The document discusses the vein clearing disease of bhendi (okra) caused by the bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYMV), primarily spread by whiteflies and characterized by symptoms such as yellowing and curling of leaves. It outlines the transmission methods, life cycle effects, and environmental impacts of the virus while providing biological and chemical control strategies to manage the disease. Prevention measures are also suggested, including planting resistant varieties and trapping vector insects.

1. VIVEKANANDHA
ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
Veerachipalayam-637 303,Sankagiri,Salem Dt, Tamilnadu,India.
Affiliated to Periyar University Salem ; recognised under section 2(f)&12(b) of the UGC act,1956
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
SUBJECT: SOILAND AGRICULTURE MICROBIOLOGY
TITLE : VEIN CLEARING DISEASE OF BHENDI
Abelmoschus esculentus
SUBJECT INCHARGE :
Dr.R.DINESH KUMAR
Assistant professor
Department of Microbiology
VIAAS , Sankagiri .
SUBMITTED BY :
SWATHI NATRAJAN
III B.Sc Microbiology
Department of Microbiology
VIAAS , Sankagiri .

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• What is Mosaic Virus
• Transmission
• Vector of Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus
• Symptoms
• Life cycle
• Environment impact of Vein Clearing Disease of Bhendi
(Abelmoschusesculentus).
• Biological Control
• Chemical Control
• Prevention

3. INTRODUCTION
• Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) is a
viral disease that causes vein clearing in okra leaves.
The disease is spread by whitefly insects, which
suck the sap from the underside of leaves.
• Vein Clearing Disease of Bhendi (Okra) is a viral
disease caused by the Bhendi yellow vein mosaic
virus (BYVMV). The disease is characterized by
yellowing and clearing of veins, followed by curling
and distortion of leaves.

4. • As the disease progresses, the infected plants
exhibit stunted growth, reduced fruit production,
and premature defoliation.
• The virus is transmitted by whiteflies, making it a
significant threat to okra crops worldwide.

6. WHAT IS MOSAIC VIRUS
This virus infects more than 150 types of plants,
including many fruits, vegetables, and flowers. It
is characterized by leaves mottled with yellow,
white, and light and dark green spots or streaks.
Some of the most commonly infected plants
include okra, tomatoes, squashes, cauliflower,
and cucumbers.

7. TRANSMISSION
The disease is transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia
tabaci) that suck the cell sap from the underside of
the leaves.
• Bemisia tabaci : The primary vector
responsible for transmitting the Bhendi yellow
vein mosaic virus (BYVMV).
• Feeding activity : Whiteflies acquire the virus
while feeding on infected plants and transmit it
to healthy plants during subsequent feeding.

8. VECTORS OF YELLOW VEIN MOSAIC
VIRUS
• The Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV) is neither
sap transmissible nor seed transmissible. It is mainly
transmitted through most important sucking pest,
white fly during feeding.
• Under experimental conditions, it has also been
transmitted by grafting. Okra leaf hopper (Empoasca
devastans) is the 2nd
most important to transmit this
disease.
• Rail weed (Croton sparsiflora), and goat weed
(Ageratum sp.) are the important wild hosts of this
virus.

9. • Mosaic-like alternating green and yellow
patches .
• Smaller leaves .
• Fewer and smaller fruits .
• Stunted plant growth
• Fruits with yellow or white color
SYMPTOMS

11. LIFE CYCLE

12. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF VEIN
CLEARING DISEASE OF BHENDI
• During rainy season, the temperature and
relative humidity might have been high enough
to support disease development. Following this,
in late rainy season, a fall in temperature might
lead to a decline in vector population that could
reflect in a reduced expression of disease.

13. • The infection becomes susceptible to Yellow
Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV)when the crop is
sown in month of July.
• The whitefly population dynamics was
monitored throughout the seasons and it was
observed that it was remarkably low during
February to 1st fortnight of April and reached
its peak in the month of August.

14. • It was found that the disease incidence
increased with the increase in lower
temperature and whitefly population decreased
with increase in the relative humidity.
• The bright sunshine hours revealed
significantly positive association and minimum
temperature revealed significantly negative
correlation with Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus
(YVMV) disease incidence.

15. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• Restrict the vector by spraying 5% neem seed kernel
extract, or ginger, garlic, and chili extracts.
• Cut pieces of cactus, or milk bush, immerse in water
(enough for the pieces to float).
• Allow it to ferment for 15 days.
• Filter and spray on affected plants.
• Apply neem and mustard oil, Rhizobacteria,
Crozophera oil followed by Palmarosa oil.
• A mixture of oil 0.5% and 0.5% washing soap is also
reported to help.

16. CHEMICAL CONTROL
Two sprays of Acetamiprid 20SP,40g a.i/ha has
been proven effective in reducing the incidence of
the mosaic virus and subsequently increases the
yield of Okra.
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL applied twice and one seed
treatment (Imidacloprid,5gm/kg of seed) can
significantly reduce the pest population up to
90.2%.
• Grow resistant varieties.

17. PREVENTION
• Maintain proper crop spacing.
• Plant Maize or Marigold as a border crop to trap
the vector insect.
• Avoid summer season planting as this is the peak
season of whiteflies.
• Avoid sowing susceptible varieties during the
summer season, when the whitefly activity is high.
• Place yellow sticky traps (12/acre) above the plant
height to monitor and catch vector insects

18. REFERENCE
• Eldor A. Paul. Fourth edition – soil Microbiology
ecology and biochemistry.
• P.M.Huang, J. M.Bollag,N.Senesi. – interaction
between soil and microorganisms.
• Kumar, R., Kumar, P., & Singh, S. (2017).
Management of Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus
(BYVMV) in okra. Journal of Plant Protection
Research, 57(2), 131-138
• https://images.app.goo.gl/9gSt6fJsCQpG3mzK8
• https://images.app.goo.gl/zzEnDhWqrMZg1LjTA

19. Thank you