Physical purity analysis tells us the proportion of pure seed component in the seed lot as well as the proportion of other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage for which Seed Standards have been prescribed.
Thus, it helps in:
Improving the plant stand (by increasing the pure seed component).
Raising a pure crop (by eliminating other crop seed and weed seeds).
Raising a disease free-crop (by eliminating inert matter).
In the use of seed drill (by selecting uniform particles).
Physical purity analysis tells us the proportion of pure seed component in the seed lot as well as the proportion of other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage for which Seed Standards have been prescribed.
Thus, it helps in:
Improving the plant stand (by increasing the pure seed component).
Raising a pure crop (by eliminating other crop seed and weed seeds).
Raising a disease free-crop (by eliminating inert matter).
In the use of seed drill (by selecting uniform particles).
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
As, seed is an key aspect for farmers and grower or producers, thus supply of quality seed and maintenance of seed standards became a matter of core importance. And seed testing in this sector plays a major role in describes procedures intended to characterize the physiological, genetic, and physical attributes of seed and enable informed decisions during research and development, seed production, and along supply chains and trade.
Here is an presentation elaborating about the seed quality testing and parameter involved.
Pureline and Mass selection methods of plant breedingNeha Kakade
Plant breeding is the process of manipulating plant species in order to create desired traits, such as increased yield, disease resistance, or improved nutritional content. It involves careful selection and crossing of plants with desirable characteristics over several generations to achieve the desired outcome. Introduction to pureline selection, characteristics of pureline, history, applications of pureline selection, general procedure of pureline selection, advantages and disadvantages of pureline selection, achievements.
Introduction to mass selection, applications of mass selection, Procedure of mass selection, merits of mass selection, demerits of mass selection, achievements of mass selection, difference between mass and pureline selection.
In pureline a large number of plants are selected from a self pollinated crop and are harvested individually, individual plant progenies from them are then evaluated, and the best progeny is released as a pureline variety. Therefore pureline selection is also known as individual plant selection.
In mass selection, a large number of plantsof similar phenotype are selected and their seeds are mixed together to constitute the new variety.
Mass selection is used for improvement of local varieties. Also used for purification of existing purelines.
Mass selection is a plant breeding method where plants with desirable traits are selected and allowed to interbreed to produce the next generation. It's a relatively simple approach, often used in the early stages of breeding programs to improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, or adaptation to specific environments. However, it may not be as precise or efficient as other breeding methods, such as pedigree selection or molecular breeding techniques.
Pureline selection is a breeding method focused on selecting and propagating individual plants that consistently exhibit desirable traits from generation to generation. It involves isolating plants with specific characteristics and allowing them to self-pollinate, ensuring genetic uniformity within the resulting offspring. This method is particularly effective for traits controlled by single genes and is commonly used to develop pure, uniform varieties in crops.
A brief Study on Quality Control Attributes of Agricultural Inputs (seeds and...Md. Kamaruzzaman
Bangladesh is primarily an agriculture based country with agriculture accounting for 23.50% of the country’s GDP. About 62% of the people are engaged in agricultural product. Previous some decades Bangladesh is importing huge amount of rice, vegetables, fruits seed including hybrid variety and fertilizer from foreign countries. In Bangladesh only 10% of seeds used for crop production are produced by the government or semi government organizations. The rest (90%) of total requirements of the country are met by the farmer’s own seed of unknown quality with respect to quality and health standard. As many as quality less and 490 seed-borne diseases affecting the seed of 76 different important crops are established in the country and these cause yield losses annually. On the other hand adulated fertilizer may responsible for economic loose with decreasing soil fertility. Poor or quality less fertilizer has significant effect on our overall production. So, role of seed quality and fertilizers are vice versa. Development of quick and cheap earthen dish-newsprint technique of seed and fertilizer quality determination by using physical and chemicals methods have been described. Measures to overcome the activity, problems are discussed in this report. Standard storage condition both seeds and fertilizers are discussed.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
A brief introduction to Agronomy- etymology, meaning, definition, principles of agronomy, and the relation of agronomy with other branches of agriculture.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. SEED TESTING
• Seed testing is the cornerstone of all other seed technologies.
• It is the means by which we measure the viability and all the physical factors that
regulate the use and maintenance of seeds. Everything that is done with seeds
should have some test information to guide the work and ensure high quality.
• Seed tests tell if a crop of seeds is worth collecting, if handling procedures are
correct, and how many potential seedlings are available for regeneration.
