This document provides an overview of plant viruses, including their diversity and significance. It begins with definitions of viruses and their classification. Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide variety of crop and ornamental plants, causing economic losses. Their genetic material can be RNA or DNA configured in various ways. Plant viruses are transmitted horizontally by vectors like insects or nematodes, or vertically through seeds. They cause a diversity of symptoms in infected plants. Important plant viruses discussed in more detail include Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Cucumber mosaic virus. Control methods include using virus-free seeds and crops, controlling vectors, and temperature treatments. Plant viruses also play roles in cross-protection and improving host tolerance to stresses.
This document discusses various methods of plant virus transmission including mechanical, grafting, seed, insect, nematode, and fungal transmission. It provides details on each method such as the viruses transmitted, vectors involved, and procedures. Mechanical transmission involves sap inoculation using leaf rubbing or pinprick methods. Grafting and dodder transmission are also discussed. Seed and pollen transmission of certain viruses is possible. Insect vectors like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers transmit many plant viruses in a circulative or non-persistent manner. Finally, nematodes and fungi can act as vectors for some viruses.
This document discusses sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), a virus that infects sugarcane and other grasses. It was first observed in 1892 in Java and causes mosaic and necrosis symptoms. SCMV spreads through infected seed cane and aphid vectors like Rhopalosiphum maidis. Symptoms include chlorotic or yellow stripes on leaves that can lead to stunting and chlorosis of the entire plant. Management involves using resistant varieties, rogueing infected plants, and controlling aphid vectors through crop management.
The document discusses plant viruses. It begins by outlining learning objectives about plant virus infections, life cycles, transmission, structures, classification, replication, symptoms, identification, and control. It then provides details on the characteristics of plant viruses, including their non-cellular nature and dependence on host cells. The document discusses plant virus transmission methods, proteins, capsids, classifications, replication cycles for different types of viruses, symptoms, and methods of detection, identification, and control.
Transmission of plant viruses can occur horizontally by vectors like insects, contaminated tools, or vertically through propagation materials like seeds or cuttings. There are two main types of transmission: non-persistent and persistent/circulative. Non-persistent viruses are acquired quickly but not retained long in vectors, while persistent viruses have longer acquisition times and retention periods in vectors. Aphids are the most important insect vectors, and can transmit viruses in non-persistent, semi-persistent, or persistent/circulative manners depending on how long they retain the virus. Mechanical transmission under laboratory conditions is also discussed.
This document summarizes key events and discoveries in the development of virology from the 16th century to present day. Some of the highlights include:
- In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky discovered that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease could pass through bacteria-proof filters, showing that it was smaller than bacteria.
- In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck coined the term "virus" and described the liquid containing the infectious agent as "contagium vivum fluidum", establishing viruses as a new category of disease-causing agents.
- In the 1930s and 1940s, scientists including Wendell Stanley, F. Bawden and N. Pirie began pur
In potato, causes mild mosaic on leaves,Crinkling and necrosis etc. TGB3 (Triple gene block proteins) is expressed by leaky scanning of the TGB2 subgenomic mRNA. TGBp1 with the presence of TGBp2 and TGBp3 can modify the PD size exclusion limit and move between cells.
The document summarizes the history of plant virology, beginning with Adolf Mayer's discovery in 1886 that sap from tobacco mosaic disease plants could transmit the disease. It then discusses the contributions of other scientists such as Ivanovsky, Beijerinck, Stanley, and Frankel who helped identify viruses as filterable agents and determine their protein and nucleic acid composition. The document also covers the economic importance of several major plant viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, potato leaf roll virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and banana bunchy top virus which can cause significant crop yield losses and damage industries.
This document discusses various methods of plant virus transmission including mechanical, grafting, seed, insect, nematode, and fungal transmission. It provides details on each method such as the viruses transmitted, vectors involved, and procedures. Mechanical transmission involves sap inoculation using leaf rubbing or pinprick methods. Grafting and dodder transmission are also discussed. Seed and pollen transmission of certain viruses is possible. Insect vectors like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers transmit many plant viruses in a circulative or non-persistent manner. Finally, nematodes and fungi can act as vectors for some viruses.
This document discusses sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), a virus that infects sugarcane and other grasses. It was first observed in 1892 in Java and causes mosaic and necrosis symptoms. SCMV spreads through infected seed cane and aphid vectors like Rhopalosiphum maidis. Symptoms include chlorotic or yellow stripes on leaves that can lead to stunting and chlorosis of the entire plant. Management involves using resistant varieties, rogueing infected plants, and controlling aphid vectors through crop management.
The document discusses plant viruses. It begins by outlining learning objectives about plant virus infections, life cycles, transmission, structures, classification, replication, symptoms, identification, and control. It then provides details on the characteristics of plant viruses, including their non-cellular nature and dependence on host cells. The document discusses plant virus transmission methods, proteins, capsids, classifications, replication cycles for different types of viruses, symptoms, and methods of detection, identification, and control.
Transmission of plant viruses can occur horizontally by vectors like insects, contaminated tools, or vertically through propagation materials like seeds or cuttings. There are two main types of transmission: non-persistent and persistent/circulative. Non-persistent viruses are acquired quickly but not retained long in vectors, while persistent viruses have longer acquisition times and retention periods in vectors. Aphids are the most important insect vectors, and can transmit viruses in non-persistent, semi-persistent, or persistent/circulative manners depending on how long they retain the virus. Mechanical transmission under laboratory conditions is also discussed.
This document summarizes key events and discoveries in the development of virology from the 16th century to present day. Some of the highlights include:
- In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky discovered that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease could pass through bacteria-proof filters, showing that it was smaller than bacteria.
- In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck coined the term "virus" and described the liquid containing the infectious agent as "contagium vivum fluidum", establishing viruses as a new category of disease-causing agents.
- In the 1930s and 1940s, scientists including Wendell Stanley, F. Bawden and N. Pirie began pur
In potato, causes mild mosaic on leaves,Crinkling and necrosis etc. TGB3 (Triple gene block proteins) is expressed by leaky scanning of the TGB2 subgenomic mRNA. TGBp1 with the presence of TGBp2 and TGBp3 can modify the PD size exclusion limit and move between cells.
