The document discusses the need for an AIDS vaccine, approaches to developing one, and challenges. It outlines several clinical trials that have been conducted, including tgAAC09 which found the vaccine was generally safe but weakly immunogenic. The MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag/pol/nef vaccine did not prevent HIV infection or reduce virus levels. The RV144 trial found the ALVAC/AIDSVAX regimen was safe and 31.2% effective at preventing HIV infection, representing progress for an HIV vaccine. Developing an effective AIDS vaccine remains difficult due to HIV's ability to evade the immune system.
Over 60 million people have been infected with HIV since 1981, and 39.5 million people are currently living with HIV. There are still around 4.3 million new infections each year, and over 28 million people have died of AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the pandemic. Developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven extremely challenging due to the virus's ability to mutate and evade the immune system. While several vaccine candidates have reached clinical trials, none have yet provided reliable, long-term sterilizing immunity. Continued research efforts aim to develop a vaccine that can eliminate HIV infections and end the pandemic.
HIV Vaccine Research and HIV drugs in the pipeline HIV Vaccine Research and...MedicineAndHealthUSA
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS vaccine research and development efforts. It discusses the global impact of HIV/AIDS, the need for an effective vaccine, the various phases of vaccine development and testing, different vaccine candidates currently being tested including peptide epitopes, viral proteins, and viral vectors, as well as some of the large phase 2 and 3 clinical trials underway. It emphasizes that developing a safe and effective HIV vaccine will require a global collaborative effort.
The development of an HIV vaccine faces significant challenges including viral diversity, establishment of viral reservoirs, and immune evasion. Current vaccine strategies aim to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or enhance cellular immunity through various approaches including recombinant proteins, viral vectors, and DNA vaccines. While two vaccine concepts have undergone efficacy trials, neither provided protective effects. Ongoing research continues through clinical trials evaluating prime-boost regimens combining DNA vaccines and viral vectors.
This document provides an overview of HIV vaccines, including definitions, estimates of herd immunity thresholds for different diseases, types of vaccines, strategies for preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines, and summaries of clinical trials. It discusses DNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, therapeutic vaccine candidates, and the Canadian HIV Vaccines Initiative.
This document summarizes different strategies for developing an HIV vaccine, outlining the challenges and current state of different vaccine types. It discusses how vaccines could potentially prevent or treat HIV infection, and highlights the obstacles like HIV's ability to mutate and target immune cells. Different vaccine types currently in clinical trials are described, including peptides, DNA, live vectors, and recombinant proteins. The largest vaccine trial to date, AIDSVAX, is summarized as stimulating antibodies but not proving effective against HIV.
The document outlines research being conducted at KAVI-ICR on HIV vaccine development. It discusses current global progress including some vaccines that showed efficacy and others that did not. KAVI is conducting several phase 1 clinical trials of vaccine candidates alone or in prime-boost combinations. The goal is to advance candidates that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or durable cellular immune responses to control HIV infection. Challenges include HIV's variability, but replicating viral vectors and designing immunogens to target specific sites on HIV show promise.
Over 60 million people have been infected with HIV since 1981, and 39.5 million people are currently living with HIV. There are still around 4.3 million new infections each year, and over 28 million people have died of AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the pandemic. Developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven extremely challenging due to the virus's ability to mutate and evade the immune system. While several vaccine candidates have reached clinical trials, none have yet provided reliable, long-term sterilizing immunity. Continued research efforts aim to develop a vaccine that can eliminate HIV infections and end the pandemic.
HIV Vaccine Research and HIV drugs in the pipeline HIV Vaccine Research and...MedicineAndHealthUSA
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS vaccine research and development efforts. It discusses the global impact of HIV/AIDS, the need for an effective vaccine, the various phases of vaccine development and testing, different vaccine candidates currently being tested including peptide epitopes, viral proteins, and viral vectors, as well as some of the large phase 2 and 3 clinical trials underway. It emphasizes that developing a safe and effective HIV vaccine will require a global collaborative effort.
The development of an HIV vaccine faces significant challenges including viral diversity, establishment of viral reservoirs, and immune evasion. Current vaccine strategies aim to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or enhance cellular immunity through various approaches including recombinant proteins, viral vectors, and DNA vaccines. While two vaccine concepts have undergone efficacy trials, neither provided protective effects. Ongoing research continues through clinical trials evaluating prime-boost regimens combining DNA vaccines and viral vectors.
This document provides an overview of HIV vaccines, including definitions, estimates of herd immunity thresholds for different diseases, types of vaccines, strategies for preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines, and summaries of clinical trials. It discusses DNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, therapeutic vaccine candidates, and the Canadian HIV Vaccines Initiative.
This document summarizes different strategies for developing an HIV vaccine, outlining the challenges and current state of different vaccine types. It discusses how vaccines could potentially prevent or treat HIV infection, and highlights the obstacles like HIV's ability to mutate and target immune cells. Different vaccine types currently in clinical trials are described, including peptides, DNA, live vectors, and recombinant proteins. The largest vaccine trial to date, AIDSVAX, is summarized as stimulating antibodies but not proving effective against HIV.
