PL.PATH-691 (Doctoral seminar), I presented on topic: Management of viral diseases in pulses and oilseeds. In which, I explained virus, history of virus, classification of plant virus, different viral diseases of pulses and oilseed crops, their management and three case studies. As we know that, virus always alters its genetic material and it is difficult and tedious to manage plant viral diseases.

2. PL.PATH-691
DOCTORAL SEMINAR-I
On
Management of viral diseases in pulses and oilseeds
Presented by
Mr. GAIKWAD HARSHVARDHAN DATTATRAYA
(Reg. No. Ph.D. 016/49)
To
Course Teacher
Dr. C. D. DEOKAR
DEPARTMENT OF PL. PATHOLOGY AND AGRIL. MICROBIOLOGY,
POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE,
MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,
RAHURI, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR- 413 722
2018

3. Virus ???
Viruses are submicroscopic spherical, rod-shaped, or filamentous
entities (organisms) that consist of only one type of nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA).
The nucleic acid is surrounded by a coat consisting of one or more
kinds of protein molecules.
Viruses infect and multiply inside the cells of humans, animals,
plants, or other organisms and usually cause disease.
Particles of tobacco mosaic virus

4. History of Virus
• 752 AD- Yellow vein mosaic of Euparatum chinensis.
• 1600-1660- “broken tulips” or Rembrandt tulips.
• 1886- Adolf Eduard Mayer- disease probably caused by bacteria.
• 1892- Ivanowski- pass through a filter that retains bacteria.
• 1898- Beijerinck- ‘Contagium vivum fluidum’ that he called a virus.
Adolf Eduard Mayer

5. • 1935- Stanley- autocatalytic protein. received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• 1936- Bawden and colleagues- a small amount of ribonucleic acid (RNA).
• 1939- The first virus (tobacco mosaic virus) particles were seen with the
electron microscope by Kausche and colleagues.
• 1956- Gierrer and Schramm- the ribonucleic acid carried all the genetic
information.
Relative shapes and sizes of plant viruses: spherical, rod shaped, and flexuous.

6. Classification of Plant Viruses
I. RNA VIRUSES
A. Single stranded positive RNA [(+) ssRNA]
1. Rod shaped particles- e.g., 2-ssRNA’s: Pecluvirus, Peanut
clump virus
2. Filamentous particles- 1-ssRNA’s: Potex virus, Potato
virus X
3. Isometric particles- 1-ssRNA’s: Sobemovirus, Southern
bean mosaic virus
2-ssRNA’s: Comovirus, Cowpea mosaic
virus, Fabavirus, Broad bean
wilt virus
4. Bacilliform particles- Ourmiavirus, Ourmia melon virus

7. B. Double stranded positive RNA [(+) dsRNA]
e.g. Phytoreovirus, Wound tumor virus
C. Single stranded negative RNA [(-) ssRNA]
1. Bacilliform particles- Cytorhabdovirus, Lettuce necrosis
yellow virus
2. Membranous circular particles- Tospovirus, Tomato
spotted wilt virus
3. Thin flexuous multipartite virus- Tenuivirus, Rice stripe
virus
Classification of Plant Viruses

8. Classification of Plant Viruses
II. DNA VIRUSES
A. Double stranded DNA viruses (dsDNA)
1. Isometric- Caulimovirus, Cauliflower mosaic virus.
B. Single stranded DNA viruses [(+) ssDNA]
Begomovirus, Bean golden mosaic virus,
Mung bean yellow mosaic virus.

9. Economic importance of viral diseases
in pulses
• Pigeon pea sterility mosaic - A serious problem in India and Nepal
where it is estimated to cause annual pigeon pea grain losses
worth Rs. 75 crores (Kannaiyan et al., 1984).
• Chick pea stunt – The disease yield losses ranges from 58.7 to 89.1
per cent (Saxena et al., 1991).
• Black gram and green gram yellow mosaic - The disease is
prevalent in Maharashtra, A.P., T.N., U.P., M.P., Bihar, Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Orissa.
• Black gram and green gram leaf crinkle - Being seed born in
nature it causes yield losses ranging from 2.12 to 93.98 percent
(Kadian, 1982).
• Cowpea mosaic - Yield reductions up to 95% have been reported
(Mali, 1991). Also found in soybean (Glycine max), and pigeon pea
(Cajanus cajan) which serves as a reservoir of the virus.