The document summarizes the history of plant virology, beginning with Adolf Mayer's discovery in 1886 that sap from tobacco mosaic disease plants could transmit the disease. It then discusses the contributions of other scientists such as Ivanovsky, Beijerinck, Stanley, and Frankel who helped identify viruses as filterable agents and determine their protein and nucleic acid composition. The document also covers the economic importance of several major plant viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, potato leaf roll virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and banana bunchy top virus which can cause significant crop yield losses and damage industries.
Viral diseases of paddy include rice tungro disease, rice grassy stunt disease, rice dwarf disease, rice ragged stunt disease, and rice yellow dwarf disease. These diseases are caused by viruses or phytoplasmas that infect rice plants. The pathogens are transmitted by insect vectors like leafhoppers and planthoppers, and cause symptoms such as stunted growth, chlorotic leaves, unfilled grains, and reduced or no panicle formation. Management strategies involve controlling the insect vectors through insecticides, using resistant rice varieties, and following good agricultural practices like removing weeds.
Satellite viruses are small viruses that require a helper virus for replication and movement. They have their own coat protein but depend on the helper virus. There are three subgroups: 1) large messenger RNA satellites up to 1.5kb that encode proteins, 2) small linear non-coding RNAs under 800 nucleotides, and 3) small circular RNAs under 400 nucleotides. Satellite viruses modulate symptoms of helper viruses and can be developed into expression vectors.
Bacterial soft rot is caused by pectin-degrading bacteria such as Pectobacterium carotovorum, Dickeya dadantii, and certain Pseudomonas species. These bacteria enter plants through wounds and degrade the pectin between plant cells, causing tissues to break down into a soft, watery rot. Soft rot commonly affects potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, and other vegetables. It starts as water-soaked lesions that enlarge and become soft, mushy, and foul-smelling. Good sanitation and avoiding excess moisture can help manage soft rot by limiting bacterial spread and growth.
Plant viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that infect the cells of plants and cause diseases. They consist of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat. Plant viruses spread through mechanical transmission by tools or vectors like insects, and can be controlled through maintaining strict insect control and using virus-free planting stock.
This document discusses Cowpea mosaic virus and Cowpea aphid mosaic virus which infect cowpea plants. Cowpea mosaic virus causes chlorotic lesions, concentric ring spots, and vein clearing on infected plants. It is transmitted by various beetle species and has a global distribution excluding Peru. Cowpea aphid mosaic virus causes irregular vein banding and blistering on leaves and is transmitted by various aphid species like Myzus persicae. Both viruses can cause significant yield losses in cowpea. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, controlling insect vectors, and using virus-free seeds.
This document discusses genetics of plant disease. It covers several topics:
- The location and structure of DNA in different types of organisms like prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and plant cells.
- How genes and disease are related, with pathogens often having genes for pathogenicity, specificity, and virulence against a particular host.
- Mechanisms of variability in pathogens, including mutation, recombination, and specialized mechanisms in fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
- Types of plant resistance like true resistance (horizontal and vertical), apparent resistance (disease escape and tolerance), and nonhost resistance.
- Genetics of virulence in pathogens and resistance in hosts, explained by the gene-for-gene concept
This document discusses terminology related to virus transmission by vectors and different types of virus-vector relationships.
1. It defines terms like acquisition access period, acquisition feeding period, inoculation access period, inoculation feeding period, and transmission threshold that describe the process of a vector acquiring and transmitting a virus.
2. It describes three main types of virus-vector relationships: non-persistent, semi-persistent, and persistent. Non-persistent viruses are stylet-borne and lost quickly. Semi-persistent viruses persist for 10-100 hours in the foregut. Persistent viruses circulate and may multiply in the vector.
3. Within persistent viruses, it further distinguishes circulative non-propagative
bacteria can enters into plants by different mechanisms and the slides which includes different mode of entries into plants, and this information is also important for students who are preparing for NET exams.
Structure and composition of plant virusesDivya Singh
This document summarizes a presentation on plant viruses given by Divya Singh at Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology. The presentation covered the introduction of viruses, characteristics of plant viruses, their structure and morphology, composition, and concluded with key points. Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protective protein coat. They can have various shapes, and nucleic acids that are single or double stranded RNA and DNA. The composition of viruses includes proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes enzymes.
Biological control of plant pathogens using beneficial microorganisms like Trichoderma spp. fungi is an alternative to chemical pesticides. Trichoderma controls pathogens through antibiosis, nutrient competition, and mycoparasitism. Successful biocontrol requires a highly effective strain that can compete, persist, and colonize plants without being pathogenic. The strain must also be producible at large scale and remain viable after formulation. Trichoderma is commonly used as a biocontrol as it is present in soil and able to colonize plant roots, protecting against diseases through mycoparasitism and inducing host resistance.
SURVIVAL AND DISPERSAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA.pdfOm Prakash
SURVIVAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Phytopathogenic bacteria have the ability to survive both for longer & shorter periods including soil, seed, diseased crop debris, weed host, and insect vectors.
DISPERSAL OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
To make a healthy plant diseased, the first requirement of a pathogen is to spread its inoculum (primary as well as secondary) from the source of survival to the susceptible parts of a healthy plant. The spread of a plant pathogen within the general area in which it is already established is called “dispersal” or “dissemination”.
Moving the inoculum only a few inches and transporting it for hundreds of miles both constitute its dispersal or dissemination. However, pathogen dispersal is not necessary only for the spread of diseases but also for the continuity of the life-cycle and evolution of the pathogen. Detailed knowledge of pathogen-dispersal is essential to find out effective control measures for diseases because the possibilities of preventing dispersal and thereby breaking the infection chain always exist.
1) Plant viruses use various transmission methods like insects, sap, seed, or nematodes to spread between plants since plants cannot move.
2) Plants have two main antiviral resistance mechanisms: R gene-mediated responses and RNA silencing. R genes confer resistance to specific viruses and trigger cell death and systemic resistance. RNA silencing uses small RNAs to degrade or inhibit viral RNA.
3) These mechanisms sometimes overlap when a viral protein can suppress RNA silencing and also be detected by an R gene product as an Avr protein. This indicates communication between the plant's antiviral defense pathways.