The document outlines research being conducted at KAVI-ICR on HIV vaccine development. It discusses current global progress including some vaccines that showed efficacy and others that did not. KAVI is conducting several phase 1 clinical trials of vaccine candidates alone or in prime-boost combinations. The goal is to advance candidates that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or durable cellular immune responses to control HIV infection. Challenges include HIV's variability, but replicating viral vectors and designing immunogens to target specific sites on HIV show promise.
The document discusses malaria, which infects hundreds of millions annually and kills over 1 million people per year, mostly in Africa. It outlines the challenges in developing an effective malaria vaccine, including the parasite's ability to evade the immune system and lack of animal models for testing. Several past and current vaccine candidates are mentioned, including SPf66 (the first field trial vaccine), RTS,S (the most advanced candidate to date), and PfSPZ Vaccine (a whole parasite vaccine showing promise in recent trials). Overall, the document reviews the state of malaria vaccine research and the hurdles remaining in developing a highly effective vaccine.
COVID-19 Vaccines, The Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction, by Igor Shephe...Guy Boulianne
This document discusses the potential use of vaccines and genetic engineering techniques to develop biological weapons. It describes how vaccines could be used to weaken a population's immunity before a secondary biological attack. It also outlines how genetic engineering of pathogens could make them more resistant, toxic, stable and virulent. Projects from Soviet-era bioweapons programs, like Obolensk and Vector, are cited as pursuing techniques like modifying viruses with toxin genes or creating antibiotic-resistant strains. The goals of such research are said to include increasing a pathogen's pathogenicity and creating novel strains with new dangerous properties.
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
This document provides information on 16 COVID-19 vaccine candidates that are currently in clinical trials. It summarizes the design, dosing, and interim results from Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials of mRNA-1273, Ad5-nCoV, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162, and INO-4800 vaccines. The document also lists other candidates in preclinical or early clinical testing phases, including CoronaVac.
De Groot Nova Se Immunology Of Vaccines2009Annie De Groot
Brown University hosted a lecture on vaccine research and development given by Dr. Annie De Groot. The summary discusses:
1) It currently costs $200-500 million to develop a new vaccine, but the market has increased fivefold from 1990-2000 to $8 billion annually.
2) Vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and fight infection without exposure to the pathogen. They include live attenuated, whole killed, subunit, and genetic vaccines.
3) Emerging infectious diseases since 1990 include hantavirus, ehrlichiosis, West Nile virus, SARS, and avian influenza. Preparedness for future pandemics requires vaccines for highly infectious pathogens.
Why is coronavirus a good biological weapon (bioweapon)?
Why is the covid-19 vaccine the ultimate endgame?
Part I of a multi-part PPT on the dangers of covid-19 vaccine.
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
The document discusses SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, describing how the virus infects cells, the immune response it provokes, and the different types of vaccines in development including virus, viral vector, nucleic acid and protein-based vaccines; it provides an overview of the vaccine development process and pipeline as well as the services offered by Creative Biolabs to support SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development.
Vaccine development for COVID-19 is a global race against time. Many public and private organizations are working to develop a vaccine, using different approaches like mRNA, DNA, and viral vectors. Malaysia is also involved through collaboration between IMR, MVP and TIDREC to test a vaccine based on previous coronavirus research. The country is also participating in international solidarity trials of potential drug treatments. Locally, blood plasma from recovered patients is being analyzed for antibodies and may help treat other patients. While plasma therapy shows promise, more controlled studies are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety. The development of an effective vaccine remains a high priority in battling the pandemic.
Manufacturing the COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccine - Group 2KuchealArivalagan
The document discusses the manufacturing process for COVID-19 vaccines. It describes the traditional vaccine development process which uses weakened pathogens versus the novel mRNA vaccine process used for COVID-19 vaccines which uses genetic code to produce antigens. The manufacturing process for vaccines involves fermentation, purification, formulation, filling and packaging. Challenges in developing COVID-19 vaccines include limited worldwide distribution due to cold chain requirements, lack of long term safety and efficacy data for novel mRNA vaccines, and ensuring proper vaccine administration to stimulate immunity.
This document discusses human parasite vaccines. It begins by explaining what vaccines do in stimulating the host's protective immune response. Developing effective parasite vaccines faces challenges including not fully understanding the parasite's life cycle and which stages elicit a protective immune response. Effective vaccines must produce long-lasting protection without boosting and be low-cost, stable, and safe. Progress has been limited for parasite vaccines due to parasites' ability to evade the immune system, uncertainty regarding which antigens stimulate protection, and differences between animal models and human immune responses. Major human parasitic diseases discussed include malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, intestinal protozoa, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis
The document discusses the development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. It outlines the strategies being tested, including RNA, DNA, recombinant protein, and vectored vaccines. Clinical trials are underway to test remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and antibodies from recovered patients. Lessons from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV vaccines indicate the spike protein is a target, but development faces challenges like inducing long-term immunity and protecting older individuals. The production process requires efficacy and safety testing which can prolong time to widespread availability.
