INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
The most troublesome pests of paddy along with their control measures
For more information :
visit the link below:
http://infentfun.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_17.html
INTRODUCTION
OCCURENCE AND IMPORTANCE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT RUST
BLACK RUST
BROWN RUST
YELLOW RUST
COMPARISION OF ALL THREE RUST
SYMPTOMS
SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
RUST CYCLE
STAGES OF PATHOGEN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RUST CYCLE IN INDIA
UG99
The most troublesome pests of paddy along with their control measures
For more information :
visit the link below:
http://infentfun.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_17.html
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
Here is the brief description of guava wilt and cotton wilt. This presentatation was presented by Bipin karki,BIjendra pradhan, Bivek Gyawali and Dorna Giri at IAAS Paklihawa.
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
Here is the brief description of guava wilt and cotton wilt. This presentatation was presented by Bipin karki,BIjendra pradhan, Bivek Gyawali and Dorna Giri at IAAS Paklihawa.
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
Bunchy top of Banana is a most serious disease viral disease.
It is caused by the virus Banana virus-I.
The infected plant produces a cluster of leaves at the apex forming a rosette in the diseased plant.
The disease was first reported on Fiji Island in 1879, later the disease was reported in Australia, Malaysia, Egypt and Sri Lanka.
In India, it is prevalent in Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Assam and Tamil Nādu.
In Tamil Nādu, it is very prevalent in Viruppatchia hill station near Dindigul.
This material is useful for School and Undergraduate Students.
Breeding for disease resistance in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]KK CHANDEL
The average yields of mungbean is low not only in India but also in the entire tropical and subtropical Asia mainly due to its susceptibility to many diseases causes significant yield losses
The presentation includes Distribution, Symptoms, Etiology, Favourable conditions, Systemic Classification, Disesase Cycle, Control of the leaf blight of Castor
Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus was first reported by Kulkarni in the year 1924. It was recorded at Bombay and Srilanka simultaneously. This disease is caused by a ss-DNA virus belongs tot the family Geminiviridae and belongs to the genus Begomovirus
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. Bhendi Yellow Vein Clearing
STUDENT
Miss. PANDEESWARI P
ID. No. 2015021091
COURSE TEACHER
Dr. PARTHASARATHY S
Asst. Professor (Plant Pathology)
2. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) belongs to
the family Malvaceae.
It is an important growing crop of Indo-Pak sub-
continent.
This viral diseases infects during all the stages of
growth. The most susceptible stage of is from 35 to 50
days.
3. Bhendi yellow vein mosaic was first reported
in okra plants in 1924 in India and Sri Lanka.
It is the most devastating disease in all the bhendi
growing regions of India.
4. The great loss observed during rainy season.
In case the plants get infected at early stages of
development it causes 80% of crop loss.
If the plants are infected at 50 and 65 days after
germination suffer a loss of 84 and 49 percent
respectively. The extent of damage declines with the
delay in infection.
5. Group II : ssDNA virus
Family : Geminiviridae
Genus : Begomovirus
Species : Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus
6. The symptoms include alternate green and yellow
patches, vein clearing, and vein chlorosis of leaves.
The yellow network of veins is very conspicuous,
and vein and veinlets are thickened.
7. In severe cases, the chlorosis may extend to the
interveinal area and may result in complete
yellowing of leaves.
Infected plants stunted and bear very deformed and
small, yellow green fruits.
11. Pathogen name: Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus
Wild hosts of virus : Rail weed (Croton sparsiflora),
and goat weed (Ageratum sp).
The causal agent is the single-stranded DNA.
12. Vector -Whitefly- Bemisia tabaci - Aleyrodidae
The whitefly vector reproduces to significant
numbers during the summer season when it
transmits the virus between okra plants.
14. The insect vectors transmit the virus from wild hosts
to the main crop. The disease is not seed borne.
A continuous cycle is maintained through wild or
cultivated hosts.
Climatic factors favour the population build up of
vectors and the prevalence of wild hosts.
15. Grow resistant varieties like Parbhani Kranti, Arka
Abhay, Arka Anamika and Varsha Uphar to minimise
the incidence of the disease.
Maintain proper crop spacing.
Raise maize as a border crop to trap the insect.
Set up yellow sticky traps @12/acre above the plant
height to minimize the pest incidence.
16. Synthetic Pyrethroids should not be used because
they will aggravate the situation.
When the infestation is 5-10 nymphs or adults per
leaf before 9 A.M. then go for chemical control:
Spray acephate 75% SP @ 3 gm/ lit of water.
Apply chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 2.5 ml + Neem oil @ 2 ml/
litre of water