10. • Groundnut bud necrosis - It appears generally a month after
sowing and causes yield loss upto 70% (Naryanaswamy, 1993).
• Peanut mottle disease – The disease causes 20 to 30 per cent yield
losses and higher losses upto 40 per cent (Reddy et al., 1986).
• Sunflower necrosis virus - The appearance of SND was observed
for the first time during 1997 at Bangalore which later spread to
other parts of Karnataka, TN, A.P and Maharashtra. The disease
was observed on all stages of crop growth in Kharif as well as in
Rabi and the incidence ranged from 5-70%.
Economic importance of viral diseases
in oilseeds

11. Viral diseases of pulses and oilseeds
Viral diseases of pulses
• Red gram Sterility mosaic
• Black gram and green gram yellow mosaic
• Black gram and green gram leaf crinkle
• Soybean mosaic
• Soybean yellow mosaic
• Cowpea mosaic

12. Viral diseases of oilseeds
• Groundnut bud necrosis or Peanut
spotted wilt or groundnut ring mosaic
• Peanut stem necrosis disease (PSND)
• Sunflower mosaic
• Sunflower necrosis virus
• Safflower mosaic
Viral diseases of pulses and oilseeds

13. General management strategies of viral diseases
1. Resistant variety
2. Use of virus free seeds and seedlings from healthy crop
3. Maintain plant spacing
4. Rouge out the virus infected plant
5. Destruction of weed hosts
6. Hot water treatment for seed-borne virus disease
7. Crop rotation with non-host plant crop
8. Mixed cropping and Intercropping
9. Border crop
10. Management of virus-vector

14. Management of viral diseases in pulses
1. Red gram Sterility mosaic- Sterility mosaic virus
• Rogue out infected plants in early stages of disease
development.
• Grow tolerant genotypes like ICPL 87119 (Asha),
ICPL 227, Jagruti and Bahar.
• Spray Dicofol 3ml or Sulphur 3g in one liter of water to control mite vector in
early stages of disease development.
2. Black gram and green gram leaf crinkle- Leaf crinkle virus
• Use increased seed rate (25 kg/ha).
• Hot water treatment of the seed at 550C for 30 minutes.
• Rogue out the diseased plants at weekly interval upto 45
days after sowing.
• Cultivate seed crop during rabi season.
• Remove weed hosts periodically.
• Spray Monocrotophos or Methyl demeton on 30 and 40 days after sowing at
500 ml/ha.

15. 3. Black gram and green gram yellow mosaic- Mungbean yellow mosaic virus
• Rogue out the diseased plants upto 40 days after sowing.
• Remove the weed hosts peiodically.
• Increase the seed rate (25 kg/ha).
• Grow resistant black gram varieties like Teja, LBG 752,
Pant-30 and Pant-90.
• Grow resistant green gram varieties like LGG 407
and ML 267.
• Cultivate the crop during rabi season.
• Follow mixed cropping by growing two rows of maize (60 x 30 cm) or
sorghum (45 x 15 cm) for every 15 rows of black gram or green gram.
• Grow seven rows of sorghum as border crop.
• Treat seeds with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 5ml/kg to control vector.
• Give one foliar spray of systemic insecticide (Dimethoate @ 750 ml/ha) on 30
days after sowing.

16. 4. Soybean mosaic- Soybean mosaic virus
• Use virus free seed from healthy crop.
• Rogue out infected plants and burn them.
• Spray monochrotophos@1.5ml/lt or
dimethoate@2ml/lt to control the vector aphids.
5. Soybean yellow mosaic- Mungbean yellow mosaic virus
• Grow resistant varieties.
• Rogue out the weed hosts.
• Control vector whiteflies with dimethoate@2ml/lt
6. Cowpea mosaic- Cowpea yellow mosaic virus
• Remove the infected plants as soon as
symptoms appear.
• Grow resistant varieties
• Rogue out and destroy the weed hosts

17. 1. Groundnut bud necrosis or Peanut spotted wilt or groundnut ring
mosaic- Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV-Tospovirus)
• Grow resistant varieties like Kadiri 3, Kadiri 4, Vemana,
ICGS-11, etc.
• Maintain optimum plant population and adopt spacing
of 15x15cm.
• Intercropping with Bajra.
• Spray monochrotophos@1.6ml/lt or
dimethoate@2ml/lt for vector control.
Management of viral diseases in oilseeds
2. Peanut stem necrosis disease (PSND)-Tobacco streak virus (Ilarvirus)
• Grow resistant varieties like Kadiri 3, Kadiri 4,
Vemana, ICGS-11, etc.
• Adopt spacing of 15x15 cm.
• Intercropping with Bajra.
• Spray monochrotophos@1.6ml/lt or dimethoate@2ml/lt

18. 3. Sunflower mosaic- Sunflower mosaic virus
• Rouging of infected plants
• Spray Triazophos 1ml or Monochrotophos
1.5 ml per litre of water.
4. Sunflower necrosis virus- Tobacco streak virus
• Removal of weeds plants from the field and
adjoining areas of crop.
• Rouging of infected plants before flowering helps
to destroy the virus source and spread of the disease.
• Avoid growing of chrysanthemum and marigold close to sunflower.
• Growing 5-7 rows of border crop all around sunflower with sorghum or
Bajra
• Seed treatment with Imidachlorpid (Gaucho 70WS) @5g/kg followed by
2-3 sprays at
• 15 days interval starting from 25 days old seedlings to pre-seed setting
stage with
• Imidachlorpid (Confidor 200SL)@0.05% control the insect vector.