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
The document summarizes future generation vaccines and their development. It discusses the need for vaccines against HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, dengue, and meningococcal diseases. For each disease, it outlines the disease burden, current vaccine development efforts including clinical trials, and the roles of organizations like WHO and PATH in accelerating vaccine development. The largest and most advanced vaccine clinical trials mentioned are for RTS,S malaria vaccine and Dengvaxia dengue vaccine.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
This presentation summarizes the current prospects of vaccines in Bangladesh. It discusses the history of vaccine development, how vaccines work, examples of vaccines available in Bangladesh, and new vaccines under development. Recent developments in Bangladesh include introducing a new combination vaccine to prevent child pneumonia and meningitis. Future prospects include edible vaccines using transgenic plants, DNA vaccines, and recombinant protein vaccines offering improved safety, efficacy and cost effectiveness over current vaccines. Limitations of current vaccines include only preventing single diseases and having some adverse reactions and stability issues.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on biotechnology-based therapeutics and vaccines. It begins with an introduction to the top selling vaccines in 2012. It then recaps the concepts of vaccine immunology covered in a previous course, including the principles of vaccination and types of classical and modern vaccines. Various modern vaccine technologies are discussed in more detail, including recombinant live vector vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, anti-idiotype vaccines, synthetic peptide-based vaccines, DNA vaccines, and edible vaccines. Limitations of traditional vaccines and advantages of modern approaches are also summarized.
The document is the 2008 National Antibiotic Guideline published by the Ministry of Health Malaysia. It provides guidelines for appropriate antibiotic use and treatment of various infections. It contains sections on adult infections covering various body systems and patient populations, as well as pediatric infections and tropical diseases. It was created by a large committee of specialists and experts to promote quality antibiotic use and combat antibiotic resistance in Malaysia.
1) A study found that earlier antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation significantly reduced HIV transmission between couples.
2) Modeling by the CDC showed that accelerating ART scale-up in Kenya to treat 900,000 people by 2015 could reduce new HIV infections by 31% and lower costs compared to the current approach.
3) For Kenya to achieve these benefits, guidelines and budgets need to be updated to accelerate treatment scale-up, including treating all serodiscordant couples and pregnant/nursing women, starting new and more effective drugs, and initiating ART earlier.
The document discusses malaria, which infects hundreds of millions annually and kills over 1 million people per year, mostly in Africa. It outlines the challenges in developing an effective malaria vaccine, including the parasite's ability to evade the immune system and lack of animal models for testing. Several past and current vaccine candidates are mentioned, including SPf66 (the first field trial vaccine), RTS,S (the most advanced candidate to date), and PfSPZ Vaccine (a whole parasite vaccine showing promise in recent trials). Overall, the document reviews the state of malaria vaccine research and the hurdles remaining in developing a highly effective vaccine.
COVID-19 Vaccines, The Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction, by Igor Shephe...Guy Boulianne
This document discusses the potential use of vaccines and genetic engineering techniques to develop biological weapons. It describes how vaccines could be used to weaken a population's immunity before a secondary biological attack. It also outlines how genetic engineering of pathogens could make them more resistant, toxic, stable and virulent. Projects from Soviet-era bioweapons programs, like Obolensk and Vector, are cited as pursuing techniques like modifying viruses with toxin genes or creating antibiotic-resistant strains. The goals of such research are said to include increasing a pathogen's pathogenicity and creating novel strains with new dangerous properties.
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
This document provides information on 16 COVID-19 vaccine candidates that are currently in clinical trials. It summarizes the design, dosing, and interim results from Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials of mRNA-1273, Ad5-nCoV, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162, and INO-4800 vaccines. The document also lists other candidates in preclinical or early clinical testing phases, including CoronaVac.
De Groot Nova Se Immunology Of Vaccines2009Annie De Groot
Brown University hosted a lecture on vaccine research and development given by Dr. Annie De Groot. The summary discusses:
1) It currently costs $200-500 million to develop a new vaccine, but the market has increased fivefold from 1990-2000 to $8 billion annually.
2) Vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and fight infection without exposure to the pathogen. They include live attenuated, whole killed, subunit, and genetic vaccines.
3) Emerging infectious diseases since 1990 include hantavirus, ehrlichiosis, West Nile virus, SARS, and avian influenza. Preparedness for future pandemics requires vaccines for highly infectious pathogens.
Why is coronavirus a good biological weapon (bioweapon)?
Why is the covid-19 vaccine the ultimate endgame?
Part I of a multi-part PPT on the dangers of covid-19 vaccine.
Vaccines (Immunotherapy) along with COVID-19 Overview, Types of Vaccines, Adjuvants, Antigen Uptake Mechanism, COVID-19 Mechanism Of Action, and much more.
The document discusses SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, describing how the virus infects cells, the immune response it provokes, and the different types of vaccines in development including virus, viral vector, nucleic acid and protein-based vaccines; it provides an overview of the vaccine development process and pipeline as well as the services offered by Creative Biolabs to support SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development.
Vaccine development for COVID-19 is a global race against time. Many public and private organizations are working to develop a vaccine, using different approaches like mRNA, DNA, and viral vectors. Malaysia is also involved through collaboration between IMR, MVP and TIDREC to test a vaccine based on previous coronavirus research. The country is also participating in international solidarity trials of potential drug treatments. Locally, blood plasma from recovered patients is being analyzed for antibodies and may help treat other patients. While plasma therapy shows promise, more controlled studies are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety. The development of an effective vaccine remains a high priority in battling the pandemic.