The document summarizes the process of isolating and purifying plant viruses. It involves homogenizing infected plant leaves and extracting the sap containing viruses. The sap is then fractionated through low and high-speed centrifugation to separate out virus particles from other materials. The virus particles are further purified using density gradient centrifugation, which separates viruses based on their density through ultracentrifugation in layers of sucrose solutions with different densities. The purified virus band is collected and dialyzed to remove sucrose, yielding isolated and purified plant viruses. Key techniques used include density gradient centrifugation and ultracentrifugation.
Rohit Jadhav presented on microbe-plant interactions. Key points include:
- Cyanobacteria and rhizobia have symbiotic relationships with plants, fixing nitrogen.
- Microbes in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane interact with plant roots, satisfying nutritional needs for both.
- Rhizosphere microbes can positively impact plants by nutrient solubilization or negatively through immobilization.
- Legumes form root nodules with rhizobia like Rhizobium spp. and Bradyrhizobium spp. to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
- Some non-legumes interact with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and Frankia bacteria inside root nodules.
-
Plant viruses can be transmitted through various modes, including vegetative propagation, mechanical transmission, seed transmission, pollen transmission, insect transmission, mite transmission, nematode transmission, fungus transmission, and dodder transmission. The most important mode of transmission in the field is through insect vectors, primarily aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers, whiteflies, and treehoppers. Other modes of transmission include mechanical damage to plants, transmission through seeds or pollen, transmission by soil-dwelling nematodes or root-infecting fungi, and passive transmission through the phloem of parasitic dodder plants.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus. CMV is a linear positive-sense tripartite single-stranded RNA virus. Each genomic segment has a 3' tRNA-like structure and a 5’cap. proteins 1a, 2a, 2b, movement protein-3a (MP) and coat protein-3b sgRNA-4 (CP).
Viroids are small, circular, non-encapsidated RNA molecules that infect plants and cause disease. They consist solely of nucleic acid and replicate autonomously using host cell machinery. Viroids range in size from 250-400 nucleotides and have various pathogenic effects on infected plants such as distorted growth and reduced yields. They replicate through rolling circle mechanisms using host RNA polymerases and can move systemically within the plant through the phloem. While most viroids only infect plants, the hepatitis delta virus is a human pathogen that requires hepatitis B for infection.
This document discusses the classification of plant viruses. It notes that viruses are sub-microscopic entities that can only multiply intracellularly and may be pathogenic. They contain either RNA or DNA and have a protein coat. Plant viruses are classified based on their structure, physicochemical properties, viral nucleoproteins, symmetry, number and arrangement of protein subunits, and size. Virus classification starts at the order level and includes family, sub-family, genus, and species, with the taxon suffixes given. Examples are provided of plant viruses classified by their nucleic acid type and structure, such as rod-shaped, filamentous, isometric, enveloped, and those with single or multipartite genomes.
Virus infection involves several steps: virus entry into the host cell, uncoating of the viral genome, targeting of viral genes to host cell machinery, genome replication, assembly of new viral components, and release of progeny virus. Key proteins like movement proteins and coat proteins facilitate various stages of the infection process by transporting the viral genome and protecting it. The virus life cycle is dependent on hijacking host cell processes and resources for its replication and spread to new cells.
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 4 viruses, viroids and bac...Rai University
This document discusses plant viruses, including their definition, morphology, properties, transmission, and movement within plants. It provides definitions of viruses from Mathwas and Bos, and describes three main shapes of plant viruses: elongated, rhabdo, and spherical. It covers biological properties like infectivity, physiological properties like thermal endpoint, and chemical properties including host range and serological reactions. Methods of virus transmission include vegetative propagation, mechanical transmission, and natural transmission by insects, mites, nematodes, seed, pollen, and dodder. Viruses spread systemically within plants by modifying plasmodesmata to move between cells.
- More than 2000 viruses are known to infect plants, with about 1/4 causing diseases. Some common plant viruses include tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and cauliflower mosaic virus.
- Viral diseases in plants show symptoms like mosaic patterns, leaf curling, vein clearing, and bunchy tops. Viruses are obligate parasites that replicate inside living cells and are composed of nucleic acids and proteins.
- Plant viruses are transmitted in several ways, including by insects, mechanical means, seed, vegetative propagation, fungi, nematodes, and soil. Effective management of plant viruses involves controlling vectors, using resistant varieties, and sterilizing agricultural tools.
Viral diseases of paddy include rice tungro disease, rice grassy stunt disease, rice dwarf disease, rice ragged stunt disease, and rice yellow dwarf disease. These diseases are caused by viruses or phytoplasmas that infect rice plants. The pathogens are transmitted by insect vectors like leafhoppers and planthoppers, and cause symptoms such as stunted growth, chlorotic leaves, unfilled grains, and reduced or no panicle formation. Management strategies involve controlling the insect vectors through insecticides, using resistant rice varieties, and following good agricultural practices like removing weeds.
Satellite viruses are small viruses that require a helper virus for replication and movement. They have their own coat protein but depend on the helper virus. There are three subgroups: 1) large messenger RNA satellites up to 1.5kb that encode proteins, 2) small linear non-coding RNAs under 800 nucleotides, and 3) small circular RNAs under 400 nucleotides. Satellite viruses modulate symptoms of helper viruses and can be developed into expression vectors.
Bacterial soft rot is caused by pectin-degrading bacteria such as Pectobacterium carotovorum, Dickeya dadantii, and certain Pseudomonas species. These bacteria enter plants through wounds and degrade the pectin between plant cells, causing tissues to break down into a soft, watery rot. Soft rot commonly affects potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, and other vegetables. It starts as water-soaked lesions that enlarge and become soft, mushy, and foul-smelling. Good sanitation and avoiding excess moisture can help manage soft rot by limiting bacterial spread and growth.
Plant viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that infect the cells of plants and cause diseases. They consist of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat. Plant viruses spread through mechanical transmission by tools or vectors like insects, and can be controlled through maintaining strict insect control and using virus-free planting stock.
