Variability in seed testing results, factors affecting the variability, application and use of tolerance tables and seed standards and Sequential sampling
This document discusses the importance of quality seeds in crop production and the seed production system in India. It outlines that quality seeds can increase yields by 10-15% and are vital for realizing returns from other agricultural inputs. The seed production system involves multiple agencies across the public, private, and cooperative sectors. These include the National Seed Corporation, State Seed Corporations, State Agricultural Universities, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The system follows a generation-wise seed classification approach from Breeder Seed to Foundation Seed to Certified Seed to ensure genetic purity at each stage of multiplication.
1. The document discusses seed structure and composition, including the parts of a flower like sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. It also describes pollination, the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, and the types of pollination like self and cross pollination.
2. Seed quality is determined by factors within the inner, middle, and outer core. The inner core is genetic potential, the middle includes genetic and physical purity, germination, and vigor. The outer core comprises attributes like health, moisture, size and color.
3. Different classes of improved seed - nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seed - are produced to maintain quality
The document summarizes techniques for testing varietal purity in crops, including morphological, chemical, biochemical, and molecular markers. It begins with an introduction to the importance of varietal purity testing in India's seed industry. It then describes various morphological methods like seed morphology, seedling examination, grow-out tests, and mechanical vision. It also covers common chemical tests. Biochemical methods discussed are electrophoresis techniques. The document concludes with an overview of molecular marker techniques like RAPD, SCAR, SSR, and STS markers used for varietal purity testing.
This document summarizes the status of pulse crops in Nepal. It discusses the origin and diversity of major pulses grown in Nepal such as lentils, chickpeas, and mung beans. It then outlines the key breeding objectives for developing new pulse varieties for Nepal, such as tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to diseases and pests. Current recommended and promising varieties are listed for different pulse crops. The constraints facing pulse production and current research efforts are also summarized. Finally, future research prospects are outlined, including varietal development, improving crop management practices, and diversifying pulse-based cropping systems.
Pl. PATH-605 Introduction to certification. International scenario of certifi...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
Pl. PATH-605 (Principles and Procedure of Certification). During this course of Ph,D., I presented on topic: Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control. In which the seed certification and certification authorities are explained.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
This document summarizes the floral biology of several important cucurbit crops. It describes features such as the type of inflorescence, timing of anthesis and anther dehiscence, pollen fertility periods, and stigma receptivity windows. Key points covered include cucumber flowers being bracteate and unisexual, bitter gourd stigmas being most receptive at anthesis, and watermelon pollen losing viability after 30 hours at room temperature. The document provides useful information on the reproductive characteristics and pollination requirements of various cucurbit species.
This document discusses the importance of quality seeds in crop production and the seed production system in India. It outlines that quality seeds can increase yields by 10-15% and are vital for realizing returns from other agricultural inputs. The seed production system involves multiple agencies across the public, private, and cooperative sectors. These include the National Seed Corporation, State Seed Corporations, State Agricultural Universities, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The system follows a generation-wise seed classification approach from Breeder Seed to Foundation Seed to Certified Seed to ensure genetic purity at each stage of multiplication.
1. The document discusses seed structure and composition, including the parts of a flower like sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. It also describes pollination, the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, and the types of pollination like self and cross pollination.
2. Seed quality is determined by factors within the inner, middle, and outer core. The inner core is genetic potential, the middle includes genetic and physical purity, germination, and vigor. The outer core comprises attributes like health, moisture, size and color.
3. Different classes of improved seed - nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seed - are produced to maintain quality
The document summarizes techniques for testing varietal purity in crops, including morphological, chemical, biochemical, and molecular markers. It begins with an introduction to the importance of varietal purity testing in India's seed industry. It then describes various morphological methods like seed morphology, seedling examination, grow-out tests, and mechanical vision. It also covers common chemical tests. Biochemical methods discussed are electrophoresis techniques. The document concludes with an overview of molecular marker techniques like RAPD, SCAR, SSR, and STS markers used for varietal purity testing.