Manufacturing the COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccine - Group 2KuchealArivalagan
The document discusses the manufacturing process for COVID-19 vaccines. It describes the traditional vaccine development process which uses weakened pathogens versus the novel mRNA vaccine process used for COVID-19 vaccines which uses genetic code to produce antigens. The manufacturing process for vaccines involves fermentation, purification, formulation, filling and packaging. Challenges in developing COVID-19 vaccines include limited worldwide distribution due to cold chain requirements, lack of long term safety and efficacy data for novel mRNA vaccines, and ensuring proper vaccine administration to stimulate immunity.
This document discusses human parasite vaccines. It begins by explaining what vaccines do in stimulating the host's protective immune response. Developing effective parasite vaccines faces challenges including not fully understanding the parasite's life cycle and which stages elicit a protective immune response. Effective vaccines must produce long-lasting protection without boosting and be low-cost, stable, and safe. Progress has been limited for parasite vaccines due to parasites' ability to evade the immune system, uncertainty regarding which antigens stimulate protection, and differences between animal models and human immune responses. Major human parasitic diseases discussed include malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, intestinal protozoa, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis
The document discusses the development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. It outlines the strategies being tested, including RNA, DNA, recombinant protein, and vectored vaccines. Clinical trials are underway to test remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and antibodies from recovered patients. Lessons from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV vaccines indicate the spike protein is a target, but development faces challenges like inducing long-term immunity and protecting older individuals. The production process requires efficacy and safety testing which can prolong time to widespread availability.
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
The document summarizes future generation vaccines and their development. It discusses the need for vaccines against HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, dengue, and meningococcal diseases. For each disease, it outlines the disease burden, current vaccine development efforts including clinical trials, and the roles of organizations like WHO and PATH in accelerating vaccine development. The largest and most advanced vaccine clinical trials mentioned are for RTS,S malaria vaccine and Dengvaxia dengue vaccine.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
This presentation summarizes the current prospects of vaccines in Bangladesh. It discusses the history of vaccine development, how vaccines work, examples of vaccines available in Bangladesh, and new vaccines under development. Recent developments in Bangladesh include introducing a new combination vaccine to prevent child pneumonia and meningitis. Future prospects include edible vaccines using transgenic plants, DNA vaccines, and recombinant protein vaccines offering improved safety, efficacy and cost effectiveness over current vaccines. Limitations of current vaccines include only preventing single diseases and having some adverse reactions and stability issues.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on biotechnology-based therapeutics and vaccines. It begins with an introduction to the top selling vaccines in 2012. It then recaps the concepts of vaccine immunology covered in a previous course, including the principles of vaccination and types of classical and modern vaccines. Various modern vaccine technologies are discussed in more detail, including recombinant live vector vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, anti-idiotype vaccines, synthetic peptide-based vaccines, DNA vaccines, and edible vaccines. Limitations of traditional vaccines and advantages of modern approaches are also summarized.
The document is the 2008 National Antibiotic Guideline published by the Ministry of Health Malaysia. It provides guidelines for appropriate antibiotic use and treatment of various infections. It contains sections on adult infections covering various body systems and patient populations, as well as pediatric infections and tropical diseases. It was created by a large committee of specialists and experts to promote quality antibiotic use and combat antibiotic resistance in Malaysia.
1) A study found that earlier antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation significantly reduced HIV transmission between couples.
2) Modeling by the CDC showed that accelerating ART scale-up in Kenya to treat 900,000 people by 2015 could reduce new HIV infections by 31% and lower costs compared to the current approach.
3) For Kenya to achieve these benefits, guidelines and budgets need to be updated to accelerate treatment scale-up, including treating all serodiscordant couples and pregnant/nursing women, starting new and more effective drugs, and initiating ART earlier.
THE BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS HIV AND HOW IT DESTRUCT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. THEN LEADS TO AIDS. PRESENTATION ALSO EXPLAINS THE DIAGNOSIS OF HIV, ITS TREATMENT
WHY WE DONT HAVE VACCINE FOR HIV AND WHAT ARE THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF VACCINE DEVELOPMENT..
I HOPE IT WILL EXPLAIN WELL ABOUT HIV INFECTION AND AIDS, MAY PROVE USEFUL FOR YOU GUYS.....
This document provides an overview of market research conducted on anti-HIV drugs. It discusses the HIV virus and the classification of different types of anti-HIV drugs. It also lists several pharmaceutical companies that manufacture generic anti-HIV drugs in India. Cost data is presented for popular anti-HIV drugs showing costs ranging from $273 to $1117 per month in the US. Brief information is given on the pharmaceutical market and exports of pharmaceuticals from India. The document concludes with a bibliography citing sources.
This document discusses various legal and ethical issues related to HIV/AIDS, including:
1. The linkages between human rights and HIV/AIDS, noting that human rights protections are important for reducing stigma and empowering at-risk groups.
2. Issues around HIV testing, confidentiality, and the roles of criminal law, highlighting the importance of voluntary testing and informed consent.