This document discusses Cowpea mosaic virus and Cowpea aphid mosaic virus which infect cowpea plants. Cowpea mosaic virus causes chlorotic lesions, concentric ring spots, and vein clearing on infected plants. It is transmitted by various beetle species and has a global distribution excluding Peru. Cowpea aphid mosaic virus causes irregular vein banding and blistering on leaves and is transmitted by various aphid species like Myzus persicae. Both viruses can cause significant yield losses in cowpea. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, controlling insect vectors, and using virus-free seeds.
This document discusses genetics of plant disease. It covers several topics:
- The location and structure of DNA in different types of organisms like prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and plant cells.
- How genes and disease are related, with pathogens often having genes for pathogenicity, specificity, and virulence against a particular host.
- Mechanisms of variability in pathogens, including mutation, recombination, and specialized mechanisms in fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
- Types of plant resistance like true resistance (horizontal and vertical), apparent resistance (disease escape and tolerance), and nonhost resistance.
- Genetics of virulence in pathogens and resistance in hosts, explained by the gene-for-gene concept
This document discusses terminology related to virus transmission by vectors and different types of virus-vector relationships.
1. It defines terms like acquisition access period, acquisition feeding period, inoculation access period, inoculation feeding period, and transmission threshold that describe the process of a vector acquiring and transmitting a virus.
2. It describes three main types of virus-vector relationships: non-persistent, semi-persistent, and persistent. Non-persistent viruses are stylet-borne and lost quickly. Semi-persistent viruses persist for 10-100 hours in the foregut. Persistent viruses circulate and may multiply in the vector.
3. Within persistent viruses, it further distinguishes circulative non-propagative
bacteria can enters into plants by different mechanisms and the slides which includes different mode of entries into plants, and this information is also important for students who are preparing for NET exams.
Structure and composition of plant virusesDivya Singh
This document summarizes a presentation on plant viruses given by Divya Singh at Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology. The presentation covered the introduction of viruses, characteristics of plant viruses, their structure and morphology, composition, and concluded with key points. Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protective protein coat. They can have various shapes, and nucleic acids that are single or double stranded RNA and DNA. The composition of viruses includes proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes enzymes.
Biological control of plant pathogens using beneficial microorganisms like Trichoderma spp. fungi is an alternative to chemical pesticides. Trichoderma controls pathogens through antibiosis, nutrient competition, and mycoparasitism. Successful biocontrol requires a highly effective strain that can compete, persist, and colonize plants without being pathogenic. The strain must also be producible at large scale and remain viable after formulation. Trichoderma is commonly used as a biocontrol as it is present in soil and able to colonize plant roots, protecting against diseases through mycoparasitism and inducing host resistance.
SURVIVAL AND DISPERSAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA.pdfOm Prakash
SURVIVAL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Phytopathogenic bacteria have the ability to survive both for longer & shorter periods including soil, seed, diseased crop debris, weed host, and insect vectors.
DISPERSAL OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
To make a healthy plant diseased, the first requirement of a pathogen is to spread its inoculum (primary as well as secondary) from the source of survival to the susceptible parts of a healthy plant. The spread of a plant pathogen within the general area in which it is already established is called “dispersal” or “dissemination”.
Moving the inoculum only a few inches and transporting it for hundreds of miles both constitute its dispersal or dissemination. However, pathogen dispersal is not necessary only for the spread of diseases but also for the continuity of the life-cycle and evolution of the pathogen. Detailed knowledge of pathogen-dispersal is essential to find out effective control measures for diseases because the possibilities of preventing dispersal and thereby breaking the infection chain always exist.
1) Plant viruses use various transmission methods like insects, sap, seed, or nematodes to spread between plants since plants cannot move.
2) Plants have two main antiviral resistance mechanisms: R gene-mediated responses and RNA silencing. R genes confer resistance to specific viruses and trigger cell death and systemic resistance. RNA silencing uses small RNAs to degrade or inhibit viral RNA.
3) These mechanisms sometimes overlap when a viral protein can suppress RNA silencing and also be detected by an R gene product as an Avr protein. This indicates communication between the plant's antiviral defense pathways.
The document summarizes the process of isolating and purifying plant viruses. It involves homogenizing infected plant leaves and extracting the sap containing viruses. The sap is then fractionated through low and high-speed centrifugation to separate out virus particles from other materials. The virus particles are further purified using density gradient centrifugation, which separates viruses based on their density through ultracentrifugation in layers of sucrose solutions with different densities. The purified virus band is collected and dialyzed to remove sucrose, yielding isolated and purified plant viruses. Key techniques used include density gradient centrifugation and ultracentrifugation.
Rohit Jadhav presented on microbe-plant interactions. Key points include:
- Cyanobacteria and rhizobia have symbiotic relationships with plants, fixing nitrogen.
- Microbes in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane interact with plant roots, satisfying nutritional needs for both.
- Rhizosphere microbes can positively impact plants by nutrient solubilization or negatively through immobilization.
- Legumes form root nodules with rhizobia like Rhizobium spp. and Bradyrhizobium spp. to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
- Some non-legumes interact with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and Frankia bacteria inside root nodules.
-
Plant viruses can be transmitted through various modes, including vegetative propagation, mechanical transmission, seed transmission, pollen transmission, insect transmission, mite transmission, nematode transmission, fungus transmission, and dodder transmission. The most important mode of transmission in the field is through insect vectors, primarily aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers, whiteflies, and treehoppers. Other modes of transmission include mechanical damage to plants, transmission through seeds or pollen, transmission by soil-dwelling nematodes or root-infecting fungi, and passive transmission through the phloem of parasitic dodder plants.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus. CMV is a linear positive-sense tripartite single-stranded RNA virus. Each genomic segment has a 3' tRNA-like structure and a 5’cap. proteins 1a, 2a, 2b, movement protein-3a (MP) and coat protein-3b sgRNA-4 (CP).
Viroids are small, circular, non-encapsidated RNA molecules that infect plants and cause disease. They consist solely of nucleic acid and replicate autonomously using host cell machinery. Viroids range in size from 250-400 nucleotides and have various pathogenic effects on infected plants such as distorted growth and reduced yields. They replicate through rolling circle mechanisms using host RNA polymerases and can move systemically within the plant through the phloem. While most viroids only infect plants, the hepatitis delta virus is a human pathogen that requires hepatitis B for infection.