This document summarizes the status of pulse crops in Nepal. It discusses the origin and diversity of major pulses grown in Nepal such as lentils, chickpeas, and mung beans. It then outlines the key breeding objectives for developing new pulse varieties for Nepal, such as tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to diseases and pests. Current recommended and promising varieties are listed for different pulse crops. The constraints facing pulse production and current research efforts are also summarized. Finally, future research prospects are outlined, including varietal development, improving crop management practices, and diversifying pulse-based cropping systems.
Pl. PATH-605 Introduction to certification. International scenario of certifi...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
Pl. PATH-605 (Principles and Procedure of Certification). During this course of Ph,D., I presented on topic: Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control. In which the seed certification and certification authorities are explained.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
This document summarizes the floral biology of several important cucurbit crops. It describes features such as the type of inflorescence, timing of anthesis and anther dehiscence, pollen fertility periods, and stigma receptivity windows. Key points covered include cucumber flowers being bracteate and unisexual, bitter gourd stigmas being most receptive at anthesis, and watermelon pollen losing viability after 30 hours at room temperature. The document provides useful information on the reproductive characteristics and pollination requirements of various cucurbit species.
This document summarizes the inflorescence, flowers, seed formation, and seed parts of pearl millet plants. It describes that pearl millet has a panicle inflorescence that can take different shapes and contains spikelets with 2-4 flowers. Each flower has staminate and hermaphrodite forms. Pollination occurs through the wind and is protogynous. Seeds form in a caryopsis and vary in shape, color, and size depending on their position in the panicle. Seed development progresses through stages until maturity.
This document discusses seed sampling procedures. It defines key terms like seed lot, sample, and sampling. There are different types of sampling including primary, composite, submitted, and working samples. Sampling methods can be mechanical using equipment like triers, or done by hand. The objectives are to obtain a representative sample of a seed lot. Proper sampling intensity and equipment selection is important, as is following precautions to ensure an unbiased sample.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
1. The document provides information on seed viability testing procedures conducted in a laboratory, including objectives of seed testing, roles of seed testing laboratories, and methods for purity testing, germination testing, and moisture content determination.
2. Key steps outlined include mixing and dividing samples, analyzing sample purity through identification of pure seeds and contaminants, and conducting germination tests using various apparatus to identify normal and abnormal seedlings.
3. Procedures for determining seed moisture content using either air oven drying or moisture meters are also described.
Maintenance breeding deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed and genetic purity of crop varieties. It involves selecting high quality plants, growing them in isolated fields, and removing off-type plants to prevent genetic deterioration over time. The document outlines procedures for maintaining nucleus seed stocks of new and established varieties, including harvesting individual plants, growing progeny in isolated double rows, and discarding any off-type plants before harvest. It also describes maintaining parental lines of hybrid crops through hand pollination and growing inbred lines in isolated fields with rogueing.
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
The document discusses the stages of seed development from formation of reproductive organs to maturation. It describes the processes of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis which lead to the development of embryo sac and pollen grains. Pollination and fertilization occur, followed by embryogenesis and storage tissue formation as starch, fat, and proteins are deposited in the developing seed. Proper nutrition and irrigation are important for seed development and maturity is reached when seeds reach maximum dry weight and viability. Harvesting before or after physiological maturity can impact seed quality and storage potential.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
The document outlines seed certification procedures, which ensure quality seeds for farmers. Seed certification verifies genetic identity and purity, germination rates, and freedom from diseases. It involves registering seed producers, inspecting seed fields for standards, processing and testing seeds, and issuing certificates for certified seeds. The goal is to provide high-quality seeds of improved varieties to increase crop production.
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
This document discusses self-incompatibility in plants. It begins by defining self-incompatibility and providing examples of plants that exhibit this trait. It then describes the different types of self-incompatibility, including those based on flower morphology (heteromorphic vs homomorphic), genes involved (monoallelic, diallelic, polyallelic), site of expression (stigmatic, stylar, ovarian), and pollen cytology (binucleate, trinucleate). The document also covers the physiological mechanisms of self-incompatibility and its importance for plant breeding through promoting outcrossing and facilitating hybrid seed production.
