This document discusses immunizations and vaccines. It defines vaccination as providing active acquired immunity against diseases using agents resembling microorganisms that cause disease. Vaccines contain weakened or killed forms of viruses or bacteria. The word "vaccine" comes from cowpox virus, which was used in the first demonstration that one virus could protect against a related one. Vaccines contain small amounts of viruses or bacteria to produce immunity. While rare, serious adverse reactions or death from vaccines can occur. Vaccine types include live-attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines. Vaccination provides both individual and community benefits by preventing disease spread and protecting those who cannot receive vaccines.

1. IMMUNIZATIONS
AND
VACCINES

2. What is vaccination?
• A vaccination is a biological
preparation that provides
active acquired immunity to a
particular disease.
• A vaccine typically contains an
agent that resembles a disease-
causing microorganism and is
often made from weakened or
killed forms of the microbe, its
toxins, or one of its surface
proteins.

3. Why it is called vaccine?
• The word "vaccine" was created
by Edward Jenner. The word
comes from the Latin word
vacca, meaning cow.
• A virus that mainly affects cows
(Cowpox) was used in the first
scientific demonstration that
giving a person one virus could
protect against a related and
more dangerous one.

4. Vaccination ingredients
• Vaccinations are made with
ingredients that make them safe
and effective to protect young
and adults from disease.
• Each vaccine contains a small
amount of the disease germ
(virus or bacteria) or parts of
the germ. Examples are the
measles virus, pertussis
(whooping cough) bacteria, and
tetanus toxoid.

5. Can you die from vaccination?
• Millions of vaccinations are
administered to children and
adults in the world each year.
Serious adverse reactions are
uncommon and deaths
caused by vaccines are very
rare.

6. Vaccine Types
• Subunit,
polysaccharide, and
conjugate vaccines
• Inactivated
vaccines
• Toxoid
vaccines• Live-attenuated
vaccines

7. Live-attenuated vaccines
• Live vaccines use a weakened
(or attenuated) form of the
germ that causes a disease.
• Because these vaccines are so
similar to the natural infection
that they help prevent, they
create a strong and long-
lasting immune response. Just
1 or 2 doses of most live
vaccines can give you a lifetime
of protection against a germ
and the disease it causes.

8. Inactivated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines use the
killed version of the germ
that causes a disease.
• Inactivated vaccines usually
don’t provide immunity
(protection) that’s as strong
as live vaccines. So you may
need several doses over
time (booster shots) in
order to get ongoing
immunity against diseases.

9. Toxoid vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines use a toxin
(harmful product) made by the
germ that causes a disease. They
create immunity to the parts of
the germ that cause a disease
instead of the germ itself. That
means the immune response is
targeted to the toxin instead of
the whole germ.
• Like some other types of vaccines,
you may need booster shots to get
ongoing protection against
diseases.

10. Subunit, polysaccharide, and conjugate
vaccines
• Subunit, recombinant,
polysaccharide, and conjugate
vaccines use specific pieces of the
germ like its protein, sugar, or
capsid (a casing around the germ).
• Because these vaccines use only
specific pieces of the germ, they
give a very strong immune
response that’s targeted to key
parts of the germ. They can also
be used on almost everyone who
needs them, including people with
weakened immune systems and
long-term health problems.

11. Vaccination can save your time
and money.
• A child with a vaccine-preventable
disease can be denied attendance
at schools or child care facilities.
• Some vaccine-preventable
diseases can result in prolonged
disabilities and can take a financial
toll because of lost time at work,
medical bills or long-term
disability care.
• In contrast, getting vaccinated
against these diseases is a good
investment and usually covered by
insurance.

12. Vaccination protects others you
care about.
• While some babies are too young to
be protected by vaccination, others
may not be able to receive certain
vaccinations due to severe allergies,
weakened immune systems from
conditions like leukemia, or other
reasons.
• To help keep them safe, it is
important that you and your children
who are able to get vaccinated are
fully immunized. This not only
protects your family, but also helps
prevent the spread of these diseases
to your friends and loved ones.

13. How Effective Are Immunizations?
• Vaccines are very effective at
preventing disease, but they
don't work all the time. Most of
the recommended childhood
immunizations are 90%-100%
effective, according to the CDC.
• Even in cases where a vaccine
has not given the child 100%
immunity, the symptoms if child
is exposed to an infectious
disease will still usually be
milder than if he or she had not
been immunized at all.

14. Vaccination protects future
generations.
• Vaccines have reduced and, in some cases, eliminated
many diseases that killed or severely disabled people
just a few generations ago.
• For example, smallpox vaccination eradicated that
disease worldwide. Your children don’t have to get
smallpox shots any more because the disease no
longer exists. By vaccinating children against rubella
(German measles), the risk that pregnant women will
pass this virus on to their fetus or newborn has been
dramatically decreased.
• If we continue vaccinating now, and vaccinating
completely, parents in the future may be able to trust
that some diseases of today will no longer be around to
harm their children in the future.