This document discusses the classification of plant viruses. It notes that viruses are sub-microscopic entities that can only multiply intracellularly and may be pathogenic. They contain either RNA or DNA and have a protein coat. Plant viruses are classified based on their structure, physicochemical properties, viral nucleoproteins, symmetry, number and arrangement of protein subunits, and size. Virus classification starts at the order level and includes family, sub-family, genus, and species, with the taxon suffixes given. Examples are provided of plant viruses classified by their nucleic acid type and structure, such as rod-shaped, filamentous, isometric, enveloped, and those with single or multipartite genomes.
Virus infection involves several steps: virus entry into the host cell, uncoating of the viral genome, targeting of viral genes to host cell machinery, genome replication, assembly of new viral components, and release of progeny virus. Key proteins like movement proteins and coat proteins facilitate various stages of the infection process by transporting the viral genome and protecting it. The virus life cycle is dependent on hijacking host cell processes and resources for its replication and spread to new cells.
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 4 viruses, viroids and bac...Rai University
This document discusses plant viruses, including their definition, morphology, properties, transmission, and movement within plants. It provides definitions of viruses from Mathwas and Bos, and describes three main shapes of plant viruses: elongated, rhabdo, and spherical. It covers biological properties like infectivity, physiological properties like thermal endpoint, and chemical properties including host range and serological reactions. Methods of virus transmission include vegetative propagation, mechanical transmission, and natural transmission by insects, mites, nematodes, seed, pollen, and dodder. Viruses spread systemically within plants by modifying plasmodesmata to move between cells.
- More than 2000 viruses are known to infect plants, with about 1/4 causing diseases. Some common plant viruses include tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and cauliflower mosaic virus.
- Viral diseases in plants show symptoms like mosaic patterns, leaf curling, vein clearing, and bunchy tops. Viruses are obligate parasites that replicate inside living cells and are composed of nucleic acids and proteins.
- Plant viruses are transmitted in several ways, including by insects, mechanical means, seed, vegetative propagation, fungi, nematodes, and soil. Effective management of plant viruses involves controlling vectors, using resistant varieties, and sterilizing agricultural tools.
This document summarizes the general characteristics of plant viruses. It states that most plant viruses contain RNA as their genetic material and have a protein coat but no cell wall. Plant viruses reproduce through mechanical transmission from plant to plant rather than sexually. They can cause symptoms like mosaic patterns, leaf curling, chlorosis and stunting in plants. While they lack cellular structures, plant viruses exhibit some living properties like causing disease and mutating.
This document provides information on plant viruses and plant parasitic nematodes. It defines plant viruses as nucleoproteins that can cause plant disease. It describes their size, morphology, genome, capsids, replication, and vectors. It also discusses the historical developments in plant virology, symptoms of virus-infected plants, modes of virus transmission, and methods of detection, identification, and control. The document then defines plant parasitic nematodes, describes their morphology, life cycle, reproduction terms, feeding groups, symptoms they cause, important diseases they cause in the Philippines, and sampling techniques.
Biotechnology ammeriolation for viral diseaseswani amir
1. The document discusses molecular mechanisms of plant viral diseases and potential biotechnological interventions. It summarizes information on major viral diseases affecting important crops in India such as cassava, cotton, mungbean, potato, rice, maize, wheat, soybean, and vegetable crops.
2. Key points covered include the structure and composition of plant viruses, their genome organization and strategies for gene expression, the infection cycle involving entry into host cells, replication, cell-to-cell and long distance movement within the plant, and transmission between plants.
3. Major viral diseases reported for different crops in India are discussed along with the causal viruses and estimated yield losses. The current status of important viral diseases in different
This document discusses viruses, their nature and properties, and common symptoms of virus diseases in plants. It defines viruses and describes their structure, composition, types of nucleic acids, and whether they are considered living or non-living. It compares the key differences between bacteria and viruses. It also explains virus morphology, shapes and sizes, transmission methods including vectors like insects and fungi, and relationships with vectors. Finally, it outlines common symptoms of virus infection in plants like mosaic patterns, and defines terms like systemic and local infection.
tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco-significance of TMV, Economic loss of TMV, distribution of TMV, disease cycle of TMV, Favourable condition of TMV, Protein synthesis and RNA replication of TMV,infection process and life cycle of TMV, Disease management of TMV in tobacco plants
Plant viruses come in different shapes and sizes. They consist of at least nucleic acid and protein. The nucleic acid is usually RNA, though some contain DNA. Viruses enter plant cells through wounds and move between cells through plasmodesmata. They are transmitted by vectors like insects, nematodes, and pollen or through vegetative propagation and mechanical means. Detection methods include microscopy, ELISA, and PCR. Viruses and viroids differ in their ability to encode proteins.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect all living organisms. They are much smaller than bacteria, ranging from 20-400nm in diameter. Viruses consist of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein capsid, and some have an outer envelope. They hijack host cell machinery to replicate, then are released to infect new cells. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It is spherical with an RNA genome and envelope glycoproteins that bind host cells. Its life cycle involves reverse transcription of RNA to DNA, integration into host DNA, transcription/translation of new viral proteins, assembly of new virions, and cell lysis to spread infection. Management involves preventing transmission and using antire
This document provides an overview of plant and animal viruses. It discusses the morphology, structure and life cycles of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and rhabdovirus as examples. TMV is a helical plant virus that infects tobacco plants and causes mosaic symptoms on leaves. It has a rod-shaped structure with RNA inside a protein coat. Rhabdovirus is an animal virus with a bullet-shaped structure and negative-sense RNA genome. It discusses how viruses replicate using the host cell's machinery and cause disease in plants and animals. In conclusion, viruses are non-living particles that can infect all types of life and replicate using host cells.
Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without invading a host cell. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Some viruses are additionally enclosed in an envelope. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes characteristic symptoms in infected plants like mosaic patterns, mottling, necrosis, stunting and leaf curling. It is easily transmitted through physical contact and contaminated tools. In infected plants, TMV moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata using its movement protein.