Seed refers to a fertilized ovule containing an embryo that can develop into a new plant. Scientifically, seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule covered by a seed coat. There are several types of propagating materials that are also considered seeds, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, and grafts. Seeds are classified into different categories based on their origin and intended use, including nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seeds, with each subsequent category representing a larger scale of multiplication while maintaining genetic and physical purity standards.
This document discusses seed lot sampling techniques. It defines a seed lot and explains that representative sampling is important to obtain accurate test results. There are different types of samples including service samples sent by individuals, official samples taken by inspectors, and certified samples taken by certification agencies using a four step process. Primary samples are drawn from different parts of a seed lot and combined into a composite sample, which is then reduced to a submitted sample for testing. Sampling intensity depends on the size of the seed lot, ranging from sampling each container for small lots to one sample every 700kg for very large lots. Common sampling methods and equipment are also described.
This document discusses crop descriptors, which are standardized descriptions of plant genetic resources that facilitate documentation, management, and exchange of germplasm information. It provides context on the development and purpose of crop descriptors, including:
1) Descriptors allow for accurate documentation of germplasm origins, characteristics, and performance, which is essential for effective conservation and use. Descriptor standards promote compatible documentation systems.
2) Descriptor lists have evolved over time from minimum lists to comprehensive lists with highly discriminating descriptors. They provide internationally recognized guidelines for describing accessions.
3) Descriptors are developed through extensive collaboration and consensus among global experts. They classify data into standardized categories like passport, management, environment, and characterization.
This document provides information about seed germination testing methods. It defines seed germination as the budding of a seed after being planted. Seed germination testing is conducted to predict field performance, obtain planting values, and compare germination rates between seed lots. Common substrates used include paper, sand, and soil. Seeds are placed on or between the layers of these substrates in trays under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. Proper lighting, cleaning, and breaking of dormancy are also required. Germination rates are calculated based on the number of normal seedlings observed over a testing period, usually 7-14 days.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
This document discusses tolerance limits in seed testing. It begins by defining tolerance as the maximum difference between two test results for the same seed lot. Tolerance limits vary depending on the type of test, seed type, and number of tests. There are various applications of tolerances, including comparing tests within and between laboratories. Basic assumptions for using tolerances are that the seed lot and samples are homogeneous and randomly selected. Tolerances are applied both within laboratories and externally, such as for certification and seed law enforcement. Examples are provided for using tolerance tables to evaluate purity analysis and germination test results.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
This document summarizes the inflorescence, flowers, seed formation, and seed parts of pearl millet plants. It describes that pearl millet has a panicle inflorescence that can take different shapes and contains spikelets with 2-4 flowers. Each flower has staminate and hermaphrodite forms. Pollination occurs through the wind and is protogynous. Seeds form in a caryopsis and vary in shape, color, and size depending on their position in the panicle. Seed development progresses through stages until maturity.
This document discusses seed sampling procedures. It defines key terms like seed lot, sample, and sampling. There are different types of sampling including primary, composite, submitted, and working samples. Sampling methods can be mechanical using equipment like triers, or done by hand. The objectives are to obtain a representative sample of a seed lot. Proper sampling intensity and equipment selection is important, as is following precautions to ensure an unbiased sample.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
1. The document provides information on seed viability testing procedures conducted in a laboratory, including objectives of seed testing, roles of seed testing laboratories, and methods for purity testing, germination testing, and moisture content determination.
2. Key steps outlined include mixing and dividing samples, analyzing sample purity through identification of pure seeds and contaminants, and conducting germination tests using various apparatus to identify normal and abnormal seedlings.
3. Procedures for determining seed moisture content using either air oven drying or moisture meters are also described.
Maintenance breeding deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed and genetic purity of crop varieties. It involves selecting high quality plants, growing them in isolated fields, and removing off-type plants to prevent genetic deterioration over time. The document outlines procedures for maintaining nucleus seed stocks of new and established varieties, including harvesting individual plants, growing progeny in isolated double rows, and discarding any off-type plants before harvest. It also describes maintaining parental lines of hybrid crops through hand pollination and growing inbred lines in isolated fields with rogueing.