3. Ethical considerations regarding biomedical research on HIV/AIDS and the need to balance research advancement with human subject protections.
4. Special circumstances that raise complex issues, such as providing care to victims of rape or reducing mother-to-child transmission through antiretroviral treatment.
The National Antibiotic Guidelines provide concise treatment recommendations for common infections to promote rational antibiotic use in the Philippines. A committee was formed to develop the guidelines which consolidate existing evidence and expert consensus. The guidelines cover treatment of various adult and pediatric infections across different clinical settings and healthcare levels. Their goal is to improve patient outcomes while reducing antimicrobial resistance and healthcare costs.
HIV destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. AIDS occurs when the immune system is severely damaged, leaving the body vulnerable to infections and cancers. HIV is transmitted via sexual contact, needle sharing, transfusions, and from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. While treatment can slow the progression of HIV, there is no vaccine and prevention through safe practices is critical to stemming the tide of the epidemic.
This document provides treatment recommendations and guidelines for antibiotic use for adult inpatients. It addresses Johns Hopkins Hospital's drug formulary and restriction status, agent-specific guidelines for various antibiotics and antifungals, organism-specific guidelines, microbiology information, guidelines for treating various types of infections, informational guidelines, infection control practices, and an appendix with dosing information. The primary goal is to guide clinicians in the appropriate use of antimicrobial therapies for hospitalized adult patients.
The document provides guidelines for antibiotic use in the ICU, including recommendations for empirical antibiotic choice, duration of therapy, and risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens. Key points addressed include empirically covering likely organisms like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas in severe CAP and HAP/VAP. Combination therapy and shorter courses are suggested when possible to reduce antibiotic resistance. Lower respiratory tract cultures should be obtained before but not delay treatment, and help determine if therapy can be stopped for negative cultures.
This document presents information on vector vaccines. It defines vector vaccines as using live, attenuated microorganisms like viruses or bacteria that have been genetically modified to express antigens from pathogenic organisms. This allows the vector to act as an antigen delivery system, stimulating an immune response against the pathogen. Common viral vectors discussed are vaccinia virus and adenovirus, while bacterial vectors include attenuated Salmonella. The document outlines the process of producing a vaccinia vector vaccine and discusses advantages like strong immunogenicity and ability to induce different types of immune responses. However, it also notes disadvantages such as high production costs and safety concerns in immunocompromised individuals.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS epidemiology in the Philippines. It notes that the number of new HIV cases per day in the Philippines has risen sharply in recent years. While overall HIV prevalence remains below 1%, prevalence among high-risk groups has also increased. Several factors put the Philippines at risk of a broader epidemic, including increasing mobility, sex work, unsafe sex, and injecting drug use. The document also outlines how HIV attacks and weakens the immune system.
Guidelines For Antibiotic Use by doctor SaleemMuhammad Saleem
Antibiotic guidelines in surgery,
especially antibiotic prophylaxis.
Prophylactic antibiotics in general surgery, cardiothoracic, vascular, orthopedic,neurosurgery,
Classification of wounds.
Guidelines of prophylactic antibiotics
By doctor Saleem
https://www.saleemplasticsurgeon.com/
Recombinant vaccines use genetic engineering techniques to produce antigens that induce protective immunity. They offer advantages over conventional vaccines like improved safety and defined composition. Recombinant vaccines work by inserting genes for antigens into vectors like viruses. This allows the vector to produce the antigen and elicit an immune response. They can target specific cells and induce immunity through multiple routes of administration. While live recombinant vaccines carry a risk of reversion, they elicit strong immune responses from just one or a few doses. Future areas of development include improved delivery methods and use of immunomodulators and plant expression systems.
HIV/AIDS refers to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV attacks the immune system, leaving individuals susceptible to infections over time. The document discusses the definition of HIV/AIDS, how HIV is transmitted, signs and symptoms of infection, worldwide impact of AIDS, and strategies for prevention through risk avoidance and reduction.
This document discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS. It describes 5 main classes: nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors which include drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like efavirenz and nevirapine; protease inhibitors such as saquinavir and ritonavir; nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors including tenofovir; and entry/fusion inhibitors like enfuvirtide. For each drug class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and common adverse effects. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HA
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including what it is, how it is transmitted, symptoms, and prevention. It defines HIV as the virus that causes AIDS by weakening the immune system. AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection when the immune system is severely damaged. HIV can be transmitted via blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and other bodily fluids through sexual contact, needle sharing, or from mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding. Prevention methods include safe sex practices and not sharing needles.
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS. It defines HIV as a virus that attacks the immune system and destroys the body's ability to fight infections and diseases. It is transmitted through certain body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The presentation details how HIV infects and replicates within immune cells called CD4 cells. It explains the stages of HIV infection from the initial window period to the development of AIDS when the immune system is severely compromised. Treatment options are discussed as well as strategies for prevention.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including how it is transmitted and prevented. It defines HIV as the virus that compromises the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage when the immune system is severely damaged. Some key statistics are presented, such as over 1.7 million people in the US being infected since 1981, with 1 in 5 unaware. Common symptoms during HIV emergence from latency are also listed. The document stresses that while there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral drugs can suppress it and transmission is preventable through condom use and clean needles.