Viruses are composed of genetic material packaged within a protein coat. They require a host cell to replicate and do not have their own organelles. Plant viruses infect plants and are transmitted between plants through vectors like insects or mechanically through sap. They move between plant cells through plasmodesmata. Animal viruses infect animals and enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion. They exit cells through budding or host cell lysis. Examples of important plant viruses are tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, while important animal viruses include influenza, herpesviruses, and coronaviruses.
1. Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that are composed of nucleic acid and proteins and require a host cell to replicate. They were first observed in 1886 to cause tobacco mosaic disease.
2. In 1892, Beijerinck discovered that the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic disease was a "contagium vivum fluidum", or "living fluid contagion", which was later shown to be tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in 1935.
3. Viruses have a variety of shapes including rod-shaped, spherical, filamentous, and bacilliform. They contain a protein capsid that protects the viral genome, which can be DNA or RNA but not both. Viruses use
Viruses are non-cellular microorganisms composed of nucleic acid and protein that can only replicate inside living cells. They come in various shapes and their basic structure consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, and sometimes a membrane. Viruses can have different effects on infected cells, such as taking over the cell's reproductive mechanism to produce more viruses or causing the cell to break open and release the new viruses. Examples of diseases caused by viruses include influenza, HIV/AIDS, chickenpox, measles, mumps, and rubella.
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
Poxviruses are a family of viruses that can infect both vertebrates and invertebrates. The most notable member is the smallpox virus. Four genera may infect humans, including orthopox (which includes smallpox, cowpox, and monkeypox viruses) and molluscipox (which causes molluscum contagiosum). Poxviruses have complex brick-shaped particles that contain double-stranded DNA and replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Notable human infections include cowpox, molluscum contagiosum, monkeypox, and smallpox.
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites that contain either RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes ranging from 20-300nm. Viruses have different structures depending on whether they are helical, polyhedral, or complex. They can infect plants, animals, and other organisms. Viruses are cultivated by inoculating them into animal tissues, embryonated eggs, or cell cultures in order to study and isolate them. Baltimore classified animal viruses into 7 groups based on their nucleic acid and mRNA transcription relationships.
This document provides an overview of viruses and their classification. It discusses that viruses consist of nucleic acid in a protein coat and can only reproduce within living host cells. Viruses vary in size and shape. The document then covers the discovery of viruses and their distinctive properties compared to living cells. It discusses the nomenclature and classification of viruses, including how they are classified based on their genome, structure, and hosts. Classification systems discussed include the LHT and Baltimore systems.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Plant Viruses.pdf
1. PLANT VIRUSES: overview, diversity &
significance
PRESENTED BY: Ranajit Sarmah
Roll Number 11
Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University
2. CONTENTS
What is a virus?
Virus classification
Introduction to plant viruses
Architecture of plant viruses
Diversity and incidence of plant viruses
Transmission of plant viruses
Symptoms of plant viruses
Viral diseases in plants
Control of viral diseases in plants
Real Impact of Viral Diseases on Crops
Conclusion
References
3. Viruses are intracellular parasites that have a set of one or more nucleic acid template molecules,
normally encased in a protective coat or coats of protein or lipoprotein, that is able to organise its own
replication only within suitable host cells
The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.”
Viral infection begins when proteins on the surface of a virion bind to specific receptor proteins on the
surface of host cells.
Predominantly, viruses have a reputation for being the cause
of contagion. Widespread events of disease and have no doubt
bolstered such a reputation.
What is a Virus?
The outbreak
of Ebola in West Africa,
2014
The H1N1/swine
flu pandemic, 2009
The COVID 19
pandemic, 2019
Source: nature.com/articles. Ebola prepared these countries
for coronavirus — but now even they are floundering
5. Introduction to Plant Viruses
• Plants were the first known hosts for viruses and plant viruses have been a focus of research for nearly
120 years.
• Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery
to replicate without a host.
• Plant viruses are a number of agents that can cause plant diseases and are of considerable economic
importance because many of them infect crop and ornamental plants.
• They are responsible for losses in crop
quality and crop yield.
• Eg: TULIPOMANIA in Netherlands, 1636-1637.
Source: https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/viral/introduction/PlantVirusClassification/Pages/Purpose.aspx
7. Architecture of plant virus:
• Knowledge of virus architecture has increased greatly with the innovation like Electron
Microscopy, optical diffraction, X-Ray crystallography procedures, mol. techniques and
chemical nature of the virus.
• The architecture of viruses is very complex, while simpler viruses seem to be composed of
protein and nucleic acid, others also contain carbohydrate and the most complex contain
materials which are indistinguishable from those found in bacteria.
• Viral Capsids:
• The capsid is the protein shell that encloses the
nucleic acid; with its enclosed nucleic acid,
it is called the nucleocapsid.
• This shell is composed of protein organized in
subunits known as capsomers.
Source: Louten J. (2016). Virus Structure and Classification. Essential Human Virology, 19–29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00002-8
8. Viral capsids:
Helical capsid proteins wind
around the viral nucleic acid
to form the nucleocapsid.
An icosahedron is a geometric shape
with 20 sides, each composed of an
equilateral triangle.
Source: Louten, Jennifer. “Virus Structure and Classification.” Essential Human Virology (2016): 19–29. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00002-8
9. Diversity and incidence of plant viruses:
• Viruses are abundant in wild plants, from the tropics to Antarctica, with infection incidence
as high as 60% based on current and older technologies, and most are turning out to be
novel.
• In addition to wild plants, plant virus like nucleic acids have been found in numerous aquatic
environments and in feces from humans and other animals.
• This remarkable diversity, most of which is probably still unknown based on the current rate
of novel findings, implies important roles for viruses in the evolution and ecology of their
hosts.
Source: Roossinck, M. J. (2015). Plants, viruses and the environment: ecology and
mutualism. Virology, 479, 271-277.
10. Transmission of plant viruses:
• There are main two types of transmission:
1. Horizontal Transmission- Through “Vectors”.
Because plant viruses have no legs, wings, tails, or cilia, they reach plants with the aid of
carriers (also called “vectors”) and other mechanisms.
Viruses can be transmitted through living organisms (e.g., insects, nematodes, mites, and soil
microorganisms).
