A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
More than 150 coronavirus vaccines are in development across the world—and hopes are high to bring one to market in record time to ease the global crisis.
The World Health Organization is also coordinating global efforts to develop a vaccine, with an eye toward delivering two billion doses by the end of 2021.
Hello guys , today I am discussing about various stages of vaccine development and types of vaccines already developed by various biotech companies all over the world and their current status in clinical trial till now .
Hope , Very early we can get a ideal corona virus vaccine which would be safe and effective to human and also eradicate this disease from the world .
For more information please follow these link :
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2...
https://www.precisionvaccinations.com...
https://www.who.int/publications/m/it...
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
More than 150 coronavirus vaccines are in development across the world—and hopes are high to bring one to market in record time to ease the global crisis.
The World Health Organization is also coordinating global efforts to develop a vaccine, with an eye toward delivering two billion doses by the end of 2021.
Hello guys , today I am discussing about various stages of vaccine development and types of vaccines already developed by various biotech companies all over the world and their current status in clinical trial till now .
Hope , Very early we can get a ideal corona virus vaccine which would be safe and effective to human and also eradicate this disease from the world .
For more information please follow these link :
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2...
https://www.precisionvaccinations.com...
https://www.who.int/publications/m/it...
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
In this presentation, we discuss the clinical trial process for the new Covid-19 vaccines. We discuss the different vaccine types. We also discuss the Covid-19 vaccines that the UK is currently using in the NHS, as well as vaccines likely to be used in the next year.
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update37-vaccine-development.pdf?sfvrsn=2581e994_6
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr.Benedict Sim Lim Heng is a Consultant Infectious Disease Physician at the Sungai Buloh Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
DIETARY SUPPLEMENT
The purpose of dietary supplements, is to enhance or supplement the diet. Even though a product is marketed as a dietary supplement, it is still considered a medicine to the extent that it is meant to treat, diagnose, cure, or prevent diseases.
Tablets, capsules, soft gels, powders, bars, gummies, and liquid supplements are just a few of the many different forms that supplements can take.
It is a product that is intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid.
A dietary substance use by human to supplement the diet by increasing the total daily intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combinations of these ingredients.
FDA Role
Companies can often introduce a dietary supplement to the market without notifying FDA.
FDA’s role in regulating dietary supplements primarily begins after products enter the marketplace.
If a product is found to be unsafe or not otherwise in compliance with the law, FDA can work with the company to bring the product into compliance or possibly remove it from the market.
FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients.
FDA regulates dietary supplements under a different set of regulations than those covering "conventional" foods (edible fruits and vegetables) and drug products.
Role of DSHEA
Manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements and dietary ingredients are prohibited from marketing products that are adulterated or misbranded.
That means that these firms are responsible for evaluating the safety and labelling of their products before marketing to ensure that they meet all the requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) as amended by DSHEA and FDA regulations.
FDA has the authority to take action against any adulterated or misbranded dietary supplement product after it reaches the market
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 was enacted to prohibit
Dietary supplement manufacturers and distributors from making false claims (such as "natural" and "therapeutic," on supplement labels)
The law also prohibits the manufacture and sale of adulterated dietary supplements.
Aim of these act:
To make dietary supplements safer by forbidding manufacturers and distributors from producing and selling mislabelled or adulterated products.
Act requires that the manufacturer of the dietary supplement ensures their product meets DSHEA and FDA regulations.
Table of Contents
Short Title Reference Table Of Contents
Findings
Definitions
Safety of Dietary Supplements and Burden of Proof on FDA
Dietary Supplement Claims
Statements of Nutritional Support
Dietary supplement ingredient labeling and nutrition information labeling
New dietary ingredients
Good manufacturing practices
Conforming amendments
Withdrawal of the regulations and notice
Commission on dietary supplement labels
Prospects and Problems of Development of Candidate Vaccine against COVID 19ijtsrd
There is an urgent need to develop a vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which is caused by a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 SARS CoV 2 infection. Although vaccine development typically requires 3 to 5 years, there is a possibility that the vaccine developed for either severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS or the middle east respiratory syndrome MERS could be used against COVID 19 as well. Therefore, a vaccine against COVID 19 is expected to be commercialized within 1 to 2 years. If so, it will be the fastest vaccine development in human history.In this review, we have summarized the information released as of April 10, 2020. Takuma Hayashi | Yasuaki Amano | Takashi Ura | Ikuo Konishi "Prospects and Problems of Development of Candidate Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38521.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/38521/prospects-and-problems-of-development-of-candidate-vaccine-against-covid19/takuma-hayashi
In this presentation, we discuss the clinical trial process for the new Covid-19 vaccines. We discuss the different vaccine types. We also discuss the Covid-19 vaccines that the UK is currently using in the NHS, as well as vaccines likely to be used in the next year.