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
The document discusses the stages of seed development from formation of reproductive organs to maturation. It describes the processes of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis which lead to the development of embryo sac and pollen grains. Pollination and fertilization occur, followed by embryogenesis and storage tissue formation as starch, fat, and proteins are deposited in the developing seed. Proper nutrition and irrigation are important for seed development and maturity is reached when seeds reach maximum dry weight and viability. Harvesting before or after physiological maturity can impact seed quality and storage potential.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
The document outlines seed certification procedures, which ensure quality seeds for farmers. Seed certification verifies genetic identity and purity, germination rates, and freedom from diseases. It involves registering seed producers, inspecting seed fields for standards, processing and testing seeds, and issuing certificates for certified seeds. The goal is to provide high-quality seeds of improved varieties to increase crop production.
Seed processing is a vital part of ensuring high quality seed for end users. It includes cleaning, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage. The goals of seed processing are to reduce bulk, increase longevity by drying to a safe moisture level and treating with protectants, reduce variability in vigor, and improve uniformity in size and shape. The sequence of operations typically includes drying, receiving, pre-cleaning, conditioning, cleaning, separating, treating, weighing, bagging, and storage or shipping. Processing aims to separate inert materials and weed seeds from the seed lot while upgrading quality by eliminating damaged or low vigor seeds to obtain a high percentage of pure seed with maximum germination potential.
This document discusses self-incompatibility in plants. It begins by defining self-incompatibility and providing examples of plants that exhibit this trait. It then describes the different types of self-incompatibility, including those based on flower morphology (heteromorphic vs homomorphic), genes involved (monoallelic, diallelic, polyallelic), site of expression (stigmatic, stylar, ovarian), and pollen cytology (binucleate, trinucleate). The document also covers the physiological mechanisms of self-incompatibility and its importance for plant breeding through promoting outcrossing and facilitating hybrid seed production.
Seed refers to a fertilized ovule containing an embryo that can develop into a new plant. Scientifically, seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule covered by a seed coat. There are several types of propagating materials that are also considered seeds, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, and grafts. Seeds are classified into different categories based on their origin and intended use, including nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seeds, with each subsequent category representing a larger scale of multiplication while maintaining genetic and physical purity standards.
This document discusses seed lot sampling techniques. It defines a seed lot and explains that representative sampling is important to obtain accurate test results. There are different types of samples including service samples sent by individuals, official samples taken by inspectors, and certified samples taken by certification agencies using a four step process. Primary samples are drawn from different parts of a seed lot and combined into a composite sample, which is then reduced to a submitted sample for testing. Sampling intensity depends on the size of the seed lot, ranging from sampling each container for small lots to one sample every 700kg for very large lots. Common sampling methods and equipment are also described.
This document discusses crop descriptors, which are standardized descriptions of plant genetic resources that facilitate documentation, management, and exchange of germplasm information. It provides context on the development and purpose of crop descriptors, including:
1) Descriptors allow for accurate documentation of germplasm origins, characteristics, and performance, which is essential for effective conservation and use. Descriptor standards promote compatible documentation systems.
2) Descriptor lists have evolved over time from minimum lists to comprehensive lists with highly discriminating descriptors. They provide internationally recognized guidelines for describing accessions.
3) Descriptors are developed through extensive collaboration and consensus among global experts. They classify data into standardized categories like passport, management, environment, and characterization.