The principal virus-carrying insects are about 200 species of aphids, which transmit
mostly mosaic viruses, and more than 100 species of leafhoppers, which carry yellows-
type viruses.
2. Vertical Transmission- Through “parent plant”.
It occurs when a plant gets it from parent plant, either by vegetative reproduction, seed
transmission.
11. Source: UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1507 • Whitefly-Transmitted Plant Viruses in
Southern Georgia
Whitefly-vectored viruses are semi-persistent or persistent. Semi-persistent viruses reach
the foregut and can be transmitted immediately after acquisition. Persistent circulative
viruses move from the midgut into the hemocoel (primary body cavity) and to the salivary
gland before they can be inoculated, so they generally have latent periods of multiple
hours to days.
12. Symptoms of plant viruses:
Source: apsnet.org/edcenter/disandpath/viral/introduction/PlantVirusClassification/Pages/Purpose
13. TobaccoMosaic
Virus(TMV):
It was the first plant virus isolated in the history (1892).
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infects the leaves of tobacco,
tomato, bean, and pepper plants and is an example of a
helical, rigid rod virus.
TMV is made up of a piece of nucleic acid, about 5% (ribonucleic
acid; RNA) and a surrounding protein coat, 95%.
Once inside the plant cell, the protein coat falls away and regular
replication occurs.
Viral diseases in plants:
14. Tobacco mosaic virus is very stable, so stable
that it can survive for years in cigars and
cigarettes made from infected leaves.
TMV particle is about 300 nanometers (nm) in
length and 18 nm in diameter.
TMV can also survive outside the plant in sap
that has dried on tools and other surfaces.
15. Source:Heinlein, M. (2002). The spread of tobacco mosaic virus infection: insights into the
cellular mechanism of RNA transport. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS, 59(1), 58-82.
Stages of TMV infection:
16. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV):
• The "spotted wilt" disease of tomato was first described in
Australia in 1915 and was determined to be of viral etiology
in 1930.
• The Tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus;
family Bunyaviridae) (TSWV) now contains TSWV as the
type member and more than a dozen other distinct viruses
whose identification has been facilitated by the use of
serological and molecular techniques.
• The tospoviruses are transmitted by thrips
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and replicate in both the thrips
vectors and the plant hosts.
• The virus is found in temperate, sub tropical and
tropical regions of the world.
17. Symptoms and Signs of TSWV:
• Stunting is a common symptom of TSWV infection, and is
generally more severe when young plants are infected.
(a) necrotic lesions in leaf
(b) veinal necrosis
(c) stem necrosis
(d) chlorotic lesions in cowpea
(e) Chenopodium amaranticolor
(f) necrotic ring-spots in Solanum lycopersicum
(g) necrotic lesions in Nicotiana glutinosa
(h) white necrotic rings in Datura stramonium
(i) The vector of TSWV, Frankliniella occidentalis
adult in chrysanthemum
• Although TSWV is not seed transmitted, it may cause the
discoloration of seed produced on infected hosts
Source: Mandal, B., Gawande, S. J., Renukadevi, P., Holkar, S. K., Krishnareddy, M., Ravi, K. S., & Jain, R. K. (2017). The occurrence, biology,
serology and molecular biology of tospoviruses in indian agriculture. In A century of plant virology in India (pp. 445-474). Springer, Singapore.
18. Life Cycle of TSWV:
Source: (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122276205001804)
19. Historically, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was first described in detail
in 1916 on cucumber (simultaneously by Doolittle and Jagger) and
other cucurbits.
It is now known to occur worldwide in both temperate and tropical
climates, affecting many agricultural and horticultural crops.
On the basis of different criteria (e.g., serological typing, peptide
mapping of the coat protein, sequence similarity of their genomic RNA)
CMV isolates can be classified into two major subgroups, now named
subgroup I and subgroup II.
The host range of the collective isolates of CMV is over 1300 species in
more than 500 genera of over 100 families, with new hosts reported
each year.
Cucumber
Mosaic Virus
(CMV)
20. CMV has icosahedral particles 29 nm in diameter.
CMV moves cell to cell via plasmodesmata between
cells until it reaches the vasculature,
CMV appears to move between epidermal cells as well
as from epidermal cells down to mesophyll cells toward
vascular cells.
Symptoms and Signs of TSWV:
1. Stunting
2. mosaic pattern of light and dark green (or yellow and green) on
the leaves.
3. malformation of leaves or growing points
4. yellow streaking of leaves (especially monocots)
5. yellow spotting on leaves
6. ring-spots or line patterns on leaves or fruit lower color breaking
distinct yellowing only of veins
21. Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology:
Source: Scholthof, K. B. G., Adkins, S., Czosnek, H., Palukaitis, P., Jacquot, E., Hohn, T., ... & Foster, G. D.
(2011). Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular plant pathology, 12(9), 938-954.
22. CONTROL OF PLANT VIRAL DISEASES:
• Selection of viral disease free seeds from
the disease free regions.
• Application of Soil Fumigation for
Nematodes transmitted viruses to control
nematodes.
• Destruction of weeds that serve as host
for virus causing viral disease in plants
• Application of temperature treatment Ex.
Sugarcane mosaic can be destroyed or
reduce by hot water treatment 520 C for
30 minutes.
23. PRODUCTS THAT CONTROL VIRUSES:
Aphids- UPL Phoskill Insecticide, Active Gold Neem Oil, Azaal Neem Oil,
Jashn Insecticide, Koranda 505 Insecticide.
Nematode - FMC Furadan Insecticide
Leafhoppers- UPL Phoskill Insecticide
White flies- Anant Insecticide, Active Gold Neem Oil, Azaal Neem Oil
Virus- V-Bind Viricide
24. What is the Real Impact of Viral Diseases on Crops?
• Virus diseases in different crops cause enormous losses all over the world in terms of quantity
and/or quality of products.
• Strains of Cassava mosaic begomoviruses cause more than 25 million tons of losses per year in
Africa, India, and Sri Lanka
• Viruses affecting rice cultures result in yield losses estimated at more than $1.5 billion in South-
East Asia alone
• Moreover, virus-associated losses in fields are highly under-estimated as some viral infections are
asymptomatic alone.