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update37-vaccine-development.pdf?sfvrsn=2581e994_6
Webinar Series on COVID-19 vaccine: Jointly organized by Malaysian Society of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases (MyICID) & Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH
Speaker: Dr.Benedict Sim Lim Heng is a Consultant Infectious Disease Physician at the Sungai Buloh Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
DIETARY SUPPLEMENT
The purpose of dietary supplements, is to enhance or supplement the diet. Even though a product is marketed as a dietary supplement, it is still considered a medicine to the extent that it is meant to treat, diagnose, cure, or prevent diseases.
Tablets, capsules, soft gels, powders, bars, gummies, and liquid supplements are just a few of the many different forms that supplements can take.
It is a product that is intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid.
A dietary substance use by human to supplement the diet by increasing the total daily intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combinations of these ingredients.
FDA Role
Companies can often introduce a dietary supplement to the market without notifying FDA.
FDA’s role in regulating dietary supplements primarily begins after products enter the marketplace.
If a product is found to be unsafe or not otherwise in compliance with the law, FDA can work with the company to bring the product into compliance or possibly remove it from the market.
FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients.
FDA regulates dietary supplements under a different set of regulations than those covering "conventional" foods (edible fruits and vegetables) and drug products.
Role of DSHEA
Manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements and dietary ingredients are prohibited from marketing products that are adulterated or misbranded.
That means that these firms are responsible for evaluating the safety and labelling of their products before marketing to ensure that they meet all the requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) as amended by DSHEA and FDA regulations.
FDA has the authority to take action against any adulterated or misbranded dietary supplement product after it reaches the market
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 was enacted to prohibit
Dietary supplement manufacturers and distributors from making false claims (such as "natural" and "therapeutic," on supplement labels)
The law also prohibits the manufacture and sale of adulterated dietary supplements.
Aim of these act:
To make dietary supplements safer by forbidding manufacturers and distributors from producing and selling mislabelled or adulterated products.
Act requires that the manufacturer of the dietary supplement ensures their product meets DSHEA and FDA regulations.
Table of Contents
Short Title Reference Table Of Contents
Findings
Definitions
Safety of Dietary Supplements and Burden of Proof on FDA
Dietary Supplement Claims
Statements of Nutritional Support
Dietary supplement ingredient labeling and nutrition information labeling
New dietary ingredients
Good manufacturing practices
Conforming amendments
Withdrawal of the regulations and notice
Commission on dietary supplement labels
Prospects and Problems of Development of Candidate Vaccine against COVID 19ijtsrd
There is an urgent need to develop a vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which is caused by a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 SARS CoV 2 infection. Although vaccine development typically requires 3 to 5 years, there is a possibility that the vaccine developed for either severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS or the middle east respiratory syndrome MERS could be used against COVID 19 as well. Therefore, a vaccine against COVID 19 is expected to be commercialized within 1 to 2 years. If so, it will be the fastest vaccine development in human history.In this review, we have summarized the information released as of April 10, 2020. Takuma Hayashi | Yasuaki Amano | Takashi Ura | Ikuo Konishi "Prospects and Problems of Development of Candidate Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38521.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/38521/prospects-and-problems-of-development-of-candidate-vaccine-against-covid19/takuma-hayashi
Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits Vaccine agains...ijtsrd
Coronavirus disease 2019 COVID 19 , which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID 19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS CoV, which emerged in 2002. Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 nCoV outbreak. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID 19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID 19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID 19. Here, we review the current status of, diagnosis, and vaccine development for COVID 19. M A Nandedkar | R A Shinde | S S Bansode "Current Status and Future Perspective of Rapid Diagnostic Kits / Vaccine against COVID-19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30977.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/30977/current-status-and-future-perspective-of-rapid-diagnostic-kits--vaccine-against-covid19/m-a-nandedkar
All you (never) wanted to know about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2Edward Rybicki
A talk about the basics of the virus and the disease, whether one can become immune, and what the prospects are for vaccines. For an undergrad-early postgrad molecular biology / microbiology oriented audience.