This document discusses the development and challenges of HIV vaccines. Over 250 clinical trials have been conducted since the 1980s but an effective vaccine remains elusive due to biological challenges like HIV's ability to mutate. Newer vaccine approaches like mRNA vaccines show promise, with Moderna announcing positive results from a Phase 1 trial of their mRNA HIV vaccine. However, developing a vaccine that provides broad, long-lasting protection against diverse HIV strains and subtypes continues to be hampered by regulatory hurdles and a lack of funding that matches the burden of HIV in developing countries.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 vaccine development. It discusses that vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize pathogens. There are many COVID-19 vaccines in development because different types may be needed for different groups, and it is unknown which will be effective and safe. The document outlines various vaccine platforms including viral vectors, protein-based, and nucleic acid vaccines. It notes that 10 candidates are in Phase III trials. Accelerated development is occurring with parallel steps rather than sequentially to more quickly produce a safe and effective vaccine.
Lab diagnosis of HIV infection/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update37-vaccine-development.pdf?sfvrsn=2581e994_6
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and epidemiology. It begins with definitions of HIV and AIDS, noting that HIV attacks CD4 cells and destroys the immune system. Modes of HIV transmission are through five body fluids. Globally in 2021, 38.4 million people lived with HIV, with sub-Saharan Africa disproportionately affected. Diagnosis involves different tests for infants versus older children and adults. Management consists of supportive investigations like CD4 counts and viral loads, as well as antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the HIV lifecycle like reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.
Webinar Series on Demystifying Phases in Clinical Trials & COVID-19 Updates organized by Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr. Cheah Wee Kooi, Physician & Geriatrician, Head of Medical Dept & Clinical Research Centre, Taiping Hospital
More information please visit: https://clinupcovid.mailerpage.com/resources/r0x8r9-webinar-series-on-demystifying-cl
This document discusses the development of a nanotechnology-based HIV vaccine. It begins with an introduction to HIV and AIDS, then outlines the objectives, methodology, and types of vaccines that have been used or considered for HIV treatment. The conclusion states that developing an effective HIV vaccine is challenging, as vaccines tested so far have only been partially effective at best. Continued research efforts into different vaccine approaches are needed to end the HIV pandemic.
Infectious disease emergencies are opportunities to test the efficacy of newly developed interventions (e.g. drugs, vaccines and treatment regimens), yet they raise many intertwined challenges of politics, logistics, ethics, and study design. Consistent with the efforts of CEPI, WHO, and others to encourage development and Phase I/II testing of candidate vaccines (the focus of this talk) in advance of emergencies, it is essential before the emergency strikes to advance the discussion of how such products can and should be tested. This can help to disentangle ethical from political and logistical concerns, reduce the time pressure to make a decision, and encourage rational deliberation by future stakeholders who at the time of deliberation do not know what role (which product, which field site) they may be supporting in an actual emergency.
At this luncheon, Professor Marc Lipsitch described his work on computer simulation of vaccine trials during epidemics to assess options for trial design, as well as some of his recent work on the ethics of trials in emergencies, with the aim to stimulate discussion on the intersection of these two topics.
For more, please see our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/digital-health-harvard-series-november-2018
subtopic of COVID- 19 VACCINE DEVELOPMENT AND TYPESGagan Sharma
The document discusses COVID-19 vaccine development and types. It explains that vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize pathogens through immunogens like attenuated live viruses, inactivated viruses, viral proteins, or genetic material. For COVID-19, vaccines in late-stage trials use inactivated viruses, viral vectors, protein subunits, and RNA or DNA. The development process involves pre-clinical and clinical trials through phase III. As of October 2020, 10 candidates were in phase III worldwide trials to evaluate safety and efficacy.
Vaccination and herd immunity in microbiology.pdfBruntlandAldre
In this lecture, we delve into the fundamental concepts of vaccination and herd immunity, essential components in public health strategies to combat infectious diseases. Vaccination, a cornerstone of preventive medicine, involves the administration of vaccines to induce immunity against specific pathogens. Herd immunity, on the other hand, refers to the indirect protection that occurs when a significant proportion of the population becomes immune to a contagious disease, thereby reducing its transmission within the community.
Vaccination: how vaccination helps to prevent diseasesLekhan Lodhi
The document discusses vaccination and immunization. It defines vaccination as stimulating protective immune responses through exposure to non-pathogenic forms of microbes. A vaccine produces specific protection against a disease by being antigenic but not pathogenic. Immunization makes a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease typically through vaccine administration. The first empirical proof of protective immunity was provided by Edward Jenner through vaccinating against smallpox using cowpox. Smallpox was possible to eradicate due to unique biological factors and the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine. The document also discusses vaccine design, mechanisms of protection, types of vaccines including live, inactivated, toxoids, cellular fraction and recombinant vaccines, and routes and schemes of immun
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its types, epidemiology, structure and life cycle, transmission, diagnosis, stages of infection, and treatment. It describes how HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, progressively weakening the immune system until opportunistic infections define AIDS. Laboratory tests for diagnosis include antibody and viral detection assays, with CD4 counts and viral load used to monitor disease progression and response to antiretroviral therapy.