• Seed testing is the science of evaluating the planting value of seed.
• Seed quality in India is legally controlled by the Seed Act, 1966.
3. • The seed Act is enforced by Govt. of India through the Central Ministry of
Agriculture and Co-operation and State Department of Agriculture.
According to this Act all the seeds of notified varieties / kinds when sold to
farmers must meet the minimum standard of germination, genetic purity
and physical purity.
• The seed should be packed in a suitable container and a label has to be
affixed on the container. Information about germination, physical purity,
variety, date of test and name of the seed producer has to be given on the
label.
• The germination as given on the label is valid for 9 months and after which it
has to be revalidated.
4. Objectives of seed testing
• To determine their quality, that is, their suitability for planting.
• To identify seed quality problems and their probable cause.
• To determine the need for drying and processing and specific procedures
that should be used.
• To determine if seed meets established quality standards or labelling
specifications.
• To establish quality and provide a basis for price and consumer
discrimination among lots in the market.
5. Seed Testing Laboratory
• The seed testing laboratory is the hub of seed quality control. Seed testing
services are required from time to time to gain information regarding
planting value of seed lots. To carry out these responsibilities effectively, it is
necessary that seed testing laboratories are established, manned and
equipped in a manner such that whatever samples are received could be
analyzed in the least possible time, so that the seed quality control work and
the need of seed industry are effectively met.
6.
7. • Routine tests in STL
o Purity
o Germination
o Moisture
• Types of samples received at STL
o Service sample - Sample received from the farmers
o Certified sample - Sample received from certification agencies or officers
o Official sample - Sample received from the seed inspectors.
8. Principle of Seed sampling
• Sample is obtained from seed lot by taking small portion at random from
different places and combining them.
• From this sample smaller samples are obtained by one or more stages.
• In each and every stage thorough mixing and dividing is necessary.
9. Methods of sampling
A. Hand sampling
This is followed for sampling the non free flowing seeds or chaffy and fuzzy
seeds such as cotton, tomato, grass seeds etc.,
• In this method it is very difficult to take samples from the deeper layers or
bag.
• To over come this, bags are emptied completely or partly and then seed
samples are taken.
• While removing the samples from the containers, care should be taken to
close the fingers tightly so that no seeds escape
10.
11. B. Sampling with triers
By using appropriate triers, samples can be taken from bags or from bulk.
a) Bin samplers
Used for drawing samples from the lots stored in the bins.
b) Nobbe trier
• The name was given after Fredrick Nobbe father of seed testing.
• This trier is made in different dimensions to suit various kinds of seeds.
• It has a pointed tube long enough to reach the centre of the bag with an oval slot
near the pointed end.
• The length is very small.
• This is suitable for sampling seeds in bag not in bulk.
c) Sleeve type triers or stick triers
It is the most commonly used trier for sampling: There are two types viz.,
• 1. with compartments 2. Without compartments.
12. Types of samples
1. Primary sample
Each probe or handful of sample taken either in bag or in bulk is called primary
sample.
2. Composite sample
All the primary samples drawn are combined together in suitable container to form
a composite sample.
3. Submitted sample
When the composite sample is properly reduced to the required size that to be
submitted to the seed testing lab, it is called submitted sample. Submitted sample
of requisite weight or more is obtained by repeated halving or by abstracting and
subsequently combining small random portions.
4. Working sample
It is the reduced sample required weight obtained from the submitted sample on
which the quantity tests are conducted in seed testing lab.
13. Purity Test
• A purity test is conducted on approximately 2,500 seeds which are broken
down into four components: Pure seed, Other crop seed, Weed seed, and
Inert matter. The components are then weighed from which percentages are
calculated. The percentage is based on the weight of each component, not
the number of seeds.
• Information on actual seed lot composition is important; purity analysis
serves as a guideline to determine the necessity of further cleaning. During
purity analysis, each ‘pure’ seed fraction from the working sample is
separated from the inert matter and other seeds.
14. WARM GERMINATION
The Warm germination test is used to determine under optimum conditions,
the percentage of seed able to germinate in a given lot.
What Do the Results Mean? Results are reported as a percentage, which
represents the number of seedlings categorized as normal out of the 400 seed
test. During analysis, the technician records the number of normal, abnormal
and dead seedlings. A good warm germ result is 93% or higher. The
germination percent is used for tagging and labeling purposes as determined
by state, national and international seed law.