Prevenar e cme june 2020 & FAQs & COVID Clinic QuestionsGaurav Gupta
Lockdown E-CME & Webinars - this one is on Pfizer vaccine - Prevenar,
We have also discussed the common questions on Pneumonia & how to run clinical practice during COVID shutdown
Watch the slideshow for a better understanding: https://youtu.be/frmGwCEtDnM
1. Learn how mRNA vaccines work.
2. Learn challenges in making HIV vaccines.
3. Learn about the advantage of mRNA vaccines in HIV
4. Learn about trials.
Similar to Manufacturing the COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccine - Group 2 (20)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Manufacturing the COVID-19 Pandemic Vaccine - Group 2
1. Manufacturing the COVID-
19 Pandemic Vaccine
Module Name & Code: Bioprocess (BIO62104)
Group Member Name & ID:
1. Kucheal Arivalagan (0341437)
2. DK Nur Farahiyah Pg Abd Rahman
(0340861)
3. Sharegga Sri Rengaam Saravanan
(0341782)
4. Aswintguru A/L Sivaguru (0341026)
2. Introduction
● SARS-CoV-2, also known as the COVID-19 pandemic, has been declared as such by the world health organization on
30th January 2020. Currently, there are a reported 1.2 million fatalities caused by the pandemic (World Health
Organisation n.d.).
● SARS-CoV-2 is a highly transmissible virus which contains a positive single stranded RNA producing flu-like
symptoms in infected hosts (Shereen et al. 2020).
● The coronavirus outbreak originated from the Wuhan Province, China.
● The main mode of transmission is from aerosols produced from the nose and the mouth by sneezing, coughing and
talking.
3. Symptoms, Contagion and Prevention
CONTAGION
Droplets
from
sneezing &
coughing
Hand contact
to eyes, nose
& mouth
Objects to
eye, nose,
mouth
PREVENTION
Wash/sanitize
hands
Wear a
face mask
(World Health Organization n.d.)
Avoid
contact and
social
distance
Fever
Dry cough
Tiredness
Loss of smell and taste
Breathing difficulty
Upper body pain
4. Vaccine Design for COVID-19
Coronaviruses have a 30kb+
positive ssRNA genome that’s
covered by helical nucleocapsid
and an outer envelope of matrix
protein, envelope protein and
spike proteins.
In SARS-CoV-2, spike proteins were
able to provide a neutralising
antibody and are a major target
antigen for developing a vaccine
(Koirala et al.).
Traditional vaccines have a
weakened pathogenic strand that is
introduced into the patient to
generate an immune response
(Vaccines. Gov n.d).
The latest technology (Pfizer vaccine) being used
to find a vaccine for COVID-19 is similar to a
traditional vaccine, except it uses mRNA to read
the spike protein of Sars-CoV-2 to be replicated
in the body and produce an immune response.
5. Crystallization
Chromatography
Precipitation
Purification
Downstream Process of Vaccine Production
Vacuum drying
Spray Drying
Freeze-Drying
DryingIsolation
Adsorption
Evaporation
Ion exchange resins
Membrane filtration
Extraction
Centrifugation
Flocculation
Filtration
Sedimentation
Mechanical
Physical
Chemical
Enzymatic
Cell
disruption
(vaccine europe 2020)
6. Industrial Manufacturing Process of Vaccine
Raw material are either
used in fermentation,
purification or a part of
the vaccine.
2 weeks on average 12 months
Raw material
reception
Active ingredient
manufacturing
A critical step in the
production of high
quality, safe and
efficacious vaccines.
(Gomez and Robinson 2020),
(Understanding the complexity of
vaccine manufacturing 2020)
• induce an immune response.