19. 5. Safflower mosaic- Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
Vector- Aphid (Myzus persicae)
• Rogue out and destroy infected plants.
• Spray systemic insecticides like Monochrotophos 1.5ml
or dimethoate 2ml for the control of aphid vectors.
Management of viral diseases in oilseeds

20. Case study I
Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 2016, 44(1):127-131
Management of mungbean yellow mosaic disease and effect on
grain yield
Mohd Akram and Naimuddin
Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Pulses Research,
Kanpur - 208 024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Based on three years experimentation, treatment involving
seed treatment with imidacloprid 17.8SL @5ml/kg seeds and two
foliar sprays with an insecticide consisting of 50% chlorpyriphos and
5% cypermethrin @0.1% at 15 and 45 days after sowing showed
statistically significant enhancement of grain yield of mungbean cv. T44

22. Case study II
Indian Journal of Virology, (Jan- June 2010), 21(1):82–85 DOI
10.1007/s13337-010-0003-2
Engineering Resistance Against Mungbean yellow mosaic India
virus using Antisense RNA
• Q. M. I. Haq1 • Arif Ali2 • V. G. Malathi3
1 and 3 : Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant
Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012,
India.
2 : Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central
University), New Delhi 110025, India.
Efforts to engineer resistance against the genus Begomovirus
are focused mainly on silencing of complementary-sense virus genes
involved in virus replication.
Here we have targeted a complementary-sense gene (ACI)
encoding Replication initiation Protein (Rep) to develop resistance
against soybean isolate of Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus.

24. Case study III
ICRISAT Conference Paper, CP-46, Page No. 93-102
Epidemiology and control of groundnut bud necrosis and other
diseases of legume crops in India caused by tomato spotted wilt
virus
D.V.R. Reddy, P.W. Amin, D. McDonald & A.M. Ghanekar
Groundnut Improvement Program, International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru P.O.. A.P. 502
324, India.
Groundnuts planted with green gram or black gram showed a
very high incidence of bud necrosis and these plants are not recommended
for inter-cropping because they are seriously affected by TSWV.
The most effective method of controlling TSWV would be to grow
resistant cultivars. The only known source of resistance to TSWV appears
to be in wild Arachis spp.

26. Conclusion
• For management of viral diseases of pulses and oilseeds,
the use of resistant varieties is beneficial method as those
varieties govern resistance against virus and they have
good yield production quality.
• Effective, need based, ecofriendly management of virus
vector is current necessity.
• Application of genetic engineering, biotechnology such as
gene silencing method is helpful, time saving than
conventional breeding method for developing new
resistant varieties.
• By shifting the plant spacing and the sowing dates of
crops, the insect vector attack is minimized.
• As we know that, virus always changes its genetic
makeup, so it is a challenging job to effectively manage
virus disease in ever evolving virus particle.

27. References
R.S. Singh. 2002. Introduction to Principles of Plant Pathology. Fourth edition.
Page No. 22-23. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. India.
G.N. Agrios. 2005. Plant Pathology. Fifth edition. Page No. 25-28. Elsevier
Academic Press, MA. USA.
S.K. Mann, P.L. Kashyap and S.S. Kang. Plant Pathology: A Competitive vision.
2010. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
P.K. Verma. Course material- PL. PATH. 371-Diseases of field crops and their
management. Agricultural college, Aswaraopet, Andhra Pradesh, India.
O.P. Sharma, P.N. Sharma and S.K. Sharma. 2002. Virus diseases of pulses.
Diseases of field crops, Indus publishing company, New Delhi.
Mohd Akram and Naimuddin. 2016. Management of mungbean yellow
mosaic disease and effect on grain yield. Indian Journal of Plant Protection,
44(1):127-131.
Q. M. I. Haq, Arif Ali and V. G. Malathi. Jan- June 2010. Engineering Resistance
Against Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus using Antisense RNA. Indian Journal of
Virology, 21(1):82–85, DOI 10.1007/s13337-010-0003-2.
D.V.R. Reddy, P.W. Amin, D. McDonald and A.M. Ghanekar. 1983. Epidemiology
and control of groundnut bud necrosis and other diseases of legume crops in India
caused by tomato spotted wilt virus. ICRISAT Conference Paper, CP-46, Page No. 93-
102.