick, D., Holmes, M. (2018). Education, Identity and Preventing. Extremism. International Society Civil
Action Network. https://icanpeacework.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/PVE-and-Education-Arabic.pdf.
Ekici, N., Akdogan, H. (2020). Structural Equation Modeling of Terrorism Perception: New Correlates of Perception
Formation. Perspectives on Terrorism, 14 (5):63-76.
Freis-Beattie, R.C. (2020). Fear and Loathing in Post 9/11 America: Public Perceptions of Terrorism as Shaped by News
Media and the Politics of Fear. Doctoral Dissertations. 2502. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2502
Gambetta, D., & Hertog, S. (2017). Engineers of jihad: The curious connection between violent extremism and
education. Princeton University Press.
Hair, F., Black, W., & Anderson, R. (2013). Multivariate data analysis: Person new international edition. Person
Education Limited.
Hudson, R. A. (1999). The sociology and psychology of terrorism: Who becomes a terrorist and why?. Library of
Congress Washington Dc Federal Research Div.
Kahlil, I. (2002). Terrorism and the national liberation wars, (1st
Edition), Cairo: Dar Misr El Mahrousa.
Khushaib, J. (2019). Role of Sociology in Confronting Violent Extremism. Egypt Studies Institute, Egypt.
King, Martin Luther Jr. (2010). Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos Or Community?. Beacon Press.
Kofi Annan Foundation. (2017). Countering Violent Extremism: A Guide For Young People By Young People.
'Extremely Together' project, Kofi Annan Foundation. https://www.oijj.org/sites/default/files/documentos
/extremelytogether_counteringviolentextremism_guide_2017_march...pdf.
Krieger, T., & Meierrieks, D. (2011). What causes terrorism?. Public Choice, 147 (1/2):3-27. DOI 10.1007/s11127-010-
9601-1.
Krueger, Alan, B., Malečková, Jitka. (2003). Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal
Connection? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 119-144. DOI: 10.1257/089533003772034925.
Malik, M., Batool, A. (2018). Perceptions of University Students about Causes of Terrorism. Bulletin of Education
and Research, 40 (3): 115-127.
Quartermaine, A. (2014). Pupils' perceptions of terrorism from a sample of secondary schools in Warwickshire. PhD
thesis, University of Warwick. http://webcat.warwick.ac.uk/record=b2820716~S1.
Rubaltelli, E., Scrimin, S., Moscardino, U., Priolo, G., & Buodo, G. (2018). Media exposure to terrorism and people's
risk perception: The role of environmental sensitivity and psychophysiological response to stress. British
journal of psychology (London, England: 1953), 109(4), 656–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12292
Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding terror networks. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sanyal, S. A. (2018). Scale Measuring Attitude Towards Terrorism. Available at SSRN:
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3195927.
Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. 7th ed. Wily.
Tauzend, C. (2014). Very Short Introduction into Terrorism, Translated by: Mohammad Tantawi, (1st
Edition),
Kalemat Translation and Publishing, Jordan.
White, J. (2020). Terrorism and the Mass Media. Occasional Paper, the Royal United Services
Institute.https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/terrorism_and_the_mass_media_final_web_version.pdf.
Zayed, A. (2011). Civil Society and Human Security Achievement, a research paper presented at the Scientific Forum
for Civil Society Organizations and their role in achieving comprehensive Arab security 28
-
30
/
11
/
2011 , Naif
Arab University for Security Sciences.