This document provides information about seed germination testing methods. It defines seed germination as the budding of a seed after being planted. Seed germination testing is conducted to predict field performance, obtain planting values, and compare germination rates between seed lots. Common substrates used include paper, sand, and soil. Seeds are placed on or between the layers of these substrates in trays under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. Proper lighting, cleaning, and breaking of dormancy are also required. Germination rates are calculated based on the number of normal seedlings observed over a testing period, usually 7-14 days.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
This document discusses tolerance limits in seed testing. It begins by defining tolerance as the maximum difference between two test results for the same seed lot. Tolerance limits vary depending on the type of test, seed type, and number of tests. There are various applications of tolerances, including comparing tests within and between laboratories. Basic assumptions for using tolerances are that the seed lot and samples are homogeneous and randomly selected. Tolerances are applied both within laboratories and externally, such as for certification and seed law enforcement. Examples are provided for using tolerance tables to evaluate purity analysis and germination test results.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
02 designing of experiments and analysis of data in plant genetic resource ma...Indranil Bhattacharjee
This document discusses experimental design considerations for plant genetic resource evaluation trials. Such trials aim to identify promising new germplasm by comparing test treatments (new selections) to control treatments (existing varieties). Key challenges include limited seed availability and a large number of accessions to test. Augmented designs are commonly used, with test treatments unreplicated and controls replicated in blocks. Indices are developed to objectively compare test and control yields while accounting for spatial heterogeneity. Multivariate analysis and genetic distance measures can further characterize genetic diversity among accessions. Combined analysis of multi-location trials tests for genotype by environment interaction and identifies broadly adaptable lines.
This document summarizes different methods for testing genetically modified (GM) seed and trait purity, including DNA-based, protein-based, and bioassay methods. DNA-based methods include endpoint PCR, real-time PCR, and other technologies to detect the presence of GM DNA. Protein-based methods include lateral flow strip tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect GM proteins. Bioassays involve growing seeds in controlled conditions and observing for trait expression. The document provides details on ELISA tests, lateral flow strips, electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and considerations for calculating and expressing testing results.
3 - SamplingTechVarious sampling techniques are employedniques(new1430).pptgharkaacer
In the context of medicine, "medical sampling" generally refers to the collection of biological materials or data for analysis, diagnosis, or research purposes. Various sampling techniques are employed to ensure the integrity and representativeness of the samples. Here are some common medical sampling techniques:
Blood Sampling: One of the most common medical sampling techniques, it involves drawing blood from a vein, usually using a needle. This method is used for countless diagnostic tests, from basic blood counts to more complex disease markers.
Urine Sampling: Urine can be collected randomly or at specific times (e.g., first morning sample, 24-hour urine collection) to assess kidney function, detect metabolic products, and diagnose diseases.
Tissue Biopsy: This involves extracting a small piece of tissue from the body for examination under a microscope. Biopsies can be performed on various body parts, including the skin, liver, and kidneys, to diagnose cancer and other diseases.
Contoh Protokol Validasi Metode Analisis Mikrobiologi #1Guide_Consulting
Contoh Protokol Validasi Metode Analisis Mikrobiologi untuk metode alternatif.
Untuk mendapat file nya silahkan kirimkan email beserta data (nama, perusahaan, alamat email, no telp) ke Guide Consulting | info@traininglaboratorium.com
Grow-out tests are used to determine the genetic purity of a seed lot by comparing plant growth to a standard sample. Samples of at least 400 plants are grown out and any off-types are identified by differences in distinguishing characters compared to the control. Results are reported as the percentage of off-types found, and lots containing over the maximum permissible percentage outlined in standards are considered impure. Proper procedures must be followed in conducting the tests, including using a control sample, standard agronomic practices, and examining plants throughout growth to identify any off-types.
This document summarizes advances in seed testing technologies for major crops. It discusses the history and concepts of seed testing, including assessing genetic purity, physical purity, physiological quality, and seed health. Modern methods like molecular markers, image analysis, and spectral imaging provide non-destructive, quick, and highly accurate testing compared to traditional techniques. These advances allow for improved evaluation of seed quality attributes and performance.
This document provides an overview of types and characteristics of field trials for evaluating crop varieties. It discusses the main types of variety trials, including progeny trials, observation trials, national/regional trials, on-farm trials, and demonstrations. For each type of trial, the document outlines their objectives, design considerations, and management practices. It also covers best practices for conducting variety trials, such as selecting trial sites, layout, data collection, and analysis. The overall purpose is to help researchers and technicians properly design and implement variety trials to effectively evaluate new crop varieties.