• generation of the pathogen or a
recombinant protein derived from the
pathogen
• a suitable host strain for antigen is
isolated in ampoules and stored at
-192˚C in liquid nitrogen
• growth of a feed culture in a pre-
fermenter that is then transferred to
the main fermenter
• this step may involve many unit
operations of column chromatography
and ultrafiltration
• the fermentation process is
supplemented by a nutrient solution
• nutrients are dissolved in a nutrient
tank and added to the fermentation
process after filtration
• release the antigen from the
substrate and isolate it
7. Industrial Manufacturing Process of Vaccine
Shipment and
distribution
2 weeks 8 months 18 weeks
Filling
Coupling and
formulation
Packaging and
lot release
2 weeks
During the formulation, the
antigen is coupled with
stabilizers and preservatives
to enhance the immune
response and ensure vaccine
stability.
Vaccines are filled
aseptically, in a vial
or a syringe, to
endure sterility.
After quality
assurance, a final
authorization is given
to release the product.
Maintenance of the cold
chain is essential for
preservation of the
vaccine.
(Gomez and Robinson 2020), (Understanding
the complexity of vaccine manufacturing
2020)
• if the vaccine is lyophilized, the
vial stoppers have to be
partially inserted to allow for
moisture to escape
• water is removed to ensure
stability and has to be
reintroduced before packaging
8. Figure 1: A summary on the vaccine manufacturing process (Sanofi Pasteur 2020).
9. Figure 2: Timeline of current influenza vaccine production using egg-based, cell-based and protein-based methods (Chen et al. 2020).
10. Pandemic vs Seasonal Flu
(CDC 2020)
Rarely occurs
Vaccine may not be available in the
early stages and two doses may be
needed
The population has little or no
immunity as they have not been
exposed to the virus
Vaccine available
Little to no impact on the
economy and people’s daily
lives
The population has some
immunity from previous
exposures
Seasonal Flu
Pandemic Hospitals and health care
institutions are able to cater to
patient’s sufficiently
Major impact on the economy and
people’s daily lives, hospitals are not
able to cater to patient’s sufficiently
11. Pandemic Vaccine vs Traditional Vaccine
● As minimal formulations are needed, it only
takes around 1 week to completely
manufacture a batch of the vaccine
● The RNA from the vaccine instructs the cell
to produce antigens that activate T-cell
and other immune responses that are able
to combat the virus (SARS-COV-2)
● Constructed using the virus’s genetic code,
thus no virus is needed
● Scalable and and standardisable
● Enables swapping coding sequence for the
protein of interest without any major
changes to the vaccine production process
● Entire process takes months to
complete as the virus has to be grown in
vitro in mammalian cells or chicken eggs
● Potentially hazardous due to the need of
large quantity of the virus
● Requires bespoke, tailor-made
processes
● Complex purification and testing
processes
● It is not possible to develop vaccines
when not grown in cell culture, cell
cultures are costly to maintain
● The overall yield of vaccines is very low
(Breakthroughs 2020)
a) Dead bacteria or
inactivated viruses.
b) Live non-virulent
or weakened
(attenuated)
bacteria/viruses
c) Viral fragments
or bacterial
molecules
Traditional VaccinesPandemic Vaccines (RNA Vaccine)
12. Current Developments
1
2
3
6
5
4
Pfizer and BioNTech were developing
mRNA based vaccine, BNT162 vaccine
encapsulated with LNP which targeted
the spike protein antigen.
The development of Sinopharm inactivated
vaccine which targeted the whole virus. The
vaccine does not cause the pathogen to
relapse.
Pfizer vaccine is currently under phase III stage
carried out in USA, Argentina and Brazil (What
We Know About COVID-19 Vaccine Development
2020).
There are about 43,583 people participated in
this study. Pfizer vaccine was reported to be
90% effective as 94 cases were identified. 164
cases were needed to finalised the analysis
(Callaway 2020).
The vaccine production does not required
cell culture. Hence, it is cost-effective with
short manufacturing cycle and high potency
of vaccines.
Some of the platforms used in developing
COVID-19 vaccines are; DNA/RNA vaccine,
inactivated vaccine and non-replicating
viral vector.
(Begum et al. 2020, Sharma et al. 2020)
13. Figure 3: The mechanism of Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine (Pfizer 2020).
14. Challenges
Limited distribution of vaccine worldwide
Pfizer vaccine needs to be stored at - 70°C. It is
challenging to maintain the temperature during
shipment (Johnson & Steckelberg 2020).
Insufficient information on the biological properties
RNA based vaccine was never commercialized before.