• More importantly, viruses have been described causing half of the reported emerging infectious
diseases from plants
25. SIGNIFICANCE OF PLANT VIRUSES:
1. Virus infection improves host tolerance to various stresses:
• RNA viruses improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress, indicating a conditional mutualistic
relationship which helps host to survive in adverse conditions.
Four different viruses namely Brome mosaic virus (BMV), Cucumber mosaic virus
(CMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) were inoculated
on beet, pepper, watermelon, cucumber, tomato, zucchini, rice, tobacco, Chenopodium
amaranthicolor, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum.
After infection, drought stress orWD was imposed.
It was found that CMV infection improved the drought tolerance in the inoculated
plants and enhanced freezing tolerance in beet plants.
Xu,
P.,
Chen,
F.,
Mannas,
J.
P.,
Feldman,
T.,
Sumner,
L.
W.,
&
Roossinck,
M.
J.
(2008).
Virus
infection
improves
drought
tolerance.
New
Phytologist,
180(4),
911-921.
26. 2. Plant viruses in cross protection:
• The phenomena in which a mild viral strain (not causing yield loss) is used to prevent disease
caused by related severe viral strain is called cross protection.
• This phenomenon was first described by McKinney (1926) in two genotypes of Tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV, Genus Tobamovirus).
• Tobacco plants infected with green mosaic strain remained protected against yellow mosaic
symptoms on subsequent inoculation with TMV yellow mosaic strain.
• The first commercial use of this phenomenon was reported with Citrus tristeza virus (CTV:
Genus Closterovirus).
27. Citrus crop is well known to be infected by CTV around world. CTV is one of the
most complex and largest known plant viruses, which belongs to family
Closteroviridae and is phloem limited virus
Another important crop in which cross protection phenomenon was used is papaya.
Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) causes papaya ringspot disease in this crop.
Using chemical mutagenesis, two milder strains named as PRSV-HA 5-1 and
PRSV-HA 6-1 were synthesized from severe Hawaii strain (PRSV-HA).
These mild strains were used in different parts of Taiwan and Hawaii to protect
against PRSV disease with varied success
28. 3. Viruses and their role in plant biology
• Viruses act as catalyst to understand host biology specially to understand host defense network which
leads to development of strategies to counter pathogenic viruses.
• These studies lead to understand the host innate defense system i.e. RNA silencing or RNA interference
(RNAi) in a better way.
• Also, studies on viruses leads to development of virus-based tools by modifying viral genome i.e. virus
induced gene silencing (VIGS).
• Both of these i.e. RNAi and VIGS contribute significantly to understand the plant biology and leads the
way to develop new strategies for controlling pathogenic viruses.
30. CONCLUSION!!
Viruses have a great deal of potential for the benefit of agriculture, but this will require that we let go
of our almost ubiquitous bias about the negative nature of viruses.
With our changing environment, lack of adequate water and loss of arable lands, which are
concurrent with ever-increasing human populations, we need to make use of every possible tool at
our disposal to enhance agricultural production without further compromising the environment.
Viruses hold the potential for safe, inexpensive and nondestructive improvements to cropping
practices that need to be taken seriously by horticulturists, crop scientists and plant pathologists.
31. REFERENCES:
• Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H.
Freeman; 2000. Section 6.3, Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses.
• Beijerinck, M.W., 1898. Concerning a contagium vivum fluidum as cause of the spot disease of
tobacco leaves. In: Johnson, J. (Ed.), Classics, vol. 7. American Phytopathological Society, St.
Paul, pp. 33–52.
• Roossinck, M. J. (2015). Plants, viruses and the environment: ecology and
mutualism. Virology, 479, 271-277.
• Heinlein, M. (2002). The spread of tobacco mosaic virus infection: insights into the cellular
mechanism of RNA transport. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS, 59(1), 58-82.
• Mandal, B., Gawande, S. J., Renukadevi, P., Holkar, S. K., Krishnareddy, M., Ravi, K. S., & Jain,
R. K. (2017). The occurrence, biology, serology and molecular biology of tospoviruses in indian
agriculture. In A century of plant virology in India (pp. 445-474). Springer, Singapore.
32. • Sherwood, J.L., German, T.L., Moyer, J.W. and D.E. Ullman. 2003. Tomato spotted wilt. The
Plant Health Instructor. DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2003-0613-02
• Scholthof, K-B.G. 2000. Tobacco mosaic virus. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI:
10.1094/PHI-I-2000-1010-01
• Scholthof, K. B. G., Adkins, S., Czosnek, H., Palukaitis, P., Jacquot, E., Hohn, T., ... & Foster,
G. D. (2011). Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular plant
pathology, 12(9), 938-954.
• bighaat.com/blogs/kb/viral-diseases-in-plants-and-its-control
• Anderson, P. K., Cunningham, A. A., Patel, N. G., Morales, F. J., Epstein, P. R., and Daszak, P.
(2004). Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and
agrotechnology drivers. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 535–544. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.021
• Legg, J. P., and Thresh, J. M. (2000). Cassava mosaic virus disease in East Africa: a dynamic
disease in a changing environment. Virus Res. 71, 135–149. doi: 10.1016/S0168-
1702(00)00194-5
33. • Kumar, S., Kumari, R., & Hallan, V. (2020). Beneficial role of viruses in plants. In Molecular
Aspects of Plant Beneficial Microbes in Agriculture (pp. 179-184). Academic Press.
• Xu, P., Chen, F., Mannas, J. P., Feldman, T., Sumner, L. W., & Roossinck, M. J. (2008). Virus
infection improves drought tolerance. New Phytologist, 180(4), 911-921.
• Gonsalves, D., & Garnsey, S. M. (1989). Cross-protection techniques for control of plant virus
diseases in the tropics. Plant Disease, 73(7), 592-597.
• Louten, Jennifer. “Virus Structure and Classification.” Essential Human Virology (2016): 19–29.
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00002-8
• Hull, R. (2013). Plant Virology, 5th Edn. New York: Academic Press.
• Dutta, B., Myers, B., Coolong, T., Srinivasan, B., & Sparks, A. Whitefly-Transmitted.