Natural variation in cannabis composition can cause huge differences in potency between plants, between different buds from the same plant, and even within the same bud. In addition to the natural variation which presents high levels of non-homogeneity and hinders accurate potency testing, there is very little standardization in how different labs test for potency. Labs use different diagnostic equipment, varying testing protocols and each has its own measurements of uncertainty. It is highly likely that lab results will differ from one another.
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a scientific method used in drug discovery that allows researchers to quickly test millions of chemical, genetic, or pharmacological compounds using robotics, detectors, and other automated tools. The key tool is a microtiter plate containing hundreds to thousands of wells, each with a different compound. Automated systems transfer plates between stations for mixing, incubation, and analysis to generate large amounts of experimental data. Effective experimental design, quality control, and data analysis methods are needed to identify meaningful results, or "hits", from large HTS datasets. Recent advances allow screening millions of reactions much faster and with less reagent volume than before.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Seed sampling, seed lot, types of samples, principles and procedures of seed sampling, sampling intensity, types of sampling devices, types of seed divider
This document discusses guidelines for conducting morphological tests to assess varietal purity and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) for plant variety registration. It outlines procedures for grow-out tests, including sampling methodology, field layout, observation criteria, and data analysis. The key aspects covered are distinguishing variety characteristics, minimum sample sizes, isolation distances, generation systems, and national test guideline recommendations for important crops to standardize DUS testing.
The document discusses biological assays and their importance in experimental pharmacology. It explains that biological assays can be used to screen extracts and materials for cytotoxic effects through cell culture assays. The assays allow rapid screening of many substances. Some key points made in the document include:
- Cell culture assays play an important role in drug research by allowing quick analysis of drug responses while reducing animal testing.
- Assays measure the rate of cell growth and proliferation in response to test substances added to cell lines.
- Biological assays provide preliminary data on drug efficacy and toxicity before moving to more comprehensive in vivo studies.
The document outlines the key elements of a bioequivalence study protocol, including:
1. The objective is to show that the test and reference drug products have similar bioavailability when administered at the same dose.
2. The study design typically involves both fasting and fed conditions, uses a crossover or parallel group design, and involves pharmacokinetic analysis of blood samples taken over time.
3. Subject selection criteria aim to minimize variability through screening and exclusion of those with health issues that could impact drug absorption.
This document describes various breeding methods used for cross-pollinated crops, including population improvement methods with and without progeny testing. Population improvement methods aim to increase the frequency of desirable alleles in a population. Methods without progeny testing include mass selection and its modifications like detasseling or panmixis. Methods with progeny testing involve evaluating progeny rows, including half-sib family selection using the ear-to-row method and full-sib family selection. Recurrent selection can further improve populations over multiple cycles.
The document discusses seed sampling and testing procedures. It explains that obtaining a representative sample is crucial, as test results can only reflect the quality of the sample. It describes different types of samples taken from a seed lot, including primary samples, composite samples, submitted samples, and working samples. The document outlines equipment and methods used for sampling, including deep bin samplers, triers, and hand sampling. It discusses dividing samples for testing in the laboratory and storing samples. Finally, it summarizes seed testing objectives and procedures, including receiving samples, moisture testing, preparing working samples, conducting routine tests, and maintaining records.
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2. As a rule, the seed testing results must be accurate and
reproducible within comparable limits.
However, the results obtained at two different seed testing
laboratories may vary, although the same rules are followed.
Various factors affecting variability are as follows:
1. Heterogeneity of seed lots.
2. Sampling and Equipment.
3. Experience of seed analyst.
4. Experimental conditions
Testing method itself
Lab environment etc…
3. Heterogeneity of seed lots:
This is the most important cause of variation.
No two samples taken from the same container or the same lot
of seeds are likely to be identical.