15. What Technique is Used?
• Rolled Towel Method: The technician layers one heavy weight (76#) towel, one light
weight (38#) towel and a sheet of waterproof paper. 400 seeds are laid on towels; 4-8
reps, depending on the crop. The rolled towels are placed in germination baskets,
and placed in the germinator for the applicable length of time by crop. The towels
remain in the germinator at 25ºC (77ºF) for 6 days (corn), 7 days (soybeans), 7 days
(sorghum), and 20ºC (68ºF) for 7 days for wheat and small grains. Seedlings are
evaluated on the final day.
* Small seeds, forbes, natives, wildflowers and vegetables are handled separately - planted,
grown and evaluated according to the protocols specific to the species.
17. VIGOUR TEST
• Test results are mainly used as a quality assurance tool to rank seed lots for field and/or
storage potential. Vigour tests can help predict:
o Rate and uniformity of seed germination and seedling growth
o Field performance, including extent, rate and uniformity of seedling emergence
o Performance after storage and transport, particularly the retention of germination capacity
Vigour testing is not a substitution for germination testing. Both are tests of seed viability, but
they measure different sides of that coin.
A germination test tells you what percentage of your seed lot will start to grow under ideal
conditions. A vigour test, on the other hand, is an indicator of how that seed will perform under
less than perfect environmental conditions, taking into account the seeds’ genetic constitution,
size, physiological maturity, and any effects related to production and storage the previous
year.
19. Tetrazolium [ T-test ]
• TZ (Tetrazolium) test which provides an estimate of seed viability in a short
amount of time. The TZ test identifies problems associated with damage due
to mechanical, insect, freeze, heat, seed coat checking, disease, immaturity
and sprouting. Although this test is most commonly conducted on soybeans,
sorghum, wheat, barley, corn and oats; it can be performed on any species.
20. • What Technique is Used?
Seeds are pre-conditioned overnight by soaking in water or on a damp
germination towel. 100 seeds are placed in a small container and soaked in a
staining solution and then each container is placed in a germinator at 35ºC
(95ºF) for the appropriate staining period. Each seed is bisected through the
embryo using a razor blade to allow the TZ chemical to stain the embryo.
• What Do the Results Mean?
A TZ test can determine cause and percentage of damage and the TZ score is
most often very close to the warm germination test result. Potential germ is
reported as a % based on normal seeds found.
22. Electrical Conductivity Test
• This test is used to determine when seed should be planted, and applies
mainly to pulses and large seeded legumes, but can also be used on canola.
• The test evaluates the integrity of cell membranes and their ability to repair
themselves during the “soak period.” Seed is soaked in de-ionized water for
a short period of time, allowing sugars, starches and amino acids to leach
from the seed.
• The higher the conductivity value of the soak water, the lower the vigour.
Seed with high E.C. values should be used with caution.
24. Seedling Growth Rate Test
• This test is closely related to the standard germination test and is useful to figure out
field planting potential under optimal or near ideal conditions.
• Seeds are planted under optimum conditions and are allowed to grow for an
extended period of time, usually several days past the typical germination period.
The seedlings are evaluated by their growth characteristics, such as stem length, leaf
development or root branching.
• The measurements determining strong or poor vigour are highly dependant on the
particular cultivar being tested. Some varieties of lentil, for example, may naturally
be longer than others. It means our seed analysts have to get very familiar with a lot
of different growth characteristics!
25. X-RADIOGRAPHY
• X-ray based imaging provides a method for the non-invasive analysis of the
internal structures of seeds. Already shortly after the discovery of X-rays by
Röntgen in 1895, the technology was applied to seeds. Lundström (1903) was
the first to use X-rays to analyse coniferous tree seeds.
26. • The principle of the technique is based on differential absorption of X-rays by seed
tissues, depending on the thickness, density, and composition of these tissues, in
addition to the wavelength of the radiation.
• Seeds are placed between a low energy source of X-rays and a photosensitive film.
When the X-rays cross through the seed and reach the film, a latent image is created.
• After the film is processed, an image of light and dark shadows is formed, a
permanent image on the X-ray film. Darker areas of the X-ray correspond to the
parts in which the X-rays penetrate more easily, whereas lighter areas represent
denser parts of the seed.
• This same reasoning applies to interpretation of images obtained by digital X-ray
equipment (without use of film), with the advantage of greater speed in acquiring
images and better quality (contrast and resolution).