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vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Contents
• What is AIDS?
• Need of AIDS vaccine
• How might an AIDS vaccine work
• Difficulty in developing AIDS vaccine
• Organizations
• Clinical trials
• References
3. • Aids stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• It is caused by HIV virus (Retrovirus) which attacks the
immune system cells.
• It is transmitted through bodily fluids ,sexual
contact, sharing needles, mother to the baby.
• Aids was first identified in the early 1980s.
4. Why do we need an AIDS
vaccine? ??
Today, there are an estimated 33.4 million people living
with HIV and AIDS
• Children could be given an HIV and AIDS vaccine before
being exposed to the HIV virus, and this would protect
them from all routes of HIV transmission.
• Vaccinating large numbers of people would be much
simpler and cheaper than providing antiretroviral
treatment for those already infected.
5. Is there an AIDS vaccine?
No
An AIDS vaccine does not exist yet.
6. How might an AIDS vaccine work?
• It can be effective in two ways one can be
therapeutic vaccine and other would be preventive
vaccine.
• An effective aids vaccine would teach the body to
recognize HIV and provoke an immune response that
would defend the virus if it entered the body.
• The information on how to fight the immune system
would become part of immune system’s memory and
our body would be prepared to fight back.
• Live attenuated and live-recombinant vaccines are
able to fully activate the immune system
7. Approaches towards AIDS
vaccine…….
DNA vaccines:
Synthetic copies of HIV genes are injected into the
body resulting in the production of antigens that
hopefully can produce a strong immune response.
Bacterial and viral vector vaccines:
• Copies of HIV genes are inserted into weakened
bacteria or viruses that do not harm humans.
• These bacteria or viruses carry the synthetic HIV
genes into the body to induce an immune response.
9. Why is it difficult to develop an AIDS
vaccine?
• HIV destroys the immune system cells that are meant to
fight against it .
• Soon after infection, HIV inserts its genetic material into
human cells, where it remains hidden from the immune
system.
• HIV occurs in several subtypes, each of which is very
different from the others.
10. Contd….
• Even within each subtype, HIV is highly variable and
constantly changing.
• There are no good animal models to use in experiments
although the use of non human primate (NHP) models
could become a more significant model for HIV vaccine
design and testing in the future.
11. Phases of Testing HIV Vaccines
The three phases of HIV vaccine clinical trials are:
• Phase I involves small number of healthy volunteers to test
the safety of various doses.
• Phase II testing generates additional safety data as well as
information for refining the dosage and immunization
schedule. The efficacy is tested in Phase IIb trial.
• Phase III involves thousands of volunteers to test safety and
efficacy.
12. Organizations sponsoring HIV vaccine
research.
• HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN)
• International AIDS Vaccine
Initiative
• VaxGen
• National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases (DAIDS).
• Merck & Co.Inc
• AIDS vaccine advocacy coalition
(AVAC)
14. tgAAC09 Vaccine
The purpose of this study is to determine safety and
immunogenicity (ability to induce an immune response)
of a novel HIV vaccine based on adeno-associated virus
(AAV).
Sponsors: International AIDS Vaccine Initiative.
Study Design :
Allocation: Randomized
Control: Placebo Control
Endpoint Classification: Safety
15. Contd…………
Masking: Double Blind
Primary Purpose: Prevention
Eligibility
Age:18 - 50 Years
Gender: Both
Healthy Volunteers: Yes
Inclusion Criteria:
• Healthy males and females.
• Men or women between 18 -50 years of age.
• HIV-uninfected and at low risk for HIV infection.
• Available for follow-up
16. Contd……..
• Literate, who can give written informed consent
• Willing to avoid pregnancy
Exclusion Criteria:
• HIV- infected or practicing high risk behaviour for HIV
infection.
• Pregnant or lactating women .
• Presence of chronic disease, mental disorders and
physical disability.
• Recently received vaccine, blood or blood products.
• History of allergic reactions to vaccination.
17. Contd………
Results :
• In this trial ,HIV specific T-cell mediated immune response
were observed.
• However antibody response was not observed.
Conclusion:
• The trial was a benchmark in phase I clinical evaluation of
HIV candidate vaccines in India.
• The vaccine was generally well tolerated and raised no
safety concerns.
• The vaccine was found to be weakly immunogenic
18. List of clinical trials
MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag/pol/nef :
• Objective: This study is done to determine whether
MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag/pol/nef vaccine followed by
treatment interruption can increase immune system
function in adults with acute or recent HIV infection
who have started taking anti-HIV drugs.
• This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Phase IIb trial.
Sponsor:
Merck & Co. Inc. (Whitehouse, NJ) and the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
19. Result:
• The vaccine did not work. It did not prevent HIV
infection and neither induce HIV-specific cell –
mediated immunity.
• It also did not reduce the amount of virus in the study
participants who were infected.
.