Inadequate mixing or blending interferes with random
distribution and therefore lowers the chances of getting a
representative sample from seed lot.
Tendency towards stratification of particles due to varying
densities during filling, stacking and transportation of seed
containers can lead to sample variations.
4. Heterogeneity is calculated by using the formula
H= V%W -1
V=actual variance of the samples in respect of the
attribute tested.
W=expected variance of the sample
W=x (100-x) % n
X= measurement in any bag sample of the attribute under
test, e,g. purity per cent, germination per cent.
X= mean of x value (=Σx % n).
n= number of bag samples taken.
V= n(Σx2
) - (Σx)2
%n(n-1)
5. Also, genetic heterogeneity, variability in soil and
degree of pest and disease incidence during seed
maturation combined with variations in operations
during harvesting, drying and conditioning.
These are some of the major causes of heterogeneity
in a seed lot.
Utmost care in seed sampling is therefore of crucial
importance.
6. Detective sampling, substandard equipment and
uncontrolled differences in the application of test
procedures are the other important sources of
variation in test results.
If larger the sample size, smaller the random-
sampling variation.
7. Expertise of analysts making and/or reporting the test
results vary. This may also lead to variation.
It should be the endeavor of all seed analysts in the
seed laboratory to stick to the procedure prescribed in
the rules of seed testing.
This would help in bringing uniformity, accuracy and
reproducibility in test results
8. The Seed Standards consists of the following:
a) The minimum percentage of pure seed, and weed
seeds have been prescribed for ensuring good
physical purity of seeds.
b) The maximum permissible limits for objectionable
weeds have been prescribed to ensure relative
freedom from these very harmful weed species.
c) The maximum permissible limits for seeds infected
by seed-borne diseases have been fixed to ensure
good seed health.
9. d) The maximum permissible limits of the seeds of
other distinguishable varieties have been prescribed
to ensure minimum standards of genetic purity.
In the case of hybrid seeds, produced by methods
employing hand pollination, or in certain crops the
genetic purity verification requirements through a
grow-out test have also been prescribed to ensure
minimum genetic purity standards.
10. In case of seedless watermelon, determination of
ploidy level by ploidy test has been prescribed to
ensure seedless watermelon.
e) The maximum permissible limits for moisture
content have been prescribed for the safe storage of
seeds.
11. Crop Pure
Seed
Min.
(%)
Inert
matter
(%)
Maximum permissible level Minimum
Permissible
Limit
Germin
ation
count
days
Germ
inatio
n
Moisture
O.C.S.
(No.s/k
g)
O.D.V
(No.s/kg)
O.W.S.
(No.s/k
g)
F C F C F C CB VP 1st 2n
d
Paddy 98 2 10 20 0.05 0.2 10 20 80 13 8 5 14
Jowar 98 2 5 10 10 20 5 10 75 12 8 4 10
Maize
Hybrids
98 2 - 10 - 10 - - 90 12 8 - -
Single
crosses
98 2 5 - 5 - - - 80 12 8 4 7
Inbreds,
compos
98 2 5 - 5 - - - 80 12 8 - -
14. Definition:
A tolerance is the maximum difference between two test results.
When carrying out more than one purity or germination test, using
different replicates or samples of the same lot of seed one would
not expect the result of each test to be exactly same.
Such variation between individual tests of observations made on
biological material & to a certain extent is quite acceptable.
The difference is may be due to errors in sampling and/or testing.
15. The tolerance limits vary depending on:
The type of test (e.g. purity or germination)
The type of seed (e.g. chaffy vs non-chaffy seed)
The number of tests
The level of purity or germination
16. : Application of Tolerances:
The various tolerances used in connection with the
rules for seed testing are:
1. Comparison of two tests of the same submitted
sample in the laboratory.
2. Comparison of two tests of the same submitted
sample in different laboratories.
3. Comparison of two tests in the same laboratory of
two different submitted samples from the same lot
4. Comparison of tests in different laboratories of two
different samples from the same lot.