Moreover, the long term immunity after getting vaccinated
is still not known (Callaway 2020).
Antibody Dependent Enhancement
Incomplete neutralization of the viral particles
present in the vaccine may lead to the uptake
and the dissemination of the virus.
Vaccine Administration
Vaccine administration may influenced the vaccine
efficiency. Mucosal immunity may not be stimulated by
parenteral vaccination.
(Wang et al. 2020)
15. Conclusion
Accelerated production
of pandemic vaccines
as minimal vaccine
formulation is requiredSARS-CoV-2 vaccine
induce the immune
response by allowing the
spike protein to replicate.
While, the traditional
vaccine activates the
immune response by
introducing weak
pathogen.
A wide range of
demographics is needed to
determine the vaccination
outcome.
16. References
● Begum, J, Mir, N, Dev, K, Buyamayum, B, Wani, M & Raza, M 2020, ‘Challenges and prospects of COVID‐19 vaccine development based on the progress
made in SARS and MERS vaccine development’, Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, pp. 1-14.
● Breakthroughs 2020, ‘What Makes an RNA Vaccine Different From a Conventional Vaccine?’, viewed 18 November 2020,
<https://www.breakthroughs.com/advancing-medical-research/what-makes-rna-vaccine-different-conventional-vaccine>.
● Callaway, E 2020, 'What Pfizer's landmark COVID vaccine results mean for the pandemic', Nature, <https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03166-
8>, viewed 17 November 2020.
● CDC 2020, ‘How Is Pandemic Flu Different from Seasonal Flu?’, viewed 17 November 2020, <https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-
resources/basics/about.html>.
● Chen, JR, Liu, YM, Tseng, YC & Ma, Che 2020, ‘Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective’, Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 27, no. 33, viewed 19
November 2020, <https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-020-0626-6>.
● Gomez, PL, Robinson, JM & Rogalewicz, JA 2013, ‘Vaccine manufacturing’, Vaccines, pp. 44.
● Johnson, C & Steckelberg, A 2020, ‘What you need to know about the Moderna and Pfizer coronavirus vaccines’, The Washington Post, viewed 18
November 2020, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/11/17/covid-vaccines-what-you-need-to-know/?arc404=true>.
● Kaur, SP & Gupta, V 2020, ‘COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report’, Virus Res, viewed 17 November 2020,
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7423510/>.
● Koirala, A, Joo, YJ, Khatami, A, Chiu, C & Britton, PN 2020, ‘Vaccines for COVID-19: The current state of play’, Paediatr Respir Rev, viewed 17 November
2020, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7301825/>.
17. References
● Pfizer, 'Pfizer and BioNTech Dose First Participants in the U.S. as Part of Global COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Development Program', viewed 18 November
2020,
<https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-
detail/pfizer_and_biontech_dose_first_participants_in_the_u_s_as_part_of_global_covid_19_mrna_vaccine_development_program >.
● Sanofi Pasteur 2020, ‘Manufacturing vaccines is a complex journey’, viewed 19 November 2020, <https://www.sanofi.com/en/your-
health/vaccines/production>.
● Sharma, O, Sultan, A, Ding, H, Triggle, C 2020,'A Review of the Progress and Challenges of Developing a Vaccine for COVID-19', Frontiers in Immunology,
vol.11, viewed 15 November 2020, <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354/full#h11>.
● Shereen, MA, Khan, S, Kazmi, A, Bashir, N & Siddique, R 2020, ‘COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses’,
viewed 17 November 2020, <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123220300540>.
● Vaccineseurope.eu. 2020, <https://www.vaccineseurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/A4-VE-Infographic-Manufacturing-24062020.pdf>.
● Vaccines.gov n.d., ‘Vaccine Types’, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, viewed 17 November 2020,
<https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types>.
● Wang, J, Peng, Y, Xu, H, Cui, Z, Williams, RO III 20202,' The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation', AAPS
PharmSciTech, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 225.
● What we know about COVID-19 vaccine development 2020, viewed 17 November 2020, <https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-
comms-updates/update37-vaccine-development.pdf?sfvrsn=2581e994_6>.
● World Health Organisation n.d., ‘WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard’, viewed 17 November 2020,
<https://covid19.who.int/>.