20. The HVTN 503 (Phambili) HIV Vaccine
• Objective: The HVTN 503 ("Phambili") study was
designed to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy
of the same Merck HIV candidate vaccine tested in the
HVTN 502 STEP study, but it is being conducted in
South Africa
• This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded
Phase IIb trial
21. RV 144 (ALVAC / AIDSVAX )
• Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine
whether immunizations with an integrated combination
of ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) boosted by AIDSVAX gp120
B/E prevent HIV infection in healthy Thai volunteers.
• This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded
Phase III trial.
• Sponsor: U.S Army Medical Research and Material Command
22. What vaccines were used in the study?
• ALVAC‐HIV (vCP1521) consists of a viral vector containing
genetically engineered versions of three HIV genes
(env, gag and pro). The ALVAC vector is a disabled form of
bird virus called as canary pox.
• AIDSVAX B/E is composed of genetically engineered gp120.
Result:
• The vaccine regimen is safe and 31.2 % effective at
preventing HIV infection.
• While this is a modest level of efficacy, it represents a major
step forward for HIV vaccines, providing the first evidence
that development of a safe and effective preventive HIV
vaccine is possible.
HIV is a virus that gradually attacks immune system cells. As HIV progressively damages these cells, the body becomes more vulnerable to infections, which it will have difficulty in fighting off. It is at the point of very advanced HIV infection that a person is said to have AIDS
Each year around two million people die from AIDS related illnesses ,even a partially effective AIDS vaccine could save millions of lives
Efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV and AIDS have been underway for many years. Since 1987, more than 30 vaccine candidates have been tested
Research showing that: human antibodies can neutralise HIV in animal models9 ; some people have immune responses which are able to control the virus for years without developing AIDS; and vaccines are effective against mSIV in macaques10; aInaddition to generating antibodies they are able to stimulate cytotoxic T- cells, a type of lymphocyte which lacks the CD4 receptor HIV uses to enter the cell, and so cannot be infected by HIV. The normal role of these cells in the body is to control a viral infection and kill virus-infected cells before they divide. There is good evidence that these cells control the HIV during the first stages of infection, preventing the development of AIDS, often for many years. gProducts designed to work this way failed in clinical trials because the antibodies worked only against lab-cultured HIV, not against the wild strains of the virus.Other research has focused on encouraging the immune system to produce cells to fight HIV. Many scientists believe such “cell-mediated” approaches will not be very effective
Antigen: any substance that stimulates the immunesystem to produce an immune response. Antigens areoften foreign substances such as invading bacteria or viruses. Peptide: a short compound formed by linking two or more amino acids. Proteins are made of multiplepeptides. Pseudovirion: a virus-like particle that resembles a virus but does not contain its genetic information and cannotreplicate. In some viral diseases pseudovirions can interfere with infection by the real infectious virus.Adjuvant: a substance sometimes included in a vaccineformulation to enhance or modify the immunestimulatingproperties of a vaccine.
Between20-100 adults,PHASE II Between100-250 adults,Phase III Between 2500-20,000 adults , PHASE 1-Does the vaccine cause side-effects in humans?Does the human immune system respond to it?PHASE-2,PHASE-3-does it prevent HIV infection or does it delay progression to disease?K
hTheHIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) is a non-profit organization which connects physicians and scientists with activists and community educators for the purpose of conducting clinical trials seeking a safe and effective HIV vaccine. Collaboratively, research professionals and laypeople The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (known as IAVI) is a global not-for-profit, public-private partnership working to accelerate the development of vaccines to prevent HIV infection and AIDSVaxGen (OTCBB: VXGN) is a biopharmaceutical company based in the San Francisco Bay Area The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. NIAID supports basic and applied research to prevent, diagnose and treat infectious and immune-mediated illnesses, including HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases The Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DAIDS) is a division of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases scientists have been conducting research to develop an HIV vaccine for nearly 20 years. The company also devotes extensive efforts to increase access to medicine
Dec2003vend –jan 2007
Follow up –for the planned duration of the study
Sponsors: Merck & Co. Inc. (Whitehouse, NJ) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, primary purpose-treatment. After an initial HIV screening, confirmation of eligibility criteria and informed consent, participants were randomly assigned to receive three injections of either the study vaccine or a placebo vaccine
Start date- jan 2007,The trial was being conducted jointly by the South African AIDS Vaccine Initiative (SAAVI) and the NIAID-funded HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN Ages Eligible for Study: 18 -35 Year,Genders:Both,Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes This study is currently recruiting participants. the HVTN 503 study also recommended that all volunteers be told whether they received vaccine or placebo and be strongly encouraged to return to their study sites for HIV risk-reduction counseling, protocol-related tests and for counseling about the possibility that those who received the vaccine might have an increased susceptibility to acquiring HIV infections
The trial recruited 16,402 young adults in Thailand. Ages: 18 -30, Genders:Both,Accepts Healthy Volunteers:Yes, Primary Purpose: Prevention Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study,Study Start Date:October 2003,Estimated Study Completion Date: June 2009, sponsor-U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
and involved a total of six immunizations over six-months: four immunizations with ALVAC-HIV and two with AIDSVAX B/E given at the same time as the last two ALVAC-HIV injections. This combination of two different vaccines is called a prime-boost approach. In this approach, two vaccines are given in sequence with the goal of inducing the strongest and most comprehensive immune response