17. Procedure of using Tolerances:
Calculate the average of two results to be compared(only 2 results –
purity test, 4 replicate results-germination test)
Find the average value in the first column and the tolerance will be
found opposite in the column corresponding to the type of test (e.g.
in purity tests chaffy vs non-chaffy ;or the number of tests) (in
germination tests 3or 4 replicates).
If the difference between any 2 tests is greater than the tolerance
shown in the table, the results are out of tolerance.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. Importance:
It is important to mention here that the tolerances should not
be confused with allowances (permissible limits) for labeling
of seeds.
The tolerances are provided to take care of the unavoidable
variation in seed testing results and they are not to be applied
prior to labeling by adding them to the results found by test.
The tolerance should never be used for the purpose of
permitting labelling to show higher quality than is actually
found by the test.
23. Definition:
A sampling plan in which an undetermined number of samples
are tested one by one, accumulating the results until a decision
can be made.
Sequential sampling is a non-probability sampling technique
wherein the researcher picks a single or a group of samples in
a given time interval, conducts his study, analyzes the results
then picks another group of samples if needed and so on.
This sampling technique gives the researcher limitless chances
of fine tuning his research methods and gaining a vital insight
into the study that he is currently pursuing.
24. If we are to consider all the other sampling techniques
in research, we will all come to a conclusion that
the experiment and the data analysis will either boil
down to accepting the null hypothesis or disproving the
null hypothesis while accepting the alternative
hypothesis.
In sequential sampling technique, there exists another
step, a third option.
25. The researcher can accept the null hypothesis, accept
his alternative hypothesis, or select another pool of
samples and conduct the experiment once again.
This entails that the researcher can obtain limitless
number of samples before finally making a decision
whether to accept his null or alternative hypothesis.
26. The researcher has a limitless option when it comes to sample
size and sampling schedule. The sample size can be relatively
small of excessively large depending on the decision making
of the researcher.
Sampling schedule is also completely dependent to the
researcher since a second group of samples can only be
obtained after conducting the experiment to the initial group
of samples.
As mentioned above, this sampling technique enables the
researcher to fine-tune his research methods and results
analysis.
27. Due to the repetitive nature of this sampling method,
minor changes and adjustments can be done during the
initial parts of the study to correct and done the
research method.
There is very little effort in the part of the researcher
when performing this sampling technique.
It is not expensive, not time consuming and not
workforce extensive.
28. This sampling method is hardly representative of the
entire population.
Its only hope of approaching representativeness is
when the researcher chose to use a very large sample
size significant enough to represent a big fraction of the
entire population.
The sampling technique is also hardly randomized.
29. This contributes to the very little degree
representativeness of the sampling technique.
Due to the aforementioned disadvantages, results from
this sampling technique cannot be used to create
conclusions and interpretations pertaining to the
entire population.
30. Poorly-, intermediate- and well-mixed batches of lucerne (Medicago sativa) and rape
seed were tested for heterogeneity with respect to indicator seeds (seeds identical to
the principal seed but marked for easy detection).
Lucerne seed was also tested for heterogeneity with respect to seeds of curled dock
(Rumex crispus), wild mustard (Brassica kaber) and prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus
graecizans).
Two controllable variables were critical to the outcome of a heterogeneity test. Small
numbers in either category can lead to wrong declarations of homogeneity in lots that
are truly heterogeneous.
It is suggested that indicator seed heterogeneity test results can be used as a reliable
predictor of heterogeneity.
Niffenegger et.al.
Title: Factors affecting the outcome and usefulness of seed heterogeneity tests.
Source: Journal of Seed Technology. 1989. 13: 2, 150-168. 21 ref.
31. conclusion
In practice, even if bulking and mixing are done carefully it is
virtually impossible to obtain a completely homogeneous seed lot, so
sampling variation can occur. For this tolerances are fixed for each
attribute( to be tested) which will ensure the acceptance of certain
samples up to the level tolerance. So that the seed analyst should
take utmost care during seed testing at every stage will the reduce
the variation in seed testing results.